scholarly journals THE COMPARISON OF TREE QUALITIES

1965 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-221
Author(s):  
P. L. Northcott
Keyword(s):  
Computer Program ◽  
Linear Combination ◽  
Digital Computer ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Statistical Procedure ◽  
Weighted Sum ◽  
Average Quality ◽  
The Individual

The need to compare individuals is discussed briefly. It is suggested that the composite quality of an individual is best defined as the weighted sum of a number of measurable characteristics of the individual. A statistical procedure for comparison of weighted average quality is derived from application of the principle of the linear combination of variables. A digital computer program is available.

scholarly journals Smoothing Algorithm for Planar and Surface Mesh Based on Element Geometric Deformation

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuli Sun ◽  
Minglei Zhang ◽  
Zhihong Gou
Keyword(s):  
Weighted Average ◽  
Processing Unit ◽  
Smoothing Algorithm ◽  
Surface Mesh ◽  
Polygonal Mesh ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Geometric Deformation ◽  
Error Metric ◽  
The Individual

Smoothing is one of the basic procedures for improvement of mesh quality. In this paper, a novel and efficient smoothing approach for planar and surface mesh based on element geometric deformation is developed. The presented approach involves two main stages. The first stage is geometric deformation of all the individual elements through a specially designed two-step stretching-shrinking operation (SSO), which is performed by moving the vertices of each element according to a certain rule in order to get better shape of the element. The second stage is to determine the position of each node of the mesh by a weighted average strategy according to quality changes of its adjacent elements. The suggested SSO-based smoothing algorithm works efficiently for triangular mesh and can be naturally expanded to quadrilateral mesh, arbitrary polygonal mesh, and mixed mesh. Combined with quadratic error metric (QEM), this approach may be also applied to improve the quality of surface mesh. The proposed method is simple to program and inherently very suitable for parallelization, especially on graphic processing unit (GPU). Results of numerical experiments demonstrate the effectiveness and potential of this method.

scholarly journals Evaluation of mechanistic and statistical methods in forecasting influenza-like illness

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (144) ◽  
pp. 20180174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sasikiran Kandula ◽  
Teresa Yamana ◽  
Sen Pei ◽  
Wan Yang ◽  
Haruka Morita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Seasonal Influenza ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Domain Experts ◽  
Influenza Activity ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Individual

A variety of mechanistic and statistical methods to forecast seasonal influenza have been proposed and are in use; however, the effects of various data issues and design choices (statistical versus mechanistic methods, for example) on the accuracy of these approaches have not been thoroughly assessed. Here, we compare the accuracy of three forecasting approaches—a mechanistic method, a weighted average of two statistical methods and a super-ensemble of eight statistical and mechanistic models—in predicting seven outbreak characteristics of seasonal influenza during the 2016–2017 season at the national and 10 regional levels in the USA. For each of these approaches, we report the effects of real time under- and over-reporting in surveillance systems, use of non-surveillance proxies of influenza activity and manual override of model predictions on forecast quality. Our results suggest that a meta-ensemble of statistical and mechanistic methods has better overall accuracy than the individual methods. Supplementing surveillance data with proxy estimates generally improves the quality of forecasts and transient reporting errors degrade the performance of all three approaches considerably. The improvement in quality from ad hoc and post-forecast changes suggests that domain experts continue to possess information that is not being sufficiently captured by current forecasting approaches.

scholarly journals Sooting tendencies of diesel fuel component mixtures follow a linear mixing rule

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhanhong Xiang ◽  
Karnsiree Chen ◽  
Charles McEnally ◽  
Lisa Pfefferle
Keyword(s):  
Linear Combination ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Soot Formation ◽  
Mass Density ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Fuel Mixture ◽  
Mixing Rule ◽  
Fuel Component ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Individual

