scholarly journals Correlations among lateral shoots in young apple trees

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Pilich ◽  
L. S. Jankiewicz ◽  
Bożena Borkowska ◽  
Alicja Moraszczyk
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Feedback Mechanism ◽  
Special Treatment ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Lateral Buds ◽  
Long Shoots ◽  
Positive Feedback Mechanism ◽  
Short Shoots ◽  
One Year

Growth correlations among axillary buds and young shoots in one-year-old apple trees were investigated. Darkening of every second bud for 3-5 days during bursting time resulted in the formation of mainly short shoots. Thinning of part of the buds caused a higher percentage of the remaining ones to form long shoots. High nutrition level favored the formation of long shoots. When no special treatment was given to the trees, the initial size of the buds played an important role in the determination of future shoot vigor. The medium-size and large buds, in most cases, showed an ability to accumulate more <sup>32</sup>PO<sup>3-</sup><sub>4</sub> per unit of dry weight than did the smaller ones. This indicates that the initial differences among the buds are amplified by a positive feedback mechanism. In horizontally placed trees, the buds on the lower side showed inhibited phosphate uptake. Different growth regulators applied in very small amounts, in a droplet of water to every second bud or shoot tip, markedly changed the correlative interrelations among the developing shoots. The development of vascular connections between the main axis and the lateral buds and shoots of different sizes was investigated.

Crown architecture of Larix laricina saplings: an analysis of higher order branching

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 268-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Remphrey ◽  
G. R. Powell
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Modelling ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Larix Laricina ◽  
Structural Development ◽  
Short Shoot ◽  
Lateral Buds ◽  
Architectural Patterns ◽  
Long Shoots ◽  
Short Shoots ◽  
Terminal Shoot

Quantitative analysis and simulation modelling of Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch branches revealed a complex system of architectural patterns and correlations. Numbers of lateral buds and long shoots were positively correlated with parent-shoot length, but the relationships varied among shoot orders and for sylleptic shoots. For order 2 and sylleptic shoots, numbers of lateral long shoots were also correlated with associated terminal-shoot lengths. Sylleptic shoots produced more lateral long shoots than equivalent proleptic shoots. Lateral long-shoot lengths decreased basipetally and were correlated with terminal-shoot lengths. Lengths of order 2 lateral long shoots also varied independently with crown position. Generally, the degree of apical control decreased and the proportion of short shoots increased with positions of less vigour in the crown. Terminal long-shoot lengths varied with parent-shoot length, location, and to some extent parent-axis leader length. Terminal short-shoot production was associated with shorter parent shoots. Shorter order 2 shoots (<60 mm) and most order 3 shoots produced no lateral long shoots. The net result was that branch structural development ceased in less vigorous crown positions. The spatial disposition of shoots, as defined by elevation and divergence angles, varied with position of origin around and along parent shoots. Although variable, elevation angles decreased and divergence angles increased basipetally.

An architectural analysis of Shepherdia canadensis and Shepherdia argentea: patterns of shoot development

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 1870-1877 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Hayes ◽  
T. A. Steeves ◽  
B. R. Neal
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Shoot Development ◽  
Distinct Pattern ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Internodal Length ◽  
Architectural Analysis ◽  
Lateral Buds ◽  
Long Shoots ◽  
Short Shoots ◽  
Shepherdia Canadensis

In the context of an architectural analysis, the seasonal pattern of shoot development of Shepherdia canadensis and S. argentea (Elaeagnaceae) was examined. In both species floral bud burst was the first outward manifestation of seasonal activity. Vegetative shoots of S. canadensis expanded 3 – 5 pairs of preformed leaves during a period of 9 – 10 weeks. There was no pattern of internodal length that identified annual increments. In S. argentea, 6 – 18 pairs of leaves expanded during a period of 15 – 17 weeks, the variation being related to the extent of neoformation. There was a distinct pattern of internodal length, with a maximum in midseason, so that annual increments could be recognized subsequently. Lateral buds in S. canadensis expanded only proleptically as either short shoots or long shoots. Most had declining growth rates in the subsequent year and within 5 to 7 years had undergone abscission. In S. argentea. lateral buds expanded both sylleptically and proleptically as short shoots, long shoots, or thorns. The distribution pattern of these lateral types was related to the vigour of parent shoot growth. Some abscission of short shoots was noted. For each species a stochastic flow chart of shoot development was prepared and a computer program incorporating actual data was written that simulated shoot development for up to four generations of growth. Comparison of the two species indicates that S. argentea is more plastic in response to environmental conditions.

