Short-term Performance of two hexazinone formulations: Efficacy, seedling survival and growth

1995 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 228-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip E. Reynolds ◽  
Michael J. Roden
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Term Performance

Liquid (VELPAR L) and dry-flowable (VELPAR ULW) hexazinone (2 kg ai ha−1) were aerially applied to a northern New Brunswick clearcut to reduce raspberry [Rubus idaeus L. var. strigosus (Michx.) Maxim] competition. Treatments were applied in June 1987; planting with containerized (multipot) black spruce [Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.] was conducted 2 and 14 months after treatment in August 1987 and 1988. Seedling survival and growth were measured yearly through August 1991. Hexazinone formulation did not affect raspberry control, seedling survival, or growth. Five growing seasons after treatment, raspberry cover was generally less in treated plots than in controls. Seedling survival did not differ among treatments for seedlings planted at either time interval after hexazinone treatment. Seedlings planted 14 months after hexazinone treatment grew poorly compared with those planted 2 months after herbicide treatment. Stem volume of seedlings planted 2 months after hexazinone treatment exceeded that of control seedlings in the first growing season after planting and remained greater than that of control seedlings through 1991. Stem volume increases over controls were restricted to the second growing season after planting for seedlings planted 14 months after hexazinone treatment. Fourth-year stem volume of seedlings planted 2 months after hexazinone treatment was correlated with raspberry cover (r2 = 0.34). As raspberry cover increased, black spruce growth decreased. Key words: liquid hexazinone, dry-flowable hexazinone, site preparation, black spruce, multipot stock, seedling survival, stem volume, raspberry cover

Short-term Performance of Two Sulfonylurea Herbicides: Efficacy, Seedling Survival, and Growth

1995 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-85
Author(s):  
Phillip E. Reynolds ◽  
Micheal J. Roden
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Term Performance ◽  
Survival Of Seedlings

Abstract Metsulfuron (ALLY or ESCORT), 36 and 72 g ai/ha (~ 0.5 and 1.0 oz ai/ac), and sulfometuron (OUST), 150, 300, and 450 g ai/ha (~ 2.1, 4.2, and 6.3 oz ai/ac), were applied to a northern New Brunswick clearcut (silty clay loam and silty clay soils) to reduce raspberry competition. Treatment, using skidder-mounted herbicide application equipment, occurred in May and August 1986, with planting of 2+2, bareroot, black spruce seedlings in June 1986 and in June 1987. Seedling survival and growth were measured yearly for 5 growing seasons after planting. By August 1991, raspberry cover was less in some treatments than in controls. Survival of seedlings planted 1 month after spring treatments was less than controls, and no significant stem volume increases were observed. Survival of seedlings planted approximately 1 yr after spring treatments was greater than that of control seedlings. Survival of seedlings planted after some summer treatments also was poor, and no significant stem volume increases were noted for seedlings planted after site preparation with sulfometuron. Optimal stem volume increases over control seedlings were observed for seedlings planted 1 yr after spring sulfometuron treatment. These increases occurred sooner than for seedlings planted 1 yr after spring metsulfuron treatment or after summer metsulfuron treatment. Fifth-year stem volume for these seedlings was correlated with raspberry cover (r² = 0.44), decreasing as raspberry cover increased. We conclude that the use of other less expensive silvicultural herbicides may provide equally effective raspberry control and better black spruce seedling survival and growth. North. J. Appl. For. 12(2):80-85.

scholarly journals Short-Term Performance of Three Hexazinone Formulations: Efficacy, Seedling Survival, and Growth

1996 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip E. Reynolds ◽  
Michael J. Roden
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Liquid Formulation ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Term Performance ◽  
Survival Of Seedlings

Abstract Granular (PRONONE 10G and 5G) and liquid (VELPAR L) hexazinone (1 to 4 kg ai/ha) were applied to a northern New Brunswick clearcut (loams, silt loams, and clay loams) to reduce raspberry competition. Treatment, using skidder-mounted herbicide application equipment, occurred in May and September 1986, with planting of 2+2, bareroot, black spruce seedlings in June 1986 and in June 1987. Seedling survival and growth were measured yearly for 5 growing seasons after planting. By August 1991, hexazinone formulation did not affect raspberry control, seedling survival, or growth. Raspberry cover for the 4 kg ai/ha treatment and for fall treatments remained less than that for controls. Survival of seedlings planted approximately 1 month after spring treatment was less than controls, but seedling stem volume was greater than that of control seedlings for most treatments. Survival and stem volume of seedlings planted approximately 1 yr after spring treatment or 9 months after fall treatment were greater than that of control seedlings for most treatments. Best survival and growth occurred for seedlings planted 1 yr after spring treatment. Fifth-year stem volume for these seedlings was correlated with raspberry cover (r2 = 0.35), decreasing as raspberry cover increased. We conclude that the use of the PRONONE 10G formulation offers operational advantages over the liquid formulation. North. J. Appl. For. 13(1):41-45.

