Decay in Advanced Alpine Fir Regeneration in the Kamloops District of British Columbia

1970 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 217-220
Author(s):  
R. B. Smith ◽  
H. M. Craig
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Young Age ◽  
Picea Engelmannii ◽  
Abies Lasiocarpa ◽  
Diameter Class ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Advanced Regeneration ◽  
Individual Trees

The extent of decay in alpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) advanced regeneration in the Kamloops District varied greatly among individual trees, but there was an overall increase in the volume and incidence of decay with increasing diameter and age, even within the same diameter class. Decay was most serious in trees with suspect indicators, of which the most reliable were conks, scars, broken tops and large or numerous branch stubs. The most important decay-causing fungi were Echinodontium tinctorium and Stereum sanguinolentum.Advanced regeneration in clear-cut areas was essentially decay free. This was attributed to the small size and young age of the understory at the time of release, and to the absence of injury from windfalls after logging. Where spruce (Picea engelmannii) — alpine fir stands are not cleanly logged, decay in residual alpine fir may be considerable. To reduce future decay losses, all residual trees over 6 inches dbh, and all smaller alpine fir with conks, broken tops, scars and large or numerous branch stubs should be felled after logging.

Height growth–elevation relationships in subalpine forests of interior British Columbia

1996 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Klinka ◽  
H. Y. H. Chen ◽  
Q. Wang ◽  
R. E. Carter
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Picea Engelmannii ◽  
Abies Lasiocarpa ◽  
Subalpine Fir ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Study Species

Stem analysis data from even-aged Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.) and subalpine fir [Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.] stands on zonal sites in the Engelmann Spruce—Subalpine Fir biogeoclimatic zone of British Columbia were used to examine the relationships of site index and height growth and elevation, latitude, and longitude. Elevation and latitude were found to be strongly negatively correlated with site index of both study species. Spruce site index (bh age 50) was predicted to decrease 2.9 m and fir site index 2.5 m with every 100 m and 1° increase in elevation and latitude, respectively; however, (i) site index of both species appeared to decline faster with increasing latitude than elevation, and (ii) decrease appeared to be faster for spruce than for fir. Comparison of height growth curves for stands on zonal and azonal sites with similar site index from different elevations and latitudes suggested that there are probably inconsequential differences between the shape of curves for either species. These findings imply that (i) subalpine fir is better adapted to subalpine boreal climates than Engelmann spruce and (ii) development of polymorphic site index curves for estimating site index of both species may be appropriate. Key words: elevation, latitude, longitude, site index, height growth, Abies lasiocarpa, Picea engelmannii, Engelmann Spruce—Subalpine Fir zone

Advanced regeneration and seedling establishment in small cutblocks in high-elevation spruce–fir forest at Sicamous Creek, southern British Columbia

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (8) ◽  
pp. 1877-1888 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberta Parish ◽  
Joseph A Antos
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Forest Edge ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Abies Lasiocarpa ◽  
Advanced Regeneration ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Similar Survival ◽  
New Recruits

We examined the potential of natural regeneration for stocking 1-ha patch cuts in high-elevation Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry) – subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.) forests. Using the Sicamous Creek Silvicultural Systems site, which was harvested during winter 1994–1995, we established 1-m2 plots in patch cuts, forest edge, and untreated control forest. We marked and recorded microsite characteristics for all advanced regeneration and new recruits for up to 5 years; over 12 000 individuals were included. Advanced regeneration was abundant and was about one-quarter spruce. Spruce and fir germinants occurred in all years, but numbers varied greatly, with a very large cohort in 1998. Both advanced regeneration and new recruits were concentrated on decaying logs. Mortality of advanced regeneration was high in the patch cuts following harvest, but subsequent survival was good, approaching rates in the untreated forest within 4 years. Survival rates were higher for spruce than fir, but differed little among surface types and microtopographic positions. Survival of new recruits was high, approximately 50% the first year and 70% during the second, and was similar between spruce and fir. If the 1998 cohort has similar survival, the patch cuts could be adequately stocked. Use of natural regeneration, in combination with infill planting, is a viable option for stocking small openings in wet high-elevation forests in southern British Columbia.