Syllepsis in Larixlaricina: analysis of tree leaders with and without sylleptic long shoots

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 490-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Powell
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Pathways ◽  
Lateral Buds ◽  
Long Shoots ◽  
Short Shoots ◽  
Terminal Buds ◽  
Lateral Axis

Nonsylleptic and lightly, moderately, and heavily sylleptic leaders with 0 and 1–8, 9–17, and 18–38 sylleptic long shoots, respectively, were cut from 8-year-old Larixlaricina (Du Roi) K. Koch trees. The leaders showed considerable crookedness but degrees of crookedness were not significantly different among leader classes. Leaders of all classes bore sylleptic short shoots. These sylleptic short shoots were largest at midleader locations and larger on leaders with sylleptic long shoots than on nonsylleptic leaders. The terminal buds on many sylleptic short shoots were of long-shoot type. Some sylleptic short shoots with such buds occurred in mid- and proximal-leader positions, whereas lateral buds of the long-shoot type occurred only in distal-leader positions. Sylleptic long and short shoots greatly increased the numbers of leaves on the leaders. This leaf increase occurred principally on the proximal halves of the leaders where leader diameters also increased. Larger amounts of xylem accounted for most of the diameter increases. Subtending leaf to lateral axis distances increased acropetally among lateral buds and sylleptic shoots, but for the latter, these distances were greatest in the middle parts of the respective zones of occurrence. The large variety of developmental pathways for lateral axes on leaders was discussed.

scholarly journals Genotypic Differences in the Length-Diameter Relationship of Branches of One-year-old Peach and Nectarine Trees

1994 ◽  
Vol 119 (3) ◽  
pp. 616-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jocelyne Kervella ◽  
Loïc Pagès ◽  
Michel Génard
Keyword(s):  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Genotypic Differences ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Basal Diameter ◽  
Long Shoots ◽  
Short Shoots ◽  
Thickness Variations ◽  
One Year ◽  
Old Trees ◽  
Relationship Of

Genotypic variations in the length-diameter relationship of branches among peach and nectarine [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.] cultivars were investigated. The length and basal diameter of all undamaged first-order shoots from 1-year-old trees of 14 cultivars and one accession were measured. Statistical analysis of the allometric relationship between length and basal diameter of shoots provided evidence of genotypic differences for that relationship, although the diameter of very short shoots did not differ between genotypes. A gradient existed from `Armking' with thin shoots (9 mm in diameter for 85.5-cm-long shoots) to `Flavorcrest' with thick shoots (16.4 mm in diameter for 85.5-cm-long shoots). Early selection for shoot thickness should be possible in breeding programs. The likely consequences of observed shoot thickness variations on the mechanical and hydraulic properties of shoots are discussed.

scholarly journals Chemical Defoliation of Apple and Pear Nursery Stock

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 665b-665
Author(s):  
D.E. Deyton ◽  
C.E. Sams ◽  
J.C. Cummins ◽  
R.E. Myers ◽  
M.A. Halcomb
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Old Field ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Nursery Stock ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Nursery Trees ◽  
Pear Trees ◽  
One Year ◽  
Treated Apple

Hand-defoliation of field-grown `Golden Delicious' apple and `Bradford' pear nursery trees before autumn digging is a major production cost. One-year-old field-grown trees were sprayed to runoff on 18 Oct. 1994 with; 1) 1% FeEDTA, 2) 1% CuEDTA, 3) 1% ZnEDTA, 4) 100 ppm Harvade, 5) 50 ppm Dropp, 6) 500 ppm Folex, or 7) 2.5% EDTA or 8) leaves were removed by hand or 9) leaves left on trees (control). Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete-block design, with three trees/plot and four replications. Leaves on each tree were counted before treatment and 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days after treatment (DAT). One tree per plot was dug, stored until February and grown the following summer. Nontreated apple and pear trees had 13% and 38% defoliation, respectively, 35 DAT. CuEDTA treated apple trees had 62% and 93% defoliation 7 and 14 DAT, respectively. Pear trees treated with Cu had 18% and 100% defoliation 7 and 14 DAT, respectively. Treatment with FeEDTA resulted in 96% defoliation of pear within 7 DAT but only 57% defoliation of apple 35 DAT. ZnEDTA, Harvade, Folex, or Dropp did not significantly promote defoliation. Copper-treated apple trees had less budbreak than nontreated trees but similar budbreak as hand-defoliated trees. None of the treatments influenced budbreak of pear. None of the treatments affected the cumulative dry weight of trees at the end of the next growing season.

scholarly journals Cultural Treatment and Cutting Type Affects Growth of ‘Heritage’ Birch Rooted Cuttings

1985 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 142-146
Author(s):  
Daniel K. Struve
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Rooted Cuttings ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Leaf Surface Area ◽  
Long Shoots ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Short Shoots