scholarly journals Hexazinone site preparation improves black spruce seedling survival and growth

1995 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 426-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Roden ◽  
Phillip E. Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
One Year ◽  
Observation Period

Granular (PRONONE 10G and 5G) and liquid (VELPAR L) hexazinone (1 to 4 kg ai ha−1) were applied to a northern New Brunswick clearcut (loams, silt loams, and clay loams) to reduce raspberry [Rubus idaeus L. var. strigosus (Michx.) Maxim] competition. Treatment, using skidder-mounted herbicide application equipment, was completed in May and September 1986, with planting of 2+2, bareroot, black spruce seedlings [Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.] in June 1986 and in June 1987. Seedling survival and growth were measured yearly for five growing seasons after planting. By August 1991, raspberry cover for three treatments remained less than that for controls. Survival of seedlings planted approximately one month after spring treatment was less than controls, but seedling height and stem diameter were greater than that of control seedlings for most treatments. Survival and growth of seedlings planted approximately one year after spring treatment or nine months after fall treatment were greater than that of control seedlings for most treatments. Fifth-year height and stem diameter of seedlings planted nine months after fall treatment were negatively correlated with raspberry height (r2 = 0.729, height and 0.745, diameter), decreasing as raspberry height increased. Over the five-year observation period, hexazinone formulation did not affect raspberry control, but did affect seedling survival and growth. Spring treatment with PRONONE 10G (2 kg ai ha−1), with planting delayed by one year, provided the best treatment to achieve both optimal seedling survival and growth during plantation establishment. Key words: liquid hexazinone, granular hexazinone, site preparation, black spruce, growth parameters, seedling survival, raspberry competition

Growth of Multipot Black Spruce Seedlings Planted After Site Preparation with Liquid and Dry-Flowable Hexazinone

1995 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip E. Reynolds ◽  
Michael J. Roden
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Herbicide Treatment ◽  
Survival And Growth

Abstract Liquid (VELPAR L) and dry-flowable (VELPAR ULW) hexazinone (2 kg ai/ha) were aerially applied to a northern New Brunswick clearcut to reduce raspberry competition. Treatments were applied in June 1987; planting with containerized (multipot) black spruce was conducted 2 and 14 months after treatment in August 1987 and August 1988, respectively. Seedling survival and growth were measured yearly through August 1991. Five growing seasons after treatment, raspberry competition was generally less in treated plots than in controls. Hexazinone formulation did not affect raspberry control, seedling survival, or growth. Seedlings planted 14 months after hexazinone treatment grew poorly compared with those planted 2 months after herbicide treatment. Both height and stem diameter of seedlings planted 2 months after hexazinone treatment remained greater than that of control seedlings through 1991. Diameter of treated seedlings exceeded that of control seedlings in the first growing season after planting; height of treated seedlings exceeded control seedlings 3 growing seasons after planting. Fourth-year stem diameter of seedlings planted 2 months after hexazinone treatment was correlated with raspberry cover (r² = 0.383) and with raspberry height (r² = 0.379). As raspberry competition increased, black spruce growth decreased. North. J. Appl. For. 12(2):75-79.

Survival and Growth of Douglas-Fir Seedlings with Spot-Spraying, Mulching and Root-Dipping

1986 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 108-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao-Hsiung Tung ◽  
Jim Batdorff ◽  
David R. DeYoe
Keyword(s):  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Vegetation Management ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
The Third ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Survival Of Seedlings

Abstract Two vegetation management methods, paper mulching and spot-spraying with glyphosate, were combined with a root-dipping treatment, Terra Sorb®, to test effects on seedling survival and height growth on a harsh site in Oregon. Survival of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings was significantly higher after the third growing season when competing vegetation had been controlled with mulch or glyphosate during the first two growing seasons. Seedlings retreated with paper mulch and glyphosate before the second growing season had 36 and 25% higher survival than those that were not retreated. None of the seedlings was retreated before the third season; after this season, survival of seedlings treated twice with glyphosate was 26, 23, and 21% higher than seedlings receiving one glyphosate treatment and one or two mulch applications, respectively. There were no differences in seedling height growth among treatments. Rootdipping with Terra Sorb® did not influence survival or growth. West. J. Appl. For. 1:108-111 Oct. 86.