The impacts of broadcast burning after clear-cutting on the diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with hybrid spruce seedlings in central British Columbia

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 224-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Mah ◽  
Linda E Tackaberry ◽  
Keith N Egger ◽  
Hugues B Massicotte
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Ribosomal Rna ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽  
Picea Engelmannii ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Clear Cutting ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Morphological and molecular (polymerase chain reaction – restriction fragment length polymorphism) methods were used to assess ectomycorrhiza (ECM) diversity in naturally regenerating and planted Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm. × Picea glauca (Moench) Voss seedlings in two recently clear-cut sites, two clear-cut and broadcast burned sites, and two mature forests (>100 years) in central British Columbia. Based on 24 characterized ECM, burning did not affect overall diversity (Shannon, Simpson, Shannon evenness, and Margalef indices). However, the occurrence and relative abundance of some ECM morphotypes varied significantly. Hebeloma and a Russulaceae type 1 were more abundant and Cenococcum was less abundant in planted seedlings from cut-burned sites compared with those from clear-cut sites. E-strain, MRA, and Amphinema were more abundant in planted seedlings from both cut-burned and clear-cut sites compared with naturally regenerating seedlings from mature sites. ECM diversity of regenerating seedlings was significantly greater in mature forests compared with clear-cut sites and was greater in planted seedlings than naturally regenerating seedlings in clear-cut sites. Molecular analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region of the nuclear-encoded ribosomal RNA gene repeat showed no significant differences among treatments or seedling type. Twenty-two genotypes were identified from eight common morphotypes: Cenococcum (one), Thelephora (two), E-strain, Tuber, Hebeloma, and Russulaceae type 1 (three each), MRA (four), and Amphinema (six). Hebeloma genotypes matched three for Amphinema; genotypes from unidentified lightly colonized tips matched those for E-strain, MRA, and Amphinema-Hebeloma.

scholarly journals IDENTIFICAÇÃO DE ÁRVORES INDIVIDUAIS A PARTIR DE LEVANTAMENTOS LASER AEROTRANSPORTADO POR MEIO DE JANELA INVERSA

CERNE ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Bastos Gorgens ◽  
Luiz Carlos Estraviz Rodriguez ◽  
André Gracioso Peres da Silva ◽  
Carlos Alberto Silva
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Picea Engelmannii ◽  
Abies Lasiocarpa ◽  
Small Footprint

O ponto crucial do filtro de máximos locais é a definição do tamanho da janela. Este trabalho propõe que a janela de busca seja determinada por uma relação inversa à altura do modelo digital de alturas e testa a hipótese de que uma janela de busca, inversamente proporcional, terá melhor desempenho do que a janela de busca proporcional. A área de estudo está localizada na região sudeste do Estado de British Columbia, Canadá. A vegetação natural é do tipo boreal e caracteriza-se pela predominância de duas espécies Picea engelmannii Parry ex. Engelmann (pícea de Engelmann) e Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. (abeto subalpino). O relevo é do tipo ondulado a montanhoso com altitudes que variam de 650 a 2400 metros. Foram lançadas 62 parcelas de campo com 256 metros quadrados. Foi usado um levantamento laser aerotransportado de retornos discretos, com densidade de 2 pontos por metro quadrado e small-footprint. As estimativas foram comparadas aos valores observados em campo durante a medição das parcelas. O desempenho das janelas de busca foi avaliado quanto ao percentual de acertos e quanto ao desvio absoluto. O filtro de máximos locais subestimou o número de árvores por hectare, considerando tanto a janela de busca proporcional quanto a inversamente proporcional. A relação inversa para a determinação da dimensão da janela resultou em melhores resultados, especialmente para regiões com maior densidade de árvores.

