scholarly journals Study on Characterization of Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Fractions of Water-soluble Organic Carbon with a XAD Resin

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae-Uk Jeong ◽  
Ja-Hyun Kim ◽  
Seung-Shik Park ◽  
Kwang-Joo Moon ◽  
Seok-Jo Lee
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Water Soluble Organic Carbon ◽  
Soluble Organic Carbon ◽  
Xad Resin

Chemical Characterization of Water-Soluble Organic Aerosols at Jeju Island Collected During ACE-Asia

2004 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Yang ◽  
Jinhui Xu ◽  
Wai-Shing Wu ◽  
Chun Hong Wan ◽  
Jian Zhen Yu
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Carbon Mass ◽  
Water Soluble Organic Carbon ◽  
Soluble Organic Carbon ◽  
Aerosol Characterization

Environmental Context. Atmospheric aerosols — particles suspended in the atmosphere — are responsible for many phenomena, including formation of cloud condensation nuclei and degradation of regional visibility. Water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) components make up a significant fraction of the aerosols' carbon mass, and have consequently received increasing attention from researchers. The chemical composition of the WSOC fraction, and thus their sources and effects, are not well known. This study focusses on WSOC from samples collected in South Korea as part of ACE-Asia (Asia-Pacific Regional Aerosol Characterization Experiment), a large international collaboration including Asia, the USA, Europe and Australia. Abstract.During the Asia-Pacific Regional Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-Asia) intensive field campaign, aerosol samples of less than 2.5 μm diameter were collected at Jeju Island, South Korea, for chemical characterization of the water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) fraction. The WSOC fraction had an average mass concentration of roughly half of that of sulfate and accounted for about two-thirds of the organic carbon mass. Thirty individual water-soluble organic compounds, belonging to the classes of mono- and di-carboxylic acids, aliphatic amines, and amino acids, were identified, accounting for 14% of the WSOC on a carbon basis. Oxalic acid was the most abundant single component. An additional 3% of the WSOC was estimated to be monomeric carbohydrates. Thermal analysis of the aerosol’s water extracts indicated that a significant fraction (~50%) of WSOC was thermally recalcitrant, possibly consisting of polymeric materials.

scholarly journals Long term characterization of organic and elemental carbon in the PM<sub>2.5</sub> fraction: the case of Athens, Greece

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 17161-17196
Author(s):  
D. Paraskevopoulou ◽  
E. Liakakou ◽  
E. Gerasopoulos ◽  
C. Theodosi ◽  
N. Mihalopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Elemental Carbon ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Water Soluble Organic Carbon ◽  
Soluble Organic Carbon

Abstract. Organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), water soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and main ions were measured in a total of 1510 PM2.5 daily aerosol samples collected from May 2008 to April 2013, in Athens, Greece. OC and EC concentrations were 2.1 ± 1.3 μg m−3 and 0.54 ± 0.39 μg m−3, accounting for 11 ± 3% and 3 ± 1% of PM2.5 mass respectively, with an average OC/EC ratio of 4.7 ± 3.1. Significant correlation was found between OC and EC during the whole period, indicating emissions by common primary sources at a~regional scale. WSOC concentration ranged from 0.03 to 10.6 μg m−3, with an average of 1.5 ± 0.9 μg m−3. By considering Finokalia (Crete) station as a reference, it was estimated that during the warm season in Athens 67 ± 7% of emitted OC and 53 ± 12% of emitted EC is regional, while during cold months, the regional contribution for OC is only 33 ± 7% and for EC 29 ± 8%. Furthermore, secondary organic carbon (SOC) was calculated for the warm period of the year (April to October). The estimated SOC constituted about 75 ± 6% of PM2.5 organic carbon in Athens, highlighting significant aging processes, at a regional scale. In the period 2011–2013 and during wintertime, an increase in OC and EC levels was observed, attributed to increase of wood burning for domestic heating due to the economic crisis.

scholarly journals Measurement report: Molecular composition, optical properties, and radiative effects of water-soluble organic carbon in snowpack samples from Northern Xinjiang, China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Zhou ◽  
Christopher P. West ◽  
Anusha P. S. Hettiyadura ◽  
Xiaoying Niu ◽  
Hui Wen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Bulk Composition ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Northern Xinjiang ◽  
Water Soluble Organic Carbon ◽  
Soluble Organic Carbon

Abstract. Water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) in the cryosphere has important impact on the biogeochemistry cycling and snow/ice surface energy balance through changes in the surface albedo. This work reports on chemical characterization of WSOC in 28 representative snowpack samples collected across regional area of northern Xinjiang, northwestern China. We employed multi-modal analytical chemistry techniques to investigate both bulk and molecular-level composition of WSOC and its optical properties, informing the follow-up radiative forcing (RF) modeling estimates. Based on the geographic differences and proximity of emission sources, the snowpack collection sites were grouped as urban/industrial (U), rural/remote (R), and soil-influenced (S) sites, for which average WSOC total mass loadings were measured as 1968 ± 953 ng g−1 (U), 885 ± 328 ng g−1 (R), and 2082 ± 1438 ng g−1 (S), respectively. The S sites showed the higher mass absorption coefficients at 365 nm (MAC365) of 0.94 ± 0.31 m2 g−1 compared to those of U and R sites (0.39 ± 0.11 m2 g−1 and 0.38 ± 0.12 m2 g−1, respectively). Bulk composition of WSOC in the snowpack samples and its basic source apportionment was inferred from the Excitation-Emission Matrices and the Parallel Factor analysis featuring relative contributions of two humic-like (HULIS-1 and HULIS-2) and one protein-like (PRLIS) components with ratios specific to each of the S, U, and R sites. Additionally, a sample from site 120 showed unique pollutant concentrations and spectroscopic features remarkably different from all other U, R, and S samples. Molecular-level characterization of WSOC using high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) provided further insights into chemical differences among four types of samples (U, R, S, and 120). Specifically, much more reduced S-containing species with high degree of unsaturation and aromaticity were uniquely identified in U samples, suggesting an anthropogenic source. Aliphatic/proteins-like species showed highest contribution in R samples, indicating their biogenic origin. The WSOC components from S samples showed high oxygenation and saturation levels. A few of unique CHON and CHONS compounds with high molecular weight were detected in the 120 sample, which might be anthraquinone derivatives from plant debris. Modeling of the WSOC-induced RF values showed warming effects of 0.04 to 0.59 W m−2 among different groups of sites, which contribute up to 16 % of that caused by BC, demonstrating the important influences of WSOC on the snow energy budget.

