THE NEED TO STUDY SILVICULTURAL EFFECTS OF MECHANIZED LOGGING SYSTEMS IN EASTERN CANADA

1965 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 252-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. F. Weetman
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Cycling ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Forest Stands ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Tree Crowns

Biological problems which may result from the use of heavy logging equipment are discussed. Scarification from logging rarely produces enough seedbed favourable to natural regeneration. Full-tree logging may cause nutrition problems by removing tree crowns from poor sites. Well designed studies of various kinds of logging systems are needed to assess their effects on the stand, soil and future regeneration. Studies of nutrient cycling in native forest stands might indicate some of the effects of full tree logging.

scholarly journals Native forest replacement by exotic plantations in southern Chile (1985–2011) and partial compensation by natural regeneration

2015 ◽  
Vol 345 ◽  
pp. 10-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Zamorano-Elgueta ◽  
José María Rey Benayas ◽  
Luis Cayuela ◽  
Stijn Hantson ◽  
Dolors Armenteras
Keyword(s):  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Southern Chile ◽  
Exotic Plantations ◽  
Partial Compensation

scholarly journals Genetic diversity in introduced Douglas-fir and its natural regeneration in Central Europe

2019 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 535-544
Author(s):  
Charalambos Neophytou ◽  
Marcela van Loo ◽  
Hubert Hasenauer
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Planted Forests ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
The 19Th Century

Abstract Since its first introduction in the 19th century, Douglas-fir has become the economically most important non-native forest tree species in Central European countries. Many of these planted forests are important seed sources and/or exhibit natural regeneration. Thus, it is important to assess (1) the genetic diversity of the mature stands and (2) if the genetic diversity can be passed on to the next generations. In order to address these issues, we genotyped mature Douglas-fir individuals and natural regeneration from >100 native and non-native populations using nuclear microsatellite markers. We compared the genetic diversity of native North American populations with mature Douglas-fir populations in Central Europe. The results show that genetic diversity did not differ significantly between European populations and the assigned native origin. Using a subset of 36 sites from Central Europe, we detected a significant reduction in the genetic diversity of adult versus naturally regenerated juvenile trees, indicating a bottleneck effect in the next generation of European Douglas-fir stands. The main reason may be that the mature European Douglas-fir stands are highly fragmented and thus the stand size is not adequate for transmitting the genetic diversity to the next generation. This should be taken into account for the commercial harvesting of seed stands. Seed orchards may offer a potential alternative in providing high quality and genetically diverse reproductive material.

THE FUTURE OF BIRCH FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF DISEASES AND INSECTS

1957 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Redmond
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Forest Stands ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Virus Diseases ◽  
Maritime Provinces ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Intensive Silviculture ◽  
Bronze Birch Borer

Yellow birch was once the most important species of hardwood in Eastern Canada. During the last 20 to 25 years, "birch dieback" has caused losses in the three Maritime Provinces estimated at 2,400 million cu. ft. A considerable number of species of insects feed normally on birch foliage, but none was found responsible for the disease. The bronze birch borer played a very important role in that its presence may have determined whether a tree succumbed to or recovered from decline. No fungi or bacteria found on twigs, leaves or roots were virulent enough to be considered the cause. No permanent or temporary stoppages were found in water-conducting tissues and occurrence of dieback has not been related to drought. Slight increases in soil temperature caused mortality of rootlets, which resulted in bare twigs, and small, slightly curled and chlorotic foliage. Several symptoms characteristic of virus diseases are being investigated. It is predicted that birch will form a substantial component of future forest stands, but high-grade products will be obtained only through application of intensive silviculture. Some recommended treatments are given.

Pre-dispersal seed predation of white spruce cones in logged boreal mixedwood forest

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Peters ◽  
Stan Boutin ◽  
Ellen Macdonald
Keyword(s):  
Seed Predation ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Tamiasciurus Hudsonicus ◽  
Red Squirrels ◽  
Tree Crowns ◽  
Tree Retention ◽  
Boreal Mixedwood Forest ◽  
Mixedwood Boreal Forest

Predation of white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) cones by red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus Erxleben) was quantified in the mixedwood boreal forest of Alberta in cutblocks with seed tree retention and in adjacent uncut forest, during 3 years with varying levels of cone crop (1998, 1999, 2000). Percent cone loss was quantified by comparison of paired pre- and post-caching photographs of tree crowns. Cone loss from seed trees in cutblocks was significantly lower than from control trees in adjacent uncut forest (48.5 vs. 54.9%). Although the number of cones produced per tree declined by 42% and the percentage of trees producing cones declined by approximately 48% between 1998 and 2000, there was no corresponding increase in the percentage of cones harvested by squirrels. Percent cone loss was significantly lower from single seed trees in cutblocks, as compared with seed trees left in patches of more than 20 trees (33.4 vs. 50.5%). Cone predation significantly reduced the amount of seed available for natural regeneration using a seed tree system. Although blowdown may be reduced if seed trees are left in patches, leaving white spruce seed trees as singles in cutblocks may reduce the level of cone predation.

