INJURY TO TREES FROM WINTER DRYING AND FROST IN MANITOBA AND SASKATCHEWAN IN 1958

1959 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 282-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Cayford ◽  
M. P. H. Wheaton ◽  
V. Hildahl ◽  
L. D. Nairn
Keyword(s):  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Deciduous Trees ◽  
Strong Winds

In 1958 considerable injury occurred to trees growing in Manitoba and Saskatchewan as a result of unusual weather conditions which prevailed between October 1957 and June 1958. Unreasonably warm temperatures and strong winds during the winter months caused winter drying of conifers. A severe frost in late April, which had been preceded by temperatures of above 80°F, and lighter frosts that occurred periodically throughout May and June, caused extensive injury to buds and foliage of both coniferous and deciduous trees

Forecasting for a Remote Island: A Class Exercise

2003 ◽  
Vol 84 (6) ◽  
pp. 777-784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allen J. Riordan
Keyword(s):  
Research Team ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
State University ◽  
Current Output ◽  
North Carolina State University ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Remote Island ◽  
Satellite Meteorology ◽  
Strong Winds

Students enrolled in a satellite meteorology course at North Carolina State University, Raleigh, recently had an unusual opportunity to apply their forecast skills to predict wind and weather conditions for a remote site in the Southern Hemisphere. For about 40 days starting in early February 2001, students used satellite and model guidance to develop forecasts to support a research team stationed on Bouvet Island (54°26′S, 3°24′E). Internet products together with current output from NCEP's Aviation (AVN) model supported the activity. Wind forecasts were of particular interest to the Bouvet team because violent winds often developed unexpectedly and posed a safety hazard. Results were encouraging in that 24-h wind speed forecasts showed reasonable reliability over a wide range of wind speeds. Forecasts for 48 h showed only marginal skill, however. Two critical events were well forecasted—the major February storm with wind speeds of over 120 kt and a brief calm period following several days of strong winds in early March. The latter forecast proved instrumental in recovering the research team.

Echolocation and foraging behaviour in the Hawaiian hoary bat, Lasiurus cinereus semotus

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (11) ◽  
pp. 2113-2120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline J. Belwood ◽  
James H. Fullard
Keyword(s):  
Prey Availability ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Peak Frequency ◽  
Social Signals ◽  
Lasiurus Cinereus ◽  
Social Signal ◽  
Term Basis ◽  
Strong Winds ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Lasiurus Cinereus Semotus

Free-flying individual Lasiurus cinereus semotus were observed as they foraged near incandescent lights on the island of Kauai, Hawaii. Two types of vocalizations were recorded from the bats: an echolocation–hunting signal with peak frequency of 27.8 kHz and an agonistic social signal, emitted while the bats were in aggressive pursuit of one another, with a peak frequency of 9.6 kHz. The tendency to vocalize agonistically increased with increased numbers of bats in the foraging area and increased as the density of insects available to the hunting bats decreased. Our observations suggest that the bats may gather echolocation information from their social signals. The bats at the site foraged under most weather conditions, including fog, moderate rain, strong winds, and temperatures as low as 13 °C. Groups of up to eight animals were common, although bats hunted in airspaces that were vigorously defended against other individuals. Small flies and small moths (< 10 mm body length) were the most common insects available as prey, but larger moths (16–20 mm) made up the bulk of the bats' diet. Moths larger than 20 mm were available but not fed on by the bats. This unique study site provides a rare opportunity to compare both prey availability to prey consumption in a population of bats. Our results suggest that this bat, at least on a short-term basis, exhibits a high degree of selectivity in its foraging, a behaviour similar to the mainland subspecies.

scholarly journals Quality and Yield of Lettuce in an Open-Air Rooftop Hydroponic System

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2586
Author(s):  
Maha Ezziddine ◽  
Helge Liltved
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Foliar Analysis ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Hydroponic System ◽  
Nutrient Film Technique ◽  
Lettuce Growth ◽  
Strong Winds

