Degradation and Loss of Wood Fibre in Spruce Budworm-Killed Timber, and Effects on Utilization

1984 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. Basham
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Wood Fibre ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Forest Manager

Far more investigations of the deterioration and utilization of the stems of trees killed following spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana [Clem.]) defoliation have been, or are being, carried out during the current budworm outbreak in eastern and central North America than in all previous outbreaks combined. Unfortunately the results are dispersed in a wide variety of publications, some of which are relatively obscure and difficult to find. This report is an attempt to assist the forest manager faced with salvage decisions, by reviewing and summarizing current knowledge and by identifying some of the potentially useful literature. Key words: Spruce budworm, balsam fir, stem deterioration, sap rot, dead trees, salvage, utilization, pulp quality.

scholarly journals FUNGOUS DETERIORATION OF BALSAM FIR KILLED BY SPRUCE BUDWORM IN NORTHWESTERN NEW BRUNSWICK

1964 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 482-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Stillwell ◽  
D. J. Kelly
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
One Year ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Heavy Mortality

The rate of fungous deterioration was determined for 292 balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) killed by the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) in an area of heavy tree mortality in northern New Brunswick. Trees dead less than one year and up to seven years were examined. Fifty fir trees dead 0 to 2 years in a light mortality area were also examined. Trees in the heavy mortality area deteriorated much more slowly than those examined by other workers in Ontario. Stereum chailletii (Pers.) Fr. and S. sanguinolentum (Alb. & Schw. ex Fr.) Fr. caused most of the incipient and advanced decay in New Brunswick, whereas S. chailletii caused all the incipient decay in trees dead less than one year in Ontario but was replaced after one year by Polyporus abietinus Dicks, ex Fr. which then caused most of the advanced decay. Advanced decay progressed faster in trees in the light mortality area in New Brunswick than in trees in the heavy mortality area. Nineteen species of basidiomycetes were associated with sapwood decay. Comments concerning the position and frequency of fungous occurrence in the different parts of the tree in relation to the number of years since death are made for eight of the more commonly isolated fungi. The introduction of S. chailletii into living trees by woodwasps and the differences observed in the development of P. abietinus in dead trees in the two regions are discussed.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of the Spruce Budworm in Western Ontario: A Discussion

1985 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 494-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Blais
Keyword(s):  
Boreal Forest ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
The Other ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
The Past ◽  
Future Behavior ◽  
High Concentrations

Spruce budworm outbreaks for the past two centuries in western Ontario occurred in two main sectors, the Lake Nipigon and the Lac Seul sectors. Some were common to both sectors, while others were specific to one or the other. Intervals between infestations within sectors averaged about 60 years. For western Ontario, budworm populations oscillated at irregular intervals ranging from 15 to 60 years. Infestations generally originated in the boreal forest in centers with high concentrations of fir, and then appeared in areas with lower volumes of fir. Fir content and the susceptibility to budworm attack of forests in western Ontario are compared with conditions prevailing in Quebec and the Maritimes. There are new outbreaks in western Ontario, and their future behavior could clarify some aspects of budworm epidemiology. Key words: Spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana; Balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.; Epidemiology.

Impact de la tordeuse des bourgeons de l'épinette [Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)] sur la régénération des sapinières après la coupe à blanc

1993 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.-C. Ruel ◽  
M. Huot
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Dominant Position ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Coupe À Blanc

An analysis of over 100 balsam fir [Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.] stands has shown some effects of spruce budworm defoliation on regeneration after clearcutting. Even though softwood stocking was consistently high prior to harvesting operations, longer infestation periods or more severe defoliation levels led to a decrease in the stocking of softwood stems above 50 cm height and to the establishment and development of hardwood advance growth. Hardwoods were more often in a dominant position in the most severely damaged stands and the budworm effect was still persistent on the regeneration structure even 5 years after logging. Cutovers with less than 60% stocking were also more frequent in the most severely devastated fir stands. This situation seemed directly related to the impact of the spruce budworm on balsam fir advance growth. Key words: balsam fir, Choristoneura fumiferana, advance growth, clearcutting

SEPARATING EARLY LARVAE OF SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) AND SPRUCE CONEWORM, DIORYCTRIA RENICULLELOIDES (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) IN SURVEYS OF OVERWINTERING LARVAE

1985 ◽  
Vol 117 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles J. Spies III ◽  
J. B. Dimond
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Host Trees ◽  
Lepidoptera Pyralidae ◽  
Early Larvae

The spruce coneworm, Dioryctria reniculleloides (Mut. and Mun.), is often associated with the spruce budworm on spruce host trees and sometimes approaches or equals the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), in numbers (Spies and Dimond 1985). The coneworn is probably~responsiblefo r some of the damage on spruce attributed to the budworm, and with much balsam fir in eastern North America now dead from defoliation or harvested, there is increasing interest in spruce as the major resource to protect.

