Juvenile growth and crown morphological plasticity of eastern white pines (Pinus strobus L.) planted along a natural light gradient: Results after six years

1999 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Messier ◽  
S. Parent ◽  
M. Chengaou ◽  
J. Beaulieu
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Morphological Plasticity ◽  
Light Environment ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Pissodes Strobi ◽  
Full Sunlight ◽  
Total Height ◽  
Light Levels ◽  
Light Gradient ◽  
Crown Morphology

Underplanting white pine (Pinus strobus L.) is a promising method to reduce competition and protect against white pine weevil (Pissodes strobi (Peck)) damage. However, shading caused by over-story trees can reduce growth, vigor and survival of white pine. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of a light gradient on the growth and overall crown morphology of white pine saplings planted in 3-meter strips within a hardwood forest some six years earlier. In 1994, we measured total height and diameter, leader length (in 1994) and numerous crown morphological variables. We then estimated the light environment above the crown of 63 young white pine saplings representing six families of close provenance. White pine grew well (i.e., > 20 cm in height/year) for the first six years when planted at light levels between 10 and 66% of full sunlight. Total height and diameter after six years tended to decline more sharply below 30% full sunlight, confirming earlier experiments made in controlled conditions. No significant changes in crown morphology were evident along the light gradient. This lack of crown morphological plasticity presumably contributes to limiting the ability of white pine to grow and compete in a very low light environment Various silvicultural options are discussed in light of the results obtained in this study. Key words: Understory growth, white pine, understory planting, crown morphology, silvicultural options, light gradient

The relationship of stand structure with canopy transmittance: Simple models and practical methods for managing understory light conditions in eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.)-dominated forests

2014 ◽  
Vol 90 (04) ◽  
pp. 489-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
William C. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Stand Structure ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Canopy Closure ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Light Levels ◽  
Pine Regeneration ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship of stand structural features with understory light levels, estimated by gap light index (GLI), was investigated in 22 second-growth eastern white (Pinus strobus L.) and red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.)-dominated stands in central Ontario that encompassed a broad range in density and basal area. Simple, empirical light models were developed to quantify the influence of several stand structural variables on canopy transmittance as estimated by GLI. Models were also derived to facilitate the operational identification of residual basal area, density, and percent canopy closure associated with target understory light levels that optimize the growth of white pine regeneration and its protection from weevil and blister rust when using the uniform shelterwood silvicultural system. Regression models indicated significant negative, nonlinear relationships of GLI with density, basal area, a stand density index, total crown area, and foliar biomass, while GLI was linearly related to percent canopy closure. Application of these models to identify density, basal area, and canopy closure values associated with target light levels for the regeneration and removal cuts of uniform shelterwoods demonstrates the use of this information to help guide management of white pine–red pine forests.

scholarly journals Variability in leaf and crown morphology correlated with light availability in five natural populations of Quercus castaneifolia C.A. Mey

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 275-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Babaei Fariba ◽  
Jalali Seyed Gholamali ◽  
Sohrabi Hormoz ◽  
Shirvany Anoshirvan
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Light Availability ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
High Irradiance ◽  
Morphological Variations ◽  
Proportional Allocation ◽  
Light Levels ◽  
Light Gradient ◽  
Controlled Conditions ◽  
Crown Morphology

In this study, we investigate seedlings of Quercus castaneifolia C.A. Mey, from five different provenances for the research on leaf and crown morphological variations in relation to a light gradient under controlled conditions in a greenhouse. The results show that significant variations occurred in many parameters due to the effects of light availability. The seedling responses to low light include the proportional allocation of more biomass to leaves, leading to higher leaf mass, leaf area, crown area, specific leaf area and leaf area ratio, in contrast, the seedlings grown in high irradiance faced a high temperature resulting in higher transpiration. At this period, seedlings alter their leaf and crown size to prevent overheating. In this experiment, in spite of the same treatments in controlled conditions in a greenhouse, the seedlings from different provenances indicate different responses to light levels. It seems that the seedlings try to maximize their surface area for the intake of light as the most limiting resource in wet provenances. Such responses under the same treatment are adaptive strategies which allow oak seedlings to have the best function under stressed conditions. For Q. castaneifolia as a species with broad fundamental niches in Hyrcanian forests, these variations may be achieved by a combination of genotypic differentiation and phenotypic plasticity.