In this study, the yield and growth performance of lettuce in an open-air rooftop hydroponic system were investigated. Lettuce was grown in a closed recirculating nutrient film technique (NFT) unit using a standard nutrient solution (NS). Yield, fresh weight, and nutrient content in the leaf tissue of the harvested lettuce were measured. The results were compared with the results obtained in indoor hydroponic lettuce growth with artificial lightning. Despite strong winds during the growth period, 25% of the total lettuce heads weighed twice the marketable weight; however, 25% of the total lettuce heads were below the marketable weight. A more efficient nutrient uptake was indicated by the lettuces in the rooftop system compared with the uptake in the indoor system. Foliar analysis revealed a higher content of all nutrients in the leaves of rooftop hydroponic lettuce compared with indoor hydroponic lettuce. This study suggests that hydroponic rooftop-grown lettuce can be competitive with their indoor counterparts if the rooftop hydroponic system is protected from extreme weather conditions.

scholarly journals Winter Roost Tree Selection and Phenology of the Long-Eared Owl (Asio otus) in Crimea

Diversity ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 105
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Kucherenko ◽  
Pavel Kalinovsky
Keyword(s):  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Convex Curve ◽  
Deciduous Trees ◽  
Temperature Decrease ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Maximum Daily Temperature ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Unfavourable Weather ◽  
The Mean

The winter roost of the long-eared owl Asio otus in Crimea (South of Ukraine), located in Simferopol, is described. In 2015–2017, the number of long-eared owls varied on a convex curve, with the maximum reached at the end of November and in December. The birds exhibited a strong preference for roosting in conifers, where we recorded 89% of the owls. There was an inverse relationship between the mean of the maximum daily temperature (°C) and the number of owls in both seasons. The owls were not sensitive to abrupt but short-term temperature changes, but the temperature decrease curve caused practically synchronous changes in the dynamics of bird numbers. It was found that the number of owls significantly differed based on weather conditions in 16 trees. The proportion of owls sitting on coniferous trees increased with unfavourable weather, and the converse pattern was observed for deciduous trees.

Uneven Effects of Adverse Weather Conditions on Participation in Leisure-Time Physical Activities Across Income Levels

2020 ◽  
pp. 089011712097605
Author(s):  
Jingye Shi ◽  
Yuting Wang
Keyword(s):  
Leisure Time ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Physical Activities ◽  
Home Exercise ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Adverse Weather ◽  
Strong Winds

Purpose: To examine how the effect of adverse weather on participation in leisure-time physical activities (LTPA) varies with income. Design: Cross-sectional study. Subjects: 14,394 individuals from 56 Canadian cities, surveyed in 1992, 1998, and 2005. Measures: The adverseness level of daily weather is measured by the number of hours with precipitation or strong winds (wind speeds in excess of 38 km/hour) between 6 am and 11 pm. Analysis: Probit and multinomial logit models are used to examine the variation in weather-LTPA correlations across income levels. Results: At the mean income level, when the weather quality deteriorated from all-day nice weather to all-day adverse weather, the probability of participating in LTPA decreased by 24.54% (from 0.2424 to 0.1829, P < 0.01). As income increased by $10,000, the same deterioration in weather quality led to a 17.06% decrease in LTPA (from 0.2508 to 0.2080, P < 0.01). The smaller decrease is mainly because the $10,000 increase in income is associated with a 14.49% increase in indoor LTPA, which partly offsets the decrease in outdoor LTPA. Conclusion: Interventions and policies that increase indoor physical activity options, such as providing easier access to indoor facilities and offering subsidies for purchasing or renting home exercise equipment, are promising for effectively promoting LTPA, especially for individuals in lower-income groups or from regions that frequently experience adverse weather.

scholarly journals FATALITIES IN WILDLAND FIRES FROM 1945 TO 2015 IN SARDINIA (ITALY)

CERNE ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrián Cardil ◽  
Giuseppe Mariano Delogu ◽  
Domingo Miguel Molina-Terrén
Keyword(s):  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Extreme Weather ◽  
Annual Number ◽  
Wildland Fires ◽  
Fire Size ◽  
Socioeconomic Changes ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Strong Winds