scholarly journals Disturbances and biodiversity in forest ecosystems: A temperate zone perspective

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anton Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Temperate Zone ◽  
Permanent Plots ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Natural Disturbances ◽  
Forest Stands ◽  
Biodiversity Protection

In the temperate zone windstorms and bark beetle attacks represent the main natural forest disturbances; in steep mountain areas snow avalanches also may “destroy” forest stands completely. In the densely populated and intensively used temperate zone of Europe affected forest stands will be cleared and reforested immediately after such “catastrophes”. Therefore we have only little knowledge about the influence of such natural disturbances on both the stand development and the biodiversity of native forest ecosystems. And we do not have quantitative data on to which degree forest management changes the biodiversity compared to the natural disturbances. Since about two decades several permanent plot studies have been running in European forests affected by such natural disturbances, mainly with focus on plant species. Here we first outline the importance of disturbances for biodiversity in forest ecosystems and then discuss whether it is possible to combine both biodiversity protection and forest management. For that we use four recent case studies carried out in the two oldest national parks in Germany, three of them being long-term observations on permanent plots for up to two decades. Disturbances like wind throw, bark beetle outbreak and snow avalanche strongly influences the tree layer structure, creating micro-habitats for many plant, animal and fungi species, which naturally belong to the forest ecosystem. Such disturbances in future should be included into management schemes in forestry to improve biodiversity. We found evidence that it is really possible to combine timber utilization with biodiversity protection. As long as the management impact is reduced (e.g. single tree harvesting, using natural regeneration), species diversity of several taxonomic groups (in our study: vascular plants, soil living Carabidae, and soil living fungi) may not be different significantly from a pristine forest. Interconnecting resource use with biodiversity protection will be a main task for both foresters and conservationist in the decades to come – and it seems to be a possible option for a sustainable land use in many parts of the world.doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/botor.v8i0.5552 Botanica Orientalis – Journal of Plant Science (2011) 8: 1-9

scholarly journals Trade-offs between environmental and economic factors in conversion from exotic pine production to natural regeneration on erosion prone land

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne Lambie ◽  
Shaun Awatere ◽  
Adam Daigneault ◽  
Miko Kirschbaum ◽  
Michael Marden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Honey Production ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Erosion Mitigation ◽  
Very High

Background: Some of New Zealand’s exotic pine (Pinus radiata D.Don) forests were planted for erosion mitigation but cultural, legislative, environmental, and profitability limitations in some parts of the landscape have led to reassessment of their suitability. There is limited information to support landowner decisions on the viability of natural regeneration of native forest post-pine-harvest. Methods: We evaluated scenarios of post-harvest natural regeneration, compared to remaining in pine production, using erosion susceptibility determined from historical occurrence of landslides, gullies and earthflows, biophysical growth modelling of mānuka–kānuka (Leptospermum scoparium-Kunzea ericoides (A.Rich) Joy Thomps.) shrubland using the process-based CenW model, and cost-benefit analyses using NZFARM with two land use change scenarios, at two levels of erosion mitigation ± honey profits. Results: In our study area, the Gisborne Region (North Island of New Zealand), ~27% of the land has moderate–very high susceptibility to landslides, 14–22% a high probability of contributing material to waterways, and 19% moderate–very high gully erosion susceptibility. Pines grow 10 times faster than naturally regenerating mānuka–kānuka shrubland, but mānuka–kānuka is used for honey not wood production. Natural regeneration resulted in losses of $150–250 ha-1 yr-1 compared to the current profitability of pine production. Honey production offset some reduction in pine revenue, but not fully. Thus, the viability of shifting from pines to native forest is highly dependent on landowner impetus and value for non-market ecosystem services (such as cultural and biodiversity values) provided by native forest. Conclusions: A mosaic of land uses within a property may sufficiently offset income losses with other benefits, whereby highly erosion-prone land is shifted from rotational pine forest production to permanent native forest cover with honey production where possible. At the regional scale in Gisborne, the conversion of the most highly susceptible land under production forestry (315–556 ha) to natural regeneration has the potential for wider benefits for soil conservation reducing erosion by 1–2.5 t yr–1 of sediment facilitating achievement of cleaner water aspirations and habitat provision.  