With the growing importance of climate change, soot emissions from engines have been receiving increasing attention since black carbon is the second largest source of global warming. A sooting tendency can be used to quantify the extent of soot formation in a combustion device for a given fuel molecule, and therefore to quantify the soot reduction benefits of alternative fuels. However real fuels are complex mixtures of multiple components. In this work, we have used experimental methods to investigate how the sooting tendency of a blended fuel mixture is related to the sooting tendencies of the individual components. A test matrix was formulated that includes sixteen mixtures of six components that are representative of the main categories of hydrocarbons in diesel (eicosane (ECO) for alkanes, isocetane (ICE) for isoalkanes, butylcyclohexane (BCH) for cycloalkanes, 1-methylnaphthalene (1MN) for aromatics, tetralin for naphthoaromatics, and methyl-decanoate (MDC) for oxygenates). Most of the mixtures contain three to five components. The sooting tendency of each mixture was characterized by yield sooting index (YSI), which is based on the soot yield when a methane/air nonpremixed flame is doped with 1000 ppm of the test fuel. The YSIs were measured experimentally. The results show that the blending behavior is linear, i.e., the YSI of the mixtures is the mole-fraction-weighted average of the component YSIs. Experimental results have shown that the sooting tendency of a fuel mixture can be accurately estimated as the linear combination of the individual components. In addition, mass density of the mixtures is also measured, and a linear blending rule is applied to test whether mixing rules exist for mass density of diesel mixtures in this study. Results also have shown that the mixing rule tested in this study is valid and mass density of a mixture can be accurately estimated from the linear combination of the individual components.

Visual judgements of quality in meat I. Assessments of the proportion of lean to fat in bacon from photographs of the cut side

1959 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 320-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. Gatherum ◽  
G. Harrington ◽  
R. W. Pomeroy
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Standard Errors ◽  
Average Score ◽  
Average Quality ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Single Judge ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Lower Correlation ◽  
Very High

1. Eight experienced judges used a 20-point scoring scale in different ways when assessing the ‘proportion of lean to fat’ from the same photographs of cut bacon sides presented in the same arrangements. The average score for the 220 judgements made during the experiment by a single judge, which represents his over-all level of scoring or ‘standard of judging’, ranged from 13·7 to 12·0. The standard deviation, a measure of the degree of discrimination attempted by the judge, ranged from 3·26 to 4·74.2. The judges varied in their consistency of assessment or ‘repeatability’. The standard error for a single judge, measuring the extent of the variation of his scores within photographs, ranged from 0·89 to 1·99. The judges who attempted to discriminate most between photographs tended to be the least consistent in their judgements, although one judge was a notable exception to this trend.3. The consistency of judgement tended to decrease from the good (high-scoring) rashers to the poor (low-scoring) rashers, but this effect was more marked for some judges than for others.4. Some of the variation in the scores awarded to each photograph was due to alterations in the standard of judging from batch to batch. When this was allowed for, the standard errors were all reduced and ranged from 0·61 to 1·31. The judges tended to adjust their standards according to the average quality of the batch being assessed. This led to the variation among the average scores for the batches being less than it would have been had their standards remained constant.5. Alterations in the standard of judging during the experiment affected the scores awarded to good (high-scoring) rashers rather less than those awarded to poor (low-scoring) ones.6. The correlations between the individual judge's mean scores for the forty-four photographs and the over-all mean scores were very high. For seven judges, they ranged from 0·962 to 0·984, whereas for the eighth judge the correlation was 0·918. The lower correlation for this judge was due to two rashers with very thin fat being heavily marked down.7. The correlations between the over-all mean scores and two different combinations of three objective measurements were both about 0·92; these measurements were therefore slightly less closely related to the over-all scores than were an individual judge's mean scores.8. The possibility of making the experimental technique more realistic and of improving the precision of such visual judgements by providing photographic scales of reference are discussed.

scholarly journals Averaging versus Sampling in Collaborative Judgement

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Floyd ◽  
David Leslie ◽  
Roland Baddeley ◽  
Simon Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Weighted Average ◽  
Coherent Motion ◽  
Motion Stimulus ◽  
Direction Of Movement ◽  
Trial Basis ◽  
Alternative Responses ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Combine Information ◽  
Initial Disagreement