ABSTRACT The worst outcome of wildland fires is the loss of human lives, a recurrent phenomenon over the last few decades in Sardinia, Europe and worldwide. This work analyzes all recorded fatalities in wildland fires in Sardinia from 1945 to 2015 and trends in terms of annual number of fatalities. This time period was split due to legal and socioeconomic changes periods (1945-1975; 1976-2000; 2001-2015). We classified accident types during wildland fires to study the most frequent causes of fatalities and how they were related 1) to involved human groups (professional firefighters, auxiliary firefighters, and civilians, 2) to fire size and 3) to extreme weather conditions. We observed that the annual number of victims was higher in the 1981-1999 period than in other periods with 2.6 fatalities per year. Entrapment is the most frequent cause of death within the fire professional firefighters (75.6 %). The rate of fatalities seemed to be higher in the 1981-1999 period for “civilians” and lower for “professional firefighters”. We detected that the annual number of “civilian” fatalities is higher in the 1981-1999 period with 1.6 fatalities per year. The calculated rate for “army forces & volunteer firefighters” group was in the middle ground. Entrapment is the most frequent cause of death with a percentage of 75.6 %. Fire size is a key factor in the fatality occurrence because over 80 % of deaths in wildland fires (without considering aerial accidents) happened in fires larger than 100 ha. Days with extreme weather conditions (high temperature or strong winds) were also instrumental because at least 47% of entrapments occurred in this kind of days.

What are the drivers of dangerous fires in Mediterranean France?

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 155 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Lahaye ◽  
T. Curt ◽  
T. Fréjaville ◽  
J. Sharples ◽  
L. Paradis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Fire Weather ◽  
Weather Index ◽  
Fire Weather Index ◽  
Quantile Regression Model ◽  
Mediterranean Europe ◽  
Main Driver ◽  
Large Fires ◽  
Strong Winds ◽  
Mediterranean France

Wildfire containment is often very challenging for firefighters, especially for large and rapidly spreading fires where the risk of firefighter entrapment is high. However, the conditions leading to these ‘dangerous’ fires are poorly understood in Mediterranean Europe. Here, we analyse reports and interviews of firefighters over the last 40 years in four regions of south-eastern France and investigate the weather conditions that induce large fires, fast-growing fires and fires that are conducive to entrapment. We adopt a quantile regression model to test the effect of weather conditions across different fire sizes and growth rates. The results show that strong winds drive the largest fires everywhere except in Corsica, the southernmost region, where high temperature is the main driver. Strong winds also drive entrapments whereas high temperatures induce rapidly spreading fires. This emphasises that wind-driven fire is the dominant pattern of dangerous fires in France, but it reveals that large ‘convective’ fires can also present considerable danger. Beyond that, the Fire Weather Index appears to be a good predictor of large fires and fires conducive to entrapments. Identifying weather conditions that drive ‘dangerous’ wildfires will provide useful information for fire agencies to better prepare for adverse fire behaviours.

The Operational Mesogamma-Scale Analysis and Forecast System of the U.S. Army Test and Evaluation Command. Part IV: The White Sands Missile Range Auto-Nowcast System

2008 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 1123-1139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas R. Saxen ◽  
Cynthia K. Mueller ◽  
Thomas T. Warner ◽  
Matthias Steiner ◽  
Edward E. Ellison ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Thunderstorm Activity ◽  
Weather System ◽  
Freezing Level ◽  
Test And Evaluation ◽  
Cloud To Ground Lightning ◽  
Strong Winds ◽  
Convective Cells ◽  
White Sands ◽  
The U.S