scholarly journals Implementation of Silvopastoral Systems under Nutrient Cycling in Secondary Vegetation in the Amazon

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 124
Author(s):  
Perlon Maia dos Santos ◽  
Antonio Clementino dos Santos ◽  
Durval Nolasco das Neves Neto ◽  
Wallace Henrique de Oliveira ◽  
Luciano Fernandes Sousa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Cycling ◽  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Secondary Forest ◽  
Integrated Systems ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Secondary Forests ◽  
Silvopastoral Systems ◽  
Decomposition Rates ◽  
Thinning Intensity

Silvopastoral systems can be implemented in idle secondary forests; however, they may affect nutrient cycling in these ecosystems. This farming practice using babassu palms (Attalea speciosa Mart.) and Mombasa grass (Panicum maximum Jacq.) has been little studied, and the nutrient cycling occurred during this practice is yet unknown. The goal of this paper was to detect the leaf litter accumulation, decomposition, and nutrient release occurring in silvopastoral systems in a babassu secondary forest, and compared the results with those of a native forest and of a pasture grown under full sunlight. The data relating to deposition, chemical composition, decomposition, and macronutrient release of leaf litter and pasture litter were evaluated by multivariate analyses. The results showed that forest thinning reduced leaf litter deposition and overall nutrient cycling but had no effect on decomposition rates. Conversely, the presence of grass in the understory promoted increased overall nutrient cycling rates. The cycling in integrated systems occurs more similar to that of forests than that of monocultures. The greater the thinning intensity the more similar the cycling will be relative to that occurring in pastures and in monocultures. The nutrients Ca, Mg, and N were the most affected by thinning. Moreover, the presence of grass in integrated systems provided an increased N and Mg cycling, whereas the thinning reduced Ca cycling. K showed the highest release and return ratio to the soil. Lastly, leaf litter from pasture areas showed higher contents of nutrients, decomposition rates, as well as an enhanced nutrient cycling capacity.

Natural regeneration determines wintering bird presence in wind-damaged coniferous forest stands independent of postdisturbance logging

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (9) ◽  
pp. 1232-1237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sinja A.B. Werner ◽  
Jörg Müller ◽  
Marco Heurich ◽  
Simon Thorn
Keyword(s):  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Forest Stands ◽  
Bird Abundance ◽  
Coniferous Trees ◽  
Mature Forest

Natural disturbances in European production forests are undesired from an economic perspective but are important drivers of biodiversity. The removal of damaged timber to restore economic value is accompanied by negative effects on various species groups, particularly breeding bird communities, and can hinder natural regeneration. However, little is known about the effect of postdisturbance logging on bird assemblages in winter when temperatures are low and food resources are unpredictable. We conducted fixed-radius point counts of wintering birds in forest stands logged or unlogged after windthrows and in mature forest stands to test our predictions that bird species densities and abundances (i) are lower in postdisturbance logged stands and (ii) depend on the amount of natural regeneration, (iii) which differs between logged and unlogged stands. Our generalized linear mixed model did not support the expected differences in bird abundance or species densities between postdisturbance logged and unlogged stands but indicated that mature forest stands harbor the highest bird abundances and species densities. The number of regenerated coniferous trees significantly positively affected wintering bird abundances in both postdisturbance logged and unlogged stands. Hence, the number of coniferous trees appears to be a main predictor of wintering bird presence.

METODY PROWADZENIA ODNOWIEŃ NATURALNYCH SOSNY ZWYCZAJNEJ (PINUS SYLVESTRIS L.) W NADLEŚNICTWIE SKWIERZYNA

2020 ◽  
Vol XIII ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Maciej Hałuszczak
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Basic Method ◽  
Forest Stands ◽  
Clear Cutting ◽  
Forest District

For many years, the Skwierzyna Forest District has been a leader among 35 units of the Regional Directorate of State Forests in Szczecin in terms of the area of the obtained natural regeneration of Scots pine. In the Skwierzyna Forest District in the period 2010-2018, 522.93 ha of natural regeneration was recognized, which constitutes 43% of the total regeneration, the habitat of fresh mixed coniferous forest and fresh coniferous forest as optimal for obtaining regeneration of the natural pine. In the spring date of plowing, the forest plow LPz-75 is applied, as the best for obtaining satisfactory self-seeding. The basic method of natural regeneration of pine in the Skwierzyna Forest Inspectorate is the use of a strip-like clear cutting (Ib) in the form of classic narrow sheds, with a cutting width of up to 60 m. It is noteworthy that in the woodcutting the under-eaves undergrowths, arising in forest stands close to the harvest, are left intact and later used within the naturally renovated area.

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