Impact of three silvicultural treatments on weevil incidence, growth, phenology, and branch-level dynamics of Pinus strobus from large and small populations

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Major ◽  
Alex Mosseler ◽  
Debby C. Barsi ◽  
Amanda Clouthier ◽  
Moira Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Light Level ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
Isolated Populations ◽  
Total Height ◽  
Silvicultural Treatments ◽  
Light Levels

Our goal was to quantify tree- and branch-level components of growth response to three silvicultural treatments (STs), and weevil incidence in white pine ( Pinus strobus L.) from large, central populations in Ontario (ON) versus small, isolated populations in Newfoundland (NL). Light levels were 100%, 42.0%, and 20.4% transmittance for the full-sun, intermediate-shade, and high-shade STs. After 8 years, the overall incidence of weevil infestation was 42.1%, 23.4%, and 13.7% for the full-sun, intermediate-shade, and high-shade STs, respectively (P < 0.001). Weevil impact on total height and volume averaged –13.2% and –11.8%. Analysis of dominant lateral shoots showed that ON populations had 32% longer shoots than the NL populations. Bud set difference was a primary determinant of shoot-length growth differences between regions: Julian days 171 and 184 for the NL and ON populations, respectively. The primary determining factors related to shoot length were the number of needle bundles and region, driven by light levels and day length, respectively, and the internode length, probably through inbreeding effects. Total height and diameter showed a positive curvilinear relationship to light level. To maximize fitness, NL conservation strategies should also now consider introducing adaptive trait variation in the context of anticipated climate change.

Light environment and crown architecture of two temperate Vaccinium species: inherent growth rules versus degree of plasticity in light response

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (10) ◽  
pp. 1063-1077 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koji Kawamura ◽  
Hiroshi Takeda
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Forest ◽  
Light Response ◽  
Morphological Plasticity ◽  
Light Level ◽  
Light Environment ◽  
Crown Architecture ◽  
Light Levels ◽  
Deep Shade ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Architectural Traits

Light environment and crown architecture were investigated in two closely related species (deciduous Vaccinium hirtum and evergreen Vaccinium bracteatum) in a young and an old secondary forest. Light environment was determined by photographic estimation of light above ramets (30–500 cm tall). Crown architecture was examined to determine the effects of ramet age and light level on several architectural traits. In the young secondary forest, both species were mainly found in large gaps. In the old secondary forest, V. bracteatum persisted in deep shade, whereas V. hirtum was concentrated in small gaps. Vaccinium hirtum had narrower crowns and thinner stems than V. bracteatum, indicating lower structural costs in V. hirtum. Older ramets had greater total shoot extension (only V. bracteatum) and shorter length of the current-year shoots (markedly so in V. hirtum) than younger ramets. In higher light levels, V. bracteatum had greater aboveground growth and higher leaf area indices, whereas V. hirtum had only greater flowering intensity. Architectural traits were highly correlated with ramet age in V. hirtum, whereas these were mainly affected by light in V. bracteatum, indicating higher architectural plasticity in the latter species. The differences in architecture and its plasticity can be relevant for the segregation of light habitats between the species.Key words: light environment, crown architecture, leaf display, morphological plasticity, current-year shoot.

Zones de Vulnérabilité du Pin Blanc à la Rouille Vésiculeuse au Québec

1986 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Lavallée
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Cronartium Ribicola ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Pissodes Strobi ◽  
Pine Weevil ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
White Pine Weevil

Analysis of relevant data for the last 11 years improved the precision of zoning for white pine vulnerability to blister rust in Quebec. The validity of the existing approach for the area under study was confirmed. White pine located in zones 1 and 2 usually indicated less than 15% stem infections by the blister rust. Distribution of the white pine weevil damage in the zones is presented. Key words: Pinus strobus L., Cronartium ribicola J.C. Fisher, Pissodes strobi Peck, blister rust vulnerability.