Rooted cuttings of Betula nigra ‘Heritage’ originating from short shoots were either staked and lateral shoots pruned to a 3 node length or were unstaked and unpruned. One hundred and twenty-five days following propagation, the pruned and staked plants had higher net assimilation rates and lower leaf area ratios than unstaked and unpruned plants. No differences in relative growth rates, total dry weight, root/shoot ratios or shoot length were observed between control and treated plants. Pruned and staked plants had, relative to unstaked and unpruned, less leaf surface area composed of fewer but larger leaves which produced more grams of dry weight per cm2 leaf surface area per day. Pruning and staking maximized economically important dry matter production without reducing total dry weight. Plants originating from long shoots had greater root, shoot and total dry weights, and required less staking to produce upright growth than plants originating from short shoots. By exploiting the beneficial topophysis growth of long shoots, nursery productivity can be increased.

Compensatory shoot growth in young black birch and red maple trees

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 302-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brayton F. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Single Treatment ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Lateral Buds ◽  
Long Shoots ◽  
Short Shoots ◽  
Whole Tree

Black birch (Betulalenta L.) and red maple (Acerrubrum L.) trees 1.5–2 m tall responded by compensatory (increased) shoot growth following a single treatment where shoots on the whole tree were clipped. Total shoot length of clipped trees recovered to control levels after 1 year's growth. The remaining buds on clipped shoots grew more than they would have without clipping. Frequency distributions of shoot lengths shifted toward longer lengths in clipped trees in the 1st year, but were similar to controls 2 years after clipping. The longest shoots were as long, or longer, on clipped shoots as on unclipped shoots. The major compensatory growth mechanism was increased growth of lateral buds. Clipping induced a few preventi-tious buds to form shoots and a few unclipped short shoots to grow as long shoots.

scholarly journals Effect of Rootstock on Nitrogen and Water Use in Apple Trees

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 486A-486
Author(s):  
H. Khemira ◽  
L.E. Schrader ◽  
F.J. Peryea ◽  
R. Kammereck ◽  
R. Burrows
Keyword(s):  
N Uptake ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
N Uptake Efficiency ◽  
Fuji Apple ◽  
One Year ◽  
Solution Uptake ◽  
Whole Tree

One-year-old `Fuji' apple trees on six rootstocks (Mark, M.9, M.26, M.7A, MM.106, and MM.111) were compared for N and water uptake and utilization. The trees were potted in sand and subjected to a 75-day N-deprivation period (supplied with modified Hoagland's solution lacking N) to deplete their N reserves. Thereafter, they were supplied with a complete modified Hoagland's solution. Uptake of water and N differed by rootstock. Water and N uptake were positively related to tree dry weight (r = +0.97, P = 0.001). Trees that had the highest N concentrations at planting were the last to set bud during the N-deprivation-phase. Tree size after one growing season depended largely on rootstock girth and whole-tree-Nconcentration at planting (r2 = 0.80, P = 0.0001) regardless of rootstock. Water and N uptake efficiency (liter of water or mg N absorbed per g root dry weight, respectively) differed among the rootstocks, being highest for trees on MM.111 and lowest for trees on M.7A rootstock. Nitrogen and water utilization efficiency (g dry weight gained per mg N or per liter of water absorbed, respectively) were not influenced by the rootstock.

Shoot development in Betula papyrifera. V. Effect of male inflorescence formation and flowering on long shoot development

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (8) ◽  
pp. 1708-1713 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Cartey Caesar ◽  
Alastair D. Macdonald
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Development ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Betula Papyrifera ◽  
Short Shoot ◽  
Shoot Buds ◽  
Long Shoots ◽  
One Year ◽  
Old Trees

One-year-old vegetative and reproductive long shoots of Betula papyrifera Marsh, were collected from 40-year-old trees when leaves were fully expanded. Leaf areas were significantly reduced on shoots bearing developing male inflorescences; late leaves were affected most. Late leaves were thinner than early leaves on vegetative shoots and thinnest on reproductive shoots. The effect of developing male inflorescences was most pronounced on the specific leaf area of early leaves, suggesting that inflorescences are strong sinks for assimilates being exported by early leaves. Two-year-old vegetative and reproductive branches were collected just after bud burst to determine mean bud dry weight. These values were highest for buds on vegetative long shoots, lower for buds on reproductive long shoots, and lowest for buds on reproductive long shoots bearing female short-shoot buds. Formation of male inflorescences reduced the growth potential of buds. Female short-shoot buds on reproductive long shoots and pseudoterminal buds positioned below male inflorescences exhibited reduced growth potentials. Mean total early leaf areas measured 3 weeks after flushing showed similar trends. Thus, development and flowering of male inflorescences lowered the growth potential and vigour of axillary buds and reduced canopy expansion.

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