Site preparation with sulfonylurea herbicides improves black spruce seedling growth

1996 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Roden ◽  
Phillip E. Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
One Year ◽  
Survival Of Seedlings

Metsulfuron (ALLY or ESCORT), 36 and 72 g ai ha−1, and sulfometuron (OUST), 150 to 450 g ai ha−1, were applied to a northern New Brunswick clearcut (silty clay loams and silty clays) to reduce raspberry [Rubus idaeus L. var. strigosus (Michx.) Maxim.] competition. Treatment, using skidder-mounted herbicide application equipment, occurred in May and August 1986, with planting of 2+2, bareroot, black spruce seedlings [Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.] in June 1986 and in June 1987. Seedling survival and growth were measured yearly for five growing seasons after planting. By August 1991, raspberry height was less in many treatments than in controls. Survival of seedlings planted one month after spring treatment was less than controls, and no significant height or stem diameter increases were observed. Growth and survival of seedlings planted approximately one year after spring treatment were greater than that of control seedlings. Fifth-year stem diameter of these seedlings, planted after site preparation with sulfometuron, was negatively correlated (r2 = 0.715) with raspberry height, decreasing as raspberry height increased. Survival of seedlings planted after some summer treatments was also less than controls, and no significant growth increases were noted for seedlings planted after site preparation with sulfometuron. Summer treatment with metsulfuron was more efficacious and resulted in greater seedling growth than spring treatment; however, greater seedling survival occurred after spring treatment. We conclude that spring treatment with sulfometuron (300 g ai ha−1), with planting delayed by one year, provided the optimal treatment to achieve maximal seedling survival and growth during plantation establishment. Black spruce seedlings appear to benefit (i.e. enhanced survival or growth) from site preparation with these herbicides only when planting is delayed by several months following their use. Key words: metsulfuron, sulfometuron, site preparation, black spruce, growth parameters, seedling survival, raspberry competitition

Black spruce and vegetation response to chemical and mechanical site preparation on a boreal mixedwood site

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (10) ◽  
pp. 1561-1570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brad Sutherland ◽  
Fred F Foreman
Keyword(s):  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Vegetation Indices ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Mechanical Site Preparation ◽  
Trees And Shrubs

The growth and development of outplanted black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) and competing vegetation five growing seasons after mechanical and chemical site preparation treatments are presented. The largest stem volume increase for black spruce coupled with the lowest vegetation indices for competing trees and shrubs were recorded on the treatment consisting of chemical site preparation with liquid hexazinone applied at 3.1 kg active ingredient (a.i.)·ha-1 followed by chemical tending in the second and fourth growing season with glyphosate applied at 1.78 kg a.i.·ha-1. Black spruce stem volume growth was second highest and the vegetation indices for competing trees and shrubs the highest, on plots treated with hexazinone site preparation. Among mechanical treatments, black spruce stem volume was highest on plots treated with mixed-mound site preparation. No other mechanical site-preparation treatment improved the growth of black spruce over boot-screef site preparation alone. The vegetation index of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) was reduced on mixed-mound and area-mixed site preparation treatments. The vegetation index of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) was reduced on area-mix and area- and strip-screef treatments. By the fifth growing season, site-preparation treatment had little effect on the comparative growth of grasses and forbs. High-speed strip-mixing with 80 cm wide strips spaced at 2-m centres, on deep, fertile, silty loams of Site Region 3W-Lake Nipigon, does not appear feasible as an alternative to chemical site preparation or conventional manual and mechanical site preparation.