scholarly journals Long-term characterization of organic and elemental carbon in the PM<sub>2.5</sub> fraction: the case of Athens, Greece

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (23) ◽  
pp. 13313-13325 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Paraskevopoulou ◽  
E. Liakakou ◽  
E. Gerasopoulos ◽  
C. Theodosi ◽  
N. Mihalopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Elemental Carbon ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Water Soluble Organic Carbon ◽  
Soluble Organic Carbon

Abstract. Organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and main ions were measured in a total of 1510 PM2.5 daily aerosol samples collected from May 2008 to April 2013 in Athens, Greece. OC and EC concentrations were 2.1 ± 1.3 μg m−3 and 0.54 ± 0.39 μg m−3, accounting for 11 ± 3% and 3 ± 1% of PM2.5 mass, respectively, with an average OC/EC ratio of 4.7 ± 3.1. Significant correlation was found between OC and EC during the whole period, indicating emissions by common primary sources on a regional scale. WSOC concentration ranged from 0.03 to 10.6 μg m−3, with an average of 1.5 ± 0.9 μg m−3. By considering the Finokalia (Crete) station as a reference, it was estimated that, during the warm season in Athens, 67 ± 7% of emitted OC and 53 ± 12% of emitted EC is regional, while, during cold months, the regional contribution of OC is only 33 ± 7% and of EC 29 ± 8%. Furthermore, secondary organic carbon (SOC) was calculated for the warm period of the year (April to October). The estimated SOC constituted about 75 ± 6% of PM2.5 organic carbon in Athens, highlighting significant aging processes on a regional scale. In the period 2011–2013 and during wintertime, an increase in OC and EC levels was observed, attributed to an increase in wood burning for domestic heating due to the economic crisis.

scholarly journals Measurement report: Molecular composition, optical properties, and radiative effects of water-soluble organic carbon in snowpack samples from northern Xinjiang, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 8531-8555
Author(s):  
Yue Zhou ◽  
Christopher P. West ◽  
Anusha P. S. Hettiyadura ◽  
Xiaoying Niu ◽  
Hui Wen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Bulk Composition ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Northern Xinjiang ◽  
Water Soluble Organic Carbon ◽  
Soluble Organic Carbon

Abstract. Water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) in the cryosphere has an important impact on the biogeochemistry cycling and snow–ice surface energy balance through changes in the surface albedo. This work reports on the chemical characterization of WSOC in 28 representative snowpack samples collected across a regional area of northern Xinjiang, northwestern China. We employed multimodal analytical chemistry techniques to investigate both bulk and molecular-level composition of WSOC and its optical properties, informing the follow-up radiative forcing (RF) modeling estimates. Based on the geographic differences and proximity of emission sources, the snowpack collection sites were grouped as urban/industrial (U), rural/remote (R), and soil-influenced (S) sites, for which average WSOC total mass loadings were measured as 1968 ± 953 ng g−1 (U), 885 ± 328 ng g−1 (R), and 2082 ± 1438 ng g−1 (S), respectively. The S sites showed the higher mass absorption coefficients at 365 nm (MAC365) of 0.94 ± 0.31 m2 g−1 compared to those of U and R sites (0.39 ± 0.11 m2 g−1 and 0.38 ± 0.12 m2 g−1, respectively). Bulk composition of WSOC in the snowpack samples and its basic source apportionment was inferred from the excitation–emission matrices and the parallel factor analysis featuring relative contributions of one protein-like (PRLIS) and two humic-like (HULIS-1 and HULIS-2) components with ratios specific to each of the S, U, and R sites. Additionally, a sample from site 120 showed unique pollutant concentrations and spectroscopic features remarkably different from all other U, R, and S samples. Molecular-level characterization of WSOC using high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) provided further insights into chemical differences among four types of samples (U, R, S, and 120). Specifically, many reduced-sulfur-containing species with high degrees of unsaturation and aromaticity were uniquely identified in U samples, suggesting an anthropogenic source. Aliphatic/protein-like species showed the highest contribution in R samples, indicating their biogenic origin. The WSOC components from S samples showed high oxygenation and saturation levels. A few unique CHON and CHONS compounds with high unsaturation degree and molecular weight were detected in the 120 sample, which might be anthraquinone derivatives from plant debris. Modeling of the WSOC-induced RF values showed warming effects of 0.04 to 0.59 W m−2 among different groups of sites, which contribute up to 16 % of that caused by black carbon (BC), demonstrating the important influences of WSOC on the snow energy budget.

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