Abstract During the summer months at the U.S. Army Test and Evaluation Command’s (ATEC) White Sands Missile Range (WSMR), forecasting thunderstorm activity is one of the primary duties of the range forecasters. The safety of personnel working on the range and the protection of expensive test equipment depend critically on the quality of forecasts of thunderstorms and associated hazards, including cloud-to-ground lightning, hail, strong winds, heavy rainfall, flash flooding, and tornadoes. The National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Auto-Nowcast (ANC) system is one of the key forecast tools in the ATEC Four-Dimensional Weather System (4DWX) at WSMR, where its purpose is to aid WSMR meteorologists in their mission of very short term thunderstorm forecasting. Besides monitoring the weather activity throughout the region and warning personnel of potentially hazardous thunderstorms, forecasters play a key role in assisting with the day-to-day planning of test operations on the range by providing guidance with regard to weather conditions favorable to testing. Moreover, based on climatological information about the local weather conditions, forecasters advise their range customers about scheduling tests at WSMR months in advance. This paper reviews the NCAR ANC system, provides examples of the ANC system’s use in thunderstorm forecasting, and describes climatological analyses of WSMR summertime thunderstorm activity relevant for long-range planning of tests. The climatological analysis illustrates that radar-detected convective cells with reflectivity of ≥35 dBZ at WSMR are 1) short lived, with 76% having lifetimes of less than 30 min; 2) small, with 67% occupying areas of less than 25 km2; 3) slow moving, with 79% exhibiting speeds of less than 4 m s−1; 4) moderately intense, with 80% showing reflectivities in excess of 40 dBZ; and 5) deep, with 80% of the storms reaching far enough above the freezing level to be capable of generating lightning.

scholarly journals Overview of Low-Level Wind Shear Characteristics over Chinese Mainland

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 628
Author(s):  
Caiyan Lin ◽  
Kaijun Zhang ◽  
Xintao Chen ◽  
Sheng Liang ◽  
Junjie Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Shear ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Chinese Mainland ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Air Traffic Controllers ◽  
Shear Characteristics ◽  
Strong Winds ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Impact

The characteristics of low-level wind shear (LLWS) over the Chinese mainland were investigated using reports from pilots, air traffic controllers and the number of arriving/departing flights from 2016 to 2020. A preliminary analysis of the impact of the flights on the LLWS reports was carried out, and the cause of LLWS was also investigated. LLWS reports from most airports indicate that LLWS is most likely to occur within 600 m AGL with a higher density below 300 m, but with some exceptions, as wind shear is reported at higher altitudes at some airports. Airports with a high frequency of LLWS reports are almost all located in or around regions with complex topography and in regions with prevailing weather conditions favorable to LLWS. The variation in overall LLWS reports displays a steady increase from 2016 to 2019 and a decrease from 2019 to 2020, consistent with the trend in the number of flights, but with no evidently similar trends for individual airports. Seasonal variations in LLWS reports are observed and demonstrate no notable impact caused by the number of flights, implying that the main cause is the monthly variation of weather conditions. Diurnal variation is also evident and largely associated with the variation in number of flights during the busy period in addition to weather conditions, such as common strong winds, in the afternoon.

Post-hurricane forest management responses in the southern United States

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Pete Bettinger, PhD ◽  
Krista L. Merry, MS ◽  
Jeffrey Hepinstall, PhD
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Forest Management ◽  
Forest Health ◽  
Storm Surges ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Southern United States ◽  
Service Needs ◽  
Strong Winds ◽  
Social Recovery

Although people living along the southeastern and Gulf coasts of the United States may have limited experience dealing with major hurricane damage, hurricanes are imminent and pose potentially dire consequences to forest resources. In addition to understanding the physical and biological reactions of forests to extreme weather conditions, there are a number of managerial responses that should be considered based on this past experience. This article presents a summary of the more pertinent forest management responses, and where appropriate, highlights situations where these were beneficial to the overall (economic, ecological, social) recovery effort. Management responses address not only the immediate needs for clearing roads and restoring basic service needs, but also the longer-term issues related to timber salvage, reforestation, forest health, and fire danger. The damage from strong winds and storm surges may also result in serious consequences for ecological values. However, challenges and issues related to the restoration of forests and forest-related values may require several years to address. Therefore, the objective of this review article is to provide a summary of the experiences of forest land managers, researchers, and emergency planners who have directly responded to severe storms affecting the southern United States.

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