Death and Deterioration of Balsam Fir Weakened by Spruce Budworm Defoliation in Ontario: Part I Notes on the seasonal history and habits of insects breeding in severely weakened and dead trees

1952 ◽  
Vol 84 (11) ◽  
pp. 325-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Belyea
Keyword(s):  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Intensive Study ◽  
Northwestern Ontario ◽  
Host Trees ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Seasonal History

One of the problems arising from severe outbreaks of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), is the evaluation of the factors contributing to the decline of the host trees. An intensive study of the death and deterioration of balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill., was carried out from 1946 to 1951 in the area southwest of Lake Nipigon in northwestern Ontario, where a severe spruce budworm outbreak was in progress.

PATHOGENICITY OF A GRANULOVIRUS TOWARDS CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)

1999 ◽  
Vol 131 (6) ◽  
pp. 725-727 ◽  
Author(s):  
André J. Forté ◽  
Claude Guertin ◽  
Jean Cabana
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
North America ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Biological Control Agents

The spruce budworm Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) is the most damaging insect of the balsam fir Abies balsema (L.) Mill. (Pinaceae) and the white spruce Picea glauca (Moench) Voss (Pinaceae) throughout eastern North America. In outbreak conditions, close to 100% tree mortality can occur in untreated mature fir stands (MacLean 1980). Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Bacillaceae) is currently used to reduce spruce budworm damage (Van Frankenhuyzen and Payne 1993). Other possible biological control agents, such as baculoviruses, are also investigated to complement the use of B. thuringiensis. Baculoviruses are advantageous because they occur naturally in several insect species and are generally host specific (Federici 1993).

Weather and Outbreaks of the Spruce Budworm in the Province of Quebec from 1939 to 1956

1961 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Pilon ◽  
J. R. Blais
Keyword(s):  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
The Past ◽  
Forest Regions ◽  
Tree Component ◽  
Gaspe Peninsula ◽  
Gaspé Peninsula

Nearly all forest regions in the Province of Quebec where balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) is an important tree component have been subjected to severe defoliation by the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), during the past 20 years. These outbreaks have followed an easterly direction beginning near the Ontario-Quebec border in 1939 and ending in the Gaspé Peninsula in 1958.

Prescribed Burning for Stand Conversion in Budworm-killed Balsam Fir: An Ontario Case History

1986 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. McRae
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Prescribed Burning ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Fire Spread ◽  
Fire Effects ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Prescribed Burn ◽  
Stand Conversion

Recent spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana [Clem.]) infestations have resulted in widespread areas of balsam fir (Abies balsamea [L.] Mill.) mortality in Ontario, and there is growing interest in reestablishing these areas quickly as productive forests. One technique being used is prescribed fire after a salvage and bulldozer tramping operation. A 445-ha prescribed burn was carried out under moderate fire danger conditions in northern Ontario. The site, which was covered by balsam fir fuel that had been killed by spruce budworm, was tramped to improve fire spread. Weather, fuel consumption, and fire effects are reported. The burn effectively reduced heavy surface fuel loadings and consequently planting on the site was easier. Key words: Prescribed burning, fire, spruce budworm. Choristoneura fumiferana, balsam fir, Abies balsamea, fuel consumption, site preparation, tramping, stand conversion.

LONG TERM STUDY OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AERIAL APPLICATION OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS – ACEPHATE COMBINATIONS AGAINST THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)

1977 ◽  
Vol 109 (9) ◽  
pp. 1239-1248 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. N. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Long Term Study

AbstractBacillus thuringiensis (Dipel® 36B) mixed with a sublethal concentration of acephate (Orthene®) (O, S-dimethyl acetylphosphoramidothioate), an organophosphorous insecticide, was applied at 2.35–14 l./ha to white spruce (Picea glauca) and balsam fir (Abies balsamea) trees infested with spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.). The treatment rate was 20 Billion International Units of B. thuringiensis (B.t.) activity with or without 42 g of active ingredient of acephate/ha.The ground deposit of the standard Dipel wettable powder formulation was 12% of emitted volume compared with 21–32% for the Dipel 36B flowable. The viability of B.t. spores was drastically reduced after 1 day of weathering but a high level of biological activity by the spore–crystal complex persisted for up to 20 days post-spray due probably to crystal activity.The addition of about 10% of the recommended operational rate of acephate to the B.t. suspension increased larval mortality by 34% when applied at 4.7 l./ha. Reductions in budworm populations were 97–99% in B.t. + acephate plots and 86–90% in B.t. alone plots.Plots with moderate budworm densities of up to 27 larvae/100 buds on white spruce and 36/100 on balsam fir were satisfactorily protected from excessive defoliation in the year of spray by B.t. with or without acephate. Plots with higher population densities were not satisfactorily protected based on the branch sample examination but aerial color photographs indicated good protection to the top third of the trees. Population declines were greater and defoliation and oviposition were lower in the treated plots than in the untreated checks 1 year later without further treatment. Two years later the larval population densities in all plots were low but the density was twice as high in the untreated check as in the treated plots, indicating long term suppression by the treatments. Defoliation was negligible in all plots.The treatments had no deleterious effect on spruce budworm parasitism. The data indicate that the integrated approach using Bacillus thuringiensis – chemical pesticide combinations is a viable alternative to the use of chemical pesticides alone in spruce budworm control. Large scale testing is now warranted.

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