ANALYSIS OF TRENDS OF TOTAL EVAPORATION FLUXES (FOR 2003-2017) ACCORDING TO THE DATA OF PRODUCT MOD16A2 FOR THE TERRITORY OF THE MARKSOVSKY DISTRICT OF THE SARATOV REGION

2021 ◽  
pp. 16-25
Author(s):  
O. S. ERMOLAEVA ◽  
◽  
A. M. ZEYLIGER
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Half Period ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Total Evaporation ◽  
Saratov Region ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Dominant Part

This paper presents the results of calculations of areal trends of total evaporation ETa fl uxes for the growing periods of 2003-2017 in the territory of the Marksovsky district of the Saratov region. Raster layers formed for the territory with a 500 m resolution of the Eta8 (Eta 8-day averaging) for each year of the investigated time interval were obtained from tiles sets h20v03 of the product MOD16A2 for the period from May 25 to September 2 of the corresponding year. As a result, the 19830 time series of total evaporation fl uxes for the ETaw growing seasons of the 15-year study period were drawn up for the Marksovsky district. The obtained time series of geodata of the actual evapotranspiration for the growing season ETaw for each of the 15 studied years were used for the spatial analysis of ETaw trends. For the analysis, the method of nonparametric Mann-Kendal statistics was used. It revealed the presence of 2 half-periods with diametrically opposite trends in the dominant part of time series. The fi rst half-period found out negative values (downward) trends and falls on 2003-2010, the second half-period showed positive (upward) trends for 2010-2017. The presented results of the spatial distribution of both trends indicate the presence of an infl uence on ETaw both distance from the bank of R. Volga and anthropogenic factors. Hypotheses for additional analysis are proposed. For the visual deciphering of the places of abnormal values of trends velocities of the both half-periods there were used space photos of high resolution. As a result it was marked that the location of these anomalies corresponded to the location of pivot sprinklers in the territory of the Privolzhskoj irrigation system.

Container Volume Affects Survival and Growth of White Spruce, Black Spruce, and Jack Pine Seedlings: A Literature Review

1988 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 185-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Craig Sutherland ◽  
Robert J. Day
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Greenhouse Production ◽  
Production Phase ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Survival And Growth

Abstract This paper is the first general review of the affects of container volume on the survival and growth of containerized white spruce, black spruce, and jack pine seedlings. The review shows that the literature on this topic is fragmentary and inconsistent. Seedling growth in the greenhouse production phase has been more completely quantified than subsequent establishment and growth after out-planting in the field. In the greenhouse production phase, seedling growth increased from 72 to 360% when the container volume was tripled in size. After outplanting in the field, seedling growth trends were more variable. Seedling height growth increased from 34 to 84% when container volume was tripled in size. Seedling survival was more difficult to assess because of limited data. Only white spruce showed a 10% increase in survival with an increase in container volume. The indications from this literature review suggest that nursery managers and practicing foresters should become more aware of the limitations imposed on seedling survival and growth due to container volume. To maintain optional survival and growth for white spruce, black spruce and jack pine, the container volume should range from 90 to 120 cm3. North. J. Appl. For. 5:185-189, Sept. 1988.

Stand density, drought, and herbivory constrain ponderosa pine regeneration pulse

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (9) ◽  
pp. 862-871 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Kolb ◽  
Kelsey Flathers ◽  
John B. Bradford ◽  
Caitlin Andrews ◽  
Lance A. Asherin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Survival Duration ◽  
Northern Arizona ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Pine Regeneration ◽  
Stand Thinning ◽  
Survival And Growth

Trees in dry forests often regenerate in episodic pulses when wet periods coincide with ample seed production. Factors leading to success or failure of regeneration pulses are poorly understood. We investigated the impacts of stand thinning on survival and growth of the 2013 cohort of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex P. Lawson & C. Lawson) seedlings in northern Arizona, United States. We measured seedling survival and growth over the first five growing seasons after germination in six stand basal areas (BAs; 0, 7, 14, 23, 34, and 66 (unthinned) m2·ha−1) produced by long-term experimental thinnings. Five-year survival averaged 2.5% and varied among BAs. Mean survival duration was longer in intermediate BAs (11 to 16 months) than in clearings and high BAs (5 months). The BAs of 7, 14, and 23 m2·ha−1 had >2600 5-year-old seedlings·ha−1. In contrast, regeneration was lower in the clearing (666 seedlings·ha−1) and failed completely in the 34 m2·ha−1 and unthinned treatments. Seedling survival was highest during wet years and lowest during drought years. Many surviving seedlings had no net height growth between years 4 and 5 because of stem browsing. Results indicate that natural regeneration of ponderosa pine is influenced by stand BA, drought, herbivory, and interactions between extreme climatic events.

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