Regeneration of Picea engelmannii and Abies lasiocarpa in high-elevation forests of south-central British Columbia depends on nurse logs

2003 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Brang ◽  
Jonathan Moran ◽  
Pasi Puttonen ◽  
Alan Vyse
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Strong Dependence ◽  
Picea Engelmannii ◽  
Abies Lasiocarpa ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Rotten Wood ◽  
South Central ◽  
Advance Regeneration ◽  
Direct Light ◽  
Nurse Logs

We studied the regeneration niche of Picea engelmannii and Abies lasiocarpa in wet sub-zones of the Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir (ESSF) zone of southern British Columbia. We characterized the niche on transects from clearcuts into adjacent old-growth stands, in terms of aspect, elevation, micro-relief, light, seedbed, canopy cover, and competing vegetation. Fourteen transects were sampled at four watersheds. The sampling design ensured similar representation of small (1–30 cm), medium (31–100 cm) and tall (101–300 cm) saplings, and of both species. In total, 465 Picea and 623 Abies saplings were sampled. For every third sapling, an adjacent microsite with no sapling was selected using a random procedure and correspondingly characterized, enabling a pairwise comparison of microsites with and without saplings. Recruitment of both species was related to rotten wood seedbeds, i.e., mainly logs, but also stumps and root plates. This effect was stronger for Picea saplings, and it decreased with increasing sapling size, suggesting lower survival on rotten wood seedbeds. A higher occurrence of tall Abies saplings, in comparison to small ones, under the cover of canopy trees suggests higher survival under canopy than in gaps. Levels of direct light did not generally differ either between microsites with and without regeneration, or between Picea and Abies saplings. The microsite effects on sapling occurrence were quite consistent across gentle south- and north-facing slopes, upper and lower ESSF forests, sites, and along clearcut – old-growth gradients. The results suggest a strong dependence of Picea and Abies establishment on logs in ESSF forests. Key words: seedling establishment, microsite, seedbed, nurse logs, direct light, advance regeneration, ecological niche

Effects of neighbours on crown length of Abies lasiocarpa and Picea engelmannii in two old-growth stands in British Columbia

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 638-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph A. Antos ◽  
Roberta Parish ◽  
Gordon D. Nigh
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Vertical Structure ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Picea Engelmannii ◽  
Abies Lasiocarpa ◽  
Crown Architecture ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Crown Length

Crown length is a key aspect of vertical structure in multi-aged, multistrata, mixed-species forests. Crown length, defined as the distance from the tree top to the lowest live branch whorl, was determined for 3169 mapped trees ≥4.0 cm in diameter, in four 0.25 ha plots in each of two old-growth Abies lasiocarpa  (Hook.) Nutt. – Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm. stands. We randomly selected half the trees to build models and half for validation. Crown length was modelled as a function of tree height, incorporating modifiers to account for neighbouring trees. The inclusion radius and height threshold for competition were 3 m and 70%, respectively. The addition of two modifiers significantly improved the model for A. lasiocarpa; crown length decreased as the number of neighbours increased and as the height of surrounding trees increased. In contrast, none of the modifiers significantly improved the model for P. engelmannii. Except at high levels of competition, Abies crowns were longer than those of Picea. However, both species in these forests have long crowns, typically three-quarters of the tree height and rarely less than half. The tightly programmed conical crown architecture of these species likely contributes to long crowns and to the limited effects of neighbours on crown length.