WHITE PINE WEEVIL, PISSODES STROBI (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE), ATTACK ON VARIOUS CONIFERS IN NEW YORK

1983 ◽  
Vol 115 (12) ◽  
pp. 1637-1640 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas W. Phillips ◽  
Gerald N. Lanier
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Conifer Species ◽  
Brood Production ◽  
Pissodes Strobi ◽  
Pine Weevils ◽  
Native Host ◽  
White Pine Weevil

AbstractField studies were conducted in which adult white pine weevils, Pissodes strobi (Peck), were confined on the leaders of six different conifer species and various parameters of weevil attack were recorded. Eastern white pine, Pinus strobus, the preferred native host, was the most susceptible to attack and the most suitable for brood production. All white pine leaders on which 3 or 6 male–female pairs of weevils were confined were killed, and mean numbers of emerging brood adults per leader were 26.0 and 37.3, respectively. Some leaders of the other species of pine and of spruce, Picea spp., were also killed, but brood production from them was very low. White spruce, P. glauca, leaders proved to be the least suitable for production of brood because no adult progeny emerged, even from leaders that had been killed.

scholarly journals Root Exposure, Root Dipping, and Extended Spring Planting of White Pine Seedlings

1978 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 84-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Mullin
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Total Height ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Current Growth ◽  
Root Exposure ◽  
Planting Season ◽  
Spring Planting

A study was established to assess the effects of root exposure at time of planting on the performance of 3 + 0 white pine (Pinus strobus L.) seedlings. Stock was lifted weekly from April 22nd (1971) for 10 weeks, with and without root dipping in water, and exposed from 0-3 hours before planting. Survival, terminal growth (current leaders) and total heights were examined after five years.Exposure resulted in damage; affecting survival, current growth and total height at five years. However, survival was unaffected by exposures of up to two hours on days with relative humidity above 80%. Dipping in water was found to be ineffective.Extending the planting season with 'hot' planting (same day) resulted in reduction of terminal growth and total height. Survival was also reduced for dates following flushing.

GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN RESISTANCE TO WHITE PINE WEEVIL (PISSODES STROBI) (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) BY EASTERN WHITE PINE (PINUS STROBUS)

1973 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 347-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. Garrett
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Variation ◽  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Eastern White Pine ◽  
Pissodes Strobi ◽  
Pine Weevil ◽  
White Pine Weevil

AbstractWeevil damage on 12 sources of eastern white pine was measured. Differences between sources at age 13 were significant, but all sources were heavily weeviled. It is doubtful that sources resistant to the white pine weevil will be located.

Growth ofPseudotsuga menziesiiandTsuga heterophyllaseedlings along a light gradient: resource allocation and morphological acclimation

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (9) ◽  
pp. 1424-1435 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Mailly ◽  
J. P. Kimmins
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Morphology ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Light Levels ◽  
Light Gradient ◽  
Relative Light Intensity

Silvicultural alternatives that differ in the degree of overstory removal may create shady environments that will be problematic for the regeneration of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco). Gradients of light in the field were used to compare mortality, growth, and leaf morphological acclimation of two conifer species of contrasting shade tolerances: Douglas-fir and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.). Results after two growing seasons indicated that Douglas-fir mortality occurred mainly at relative light intensity (RLI) below 20%, while western hemlock mortality was evenly distributed along the light gradient. Height, diameter, and biomass of the planted seedlings increased with increasing light for both species but at different rates, and maximum biomass accumulation always occurred in the open. Douglas-fir allocated more resources to stem biomass than western hemlock, which accumulated more foliage biomass. Increases in specific leaf area for Douglas-fir seedlings occurred at RLI ≤ 0.4 and red/far red (R/FR) ratio ≤ 0.6, which appear to be the minimal optimum light levels for growth. Conversely, western hemlock seedlings adjusted their leaf morphology in a more regular pattern, and changes were less pronounced at low light levels. These results, along with early mortality results for Douglas-fir, suggest that the most successful way to artificially regenerate this species may be by allowing at least 20% of RLI for ensuring survival and at least 40% RLI for optimum growth. Key words: light, light quality, leaf morphology, acclimation.

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