How does a dyad combine information from different members in order to arrive at a consensus judgement? One suggestion is that groups combine information in a Bayes optimal fashion: the group calculates a weighted average of individuals' estimates, with the weightings being proportional to the quality of the information each individual possesses. Alternatively, the dyad may seek to identify which member's estimate is the best, and return that as a joint judgement. These models were tested by asking members of a dyad to make private estimates of a continuous quantity (the direction of movement of a coherent motion stimulus), and to then make a joint judgement. Joint judgements were more accurate than individual judgements, but were only partly based on optimal integration. Rather, the joint judgements were often in the neighbourhood of one of the individual judgements, or an uninformed average of the two judgements. Regression analyses suggest that dyads sampled from the alternative responses according to their initial disagreement, and their relative accuracy, on a trial-by-trial basis. Rather than learning about each others' ability, dyad members appear to rely on communication of estimated precision when forming judgements, and often resolve discrepancies by taking the best guess.

Semi-automated methods for 3-D reconstruction of macromolecular complexes

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 42-43
Author(s):  
B. Carragher ◽  
M. Whittaker
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Time Saving ◽  
Macromolecular Complexes ◽  
Symmetry Properties ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Experienced Operator ◽  
Projection Images ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Natural Symmetry

Techniques for three-dimensional reconstruction of macromolecular complexes from electron micrographs have been successfully used for many years. These include methods which take advantage of the natural symmetry properties of the structure (for example helical or icosahedral) as well as those that use single axis or other tilting geometries to reconstruct from a set of projection images. These techniques have traditionally relied on a very experienced operator to manually perform the often numerous and time consuming steps required to obtain the final reconstruction. While the guidance and oversight of an experienced and critical operator will always be an essential component of these techniques, recent advances in computer technology, microprocessor controlled microscopes and the availability of high quality CCD cameras have provided the means to automate many of the individual steps.During the acquisition of data automation provides benefits not only in terms of convenience and time saving but also in circumstances where manual procedures limit the quality of the final reconstruction.

Kualitas Hidup Pasien Tuberkulosis Paru yang Mengalami Stigma Diri (Quality of Life Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients With Self Stigma))

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-27
Author(s):  
Yunita Sari
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Questionnaire Data ◽  
Average Quality ◽  
Tuberculosis Patients ◽  
Pulmonary Tb ◽  
Life Score

Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic disease that can bring about the sufferer's self-stigma and also affect his quality of life. A number of studies report that living with TB has a negative influence on the quality of life of sufferers even with or without self-stigma. The purpose of this study was to identify the quality of life of TB patients who experienced self-stigma. This research is a descriptive study, sample were 31 pulmonary TB patients. Data was collected using a questionnaire. Data analyzed by using frequency distribution and percentage. The researcher first screened TB patients who experienced self-stigma. The results showed that 25 people (80.64%) respondents experienced mild self-stigma. A total of 9 respondents (36%) had a quality of life score in the good category and as many as 16 respondents (64%) had enough category with an average quality of life score is 56.57. While respondents who had moderate self-stigma were 6 people (19.36%) with a good quality of life score was 1 person (16.67%) and enough category quality of life score were 5 people (83.33%) with an average quality of life score is 49.92.

Manageable Self in the Early Hellenistic Era

2010 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 34-36
Author(s):  
Vaia Touna
Keyword(s):  
Social Economic ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
The Self ◽  
Hellenistic Period ◽  
Political Conditions ◽  
The Individual

This paper argues that the rise of what is commonly termed "personal religion" during the Classic-Hellenistic period is not the result of an inner need or even quality of the self, as often argued by those who see in ancient Greece foreshadowing of Christianity, but rather was the result of social, economic, and political conditions that made it possible for Hellenistic Greeks to redefine the perception of the individual and its relationship to others.

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