Supplementary Checks on the Scales of Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and Chum Salmon (O. keta)

1965 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 1477-1489 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. T. Bilton ◽  
W. E. Ricker
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Commercial Fisheries ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Second Year Of Life ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Similar Incidence

Among 159 central British Columbia pink salmon that had been marked by removal of two fins as fry and had been recovered in commercial fisheries after one winter in the sea, the scales of about one-third showed a supplementary or "false" check near the centre of the scale, in addition to the single clear-cut annulus. This evidence from fish of known age confirms the prevailing opinion that such extra checks do not represent annuli, hence that the fish bearing them are in their second year of life rather than their third. Unmarked pink salmon from the same area, and some from southern British Columbia, had a generally similar incidence of supplementary checks. In both marked and unmarked fish the supplementary checks varied in distinctness from faint to quite clear. In a sample of scales of 14 double-fin marked chum salmon which were known to be in their 4th year, all fish had the expected 3 annuli, and 12 fish had a supplementary check inside the first annulus.

Factors influencing understory seedling establishment of Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) in southeast Wyoming

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (12) ◽  
pp. 2753-2761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan K. Knapp ◽  
William K. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Establishment ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Incident Radiation ◽  
Picea Engelmannii ◽  
Abies Lasiocarpa ◽  
Northern Rocky Mountains ◽  
Medicine Bow Mountains ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Surface Drying

Although seedlings of Abies lasiocarpa are generally more abundant than those of Picea engelmannii in the understory of mature spruce–fir forests throughout the central and northern Rocky Mountains, little information exists concerning environmental or plant factors that may influence the establishment of these two conifers. Field measurements in the Medicine Bow Mountains of southeast Wyoming showed that seedlings of A. lasiocarpa had greater photosynthetic rates at low understory light levels and required lower levels of incident radiation for saturation of photosynthesis compared with those of P. engelmannii. However, both conifers occurred in understory locations where total daily solar radiation was equally low (<2 MJ∙m−2∙day−1) and thus, a lack of light did not appear to be responsible for the low number of P. engelmannii seedlings in the understory. In contrast, seedlings of P. engelmannii were substantially more abundant at locations with thinner litter layers compared with those of A. lasiocarpa. Also, laboratory studies showed that the smaller seeds of P. engelmannii germinated more rapidly and at lower temperatures than seeds of A. lasiocarpa although growth of tap roots on A. lasiocarpa seedlings was greater initially ([Formula: see text] longer in 2-week-old seedlings) as well as for 10-week-old seedlings (50% longer). The deeper penetrating tap root of A. lasiocarpa seedlings may enable this conifer to establish more abundantly on thick, rapidly drying litter layers that are characteristic of mature spruce–fir forests. In contrast, establishment of P. engelmannii seedlings may be limited to microsites without a thick litter layer such as disturbed areas or decomposing wood, where surface drying may occur more gradually throughout the summer. These results are discussed in terms of the potential effects of seedling establishment on the observed patterns in climax vegetation of central and northern Rocky Mountain subalpine forests.

A model for predicting the value of forest stands in various market conditions in British Columbia

2009 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 387-391
Author(s):  
Mihai Pavel ◽  
Björn O Andersson
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Dynamic Programming ◽  
Dynamic Programming Algorithm ◽  
Inventory Systems ◽  
Programming Algorithm ◽  
Forest Stands ◽  
Market Conditions ◽  
Second Growth ◽  
Taper Equation ◽  
Individual Trees

A model for predicting the value of forest stands was developed at FPInnovations – Feric Division. The model uses standard cruise data collected in British Columbia (BC) and company sort descriptions to predict the distribution of wood volume by species and grade sort for each proposed harvest site. The model is capable of quickly analyzing different scenarios (i.e., different sort sets) to reflect changing market conditions. Within the model, a taper equation is applied to each tree to calculate the diameters inside the bark, and quality and pathological descriptors from cruise data are used. A Dynamic Programming algorithm is used to predict the combination of logs that maximizes the value of each stem, and results are summarized and extended from individual trees to cruise plots, then to harvest blocks and/or stands. The model was successfully tested for second-growth stands with relatively few defects on Coastal BC. Improvements are being implemented to enhance its applicability to more complex stands. Key words: value of forest stands, economic operability, optimal bucking of trees, Dynamic Programming, computer model, inventory systems

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