EFFECT OF CHEMICAL TREATMENTS ON THE GERMINATION OF FOREST TREE SEEDS

1946 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. P. V. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Copper Oxide ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Potassium Nitrate ◽  
Larix Decidua ◽  
Fraxinus Excelsior ◽  
Betula Papyrifera ◽  
Betula Lenta

Chemical treatments were tested, in comparison with stratification and presoaking, for their effects on germination of forest tree seeds.Significant increases in percentage germination were obtained from potassium nitrate in Betula lenta, B. papyrifera, Fraxinus excelsior, Picea Abies, P. glauca, P. rubens and Pinus resinosa; from thiourea in Larix decidua, Picea Abies, P. glauca and P. rubens; from ethylene chlorhydrin in Betula lenta, B. papyrifera, Fraxinus excelsior, Larix decidua and Pinus resinosa; from red copper oxide in Pinus resinosa; from zinc oxide in Betula papyrifera, Picea glauca, Pinus Banksiana and P. resinosa; from stratifiaction in Acer saccharum, Betula lenta, B. lutea, B. papyrifera, B. populifolia, Fraxinus excelsior, Larix decidua, Picea glauca, Pinus resinosa and P. Strobus; and from presoaking in Betula papyrifera, Larix decidua and Picea Abies.The rate of germination was accelerated by potassium nitrate in Betula papyrifera, Picea Abies, P. glauca, P. rubens and Pinus Strobus; by thiourea in Betula lenta, Larix decidua, Picea glauca and P. rubens; by ethylene chlorhydrin in Larix decidua; by red copper oxide in Betula papyrifera; by stratification in practically all species; and by presoaking in Larix decidua and Picea Abies.The rate of seedling growth was increased by zinc oxide in Larix, Picea, Pinus and Thuja, and by red copper oxide in Pinus.

scholarly journals Time since death and decay rate constants of Norway spruce and European larch deadwood in subalpine forests determined using dendrochronology and radiocarbon dating

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1537-1552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Petrillo ◽  
Paolo Cherubini ◽  
Giulia Fravolini ◽  
Marco Marchetti ◽  
Judith Ascher-Jenull ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Decay Rate ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Matrix Model ◽  
Rate Constants ◽  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Larix Decidua ◽  
European Larch ◽  
14C Dating

Abstract. Due to the large size (e.g. sections of tree trunks) and highly heterogeneous spatial distribution of deadwood, the timescales involved in the coarse woody debris (CWD) decay of Picea abies (L.) Karst. and Larix decidua Mill. in Alpine forests are largely unknown. We investigated the CWD decay dynamics in an Alpine valley in Italy using the chronosequence approach and the five-decay class system that is based on a macromorphological assessment. For the decay classes 1–3, most of the dendrochronological samples were cross-dated to assess the time that had elapsed since tree death, but for decay classes 4 and 5 (poorly preserved tree rings) radiocarbon dating was used. In addition, density, cellulose, and lignin data were measured for the dated CWD. The decay rate constants for spruce and larch were estimated on the basis of the density loss using a single negative exponential model, a regression approach, and the stage-based matrix model. In the decay classes 1–3, the ages of the CWD were similar and varied between 1 and 54 years for spruce and 3 and 40 years for larch, with no significant differences between the classes; classes 1–3 are therefore not indicative of deadwood age. This seems to be due to a time lag between the death of a standing tree and its contact with the soil. We found distinct tree-species-specific differences in decay classes 4 and 5, with larch CWD reaching an average age of 210 years in class 5 and spruce only 77 years. The mean CWD rate constants were estimated to be in the range 0.018 to 0.022 y−1 for spruce and to about 0.012 y−1 for larch. Snapshot sampling (chronosequences) may overestimate the age and mean residence time of CWD. No sampling bias was, however, detectable using the stage-based matrix model. Cellulose and lignin time trends could be derived on the basis of the ages of the CWD. The half-lives for cellulose were 21 years for spruce and 50 years for larch. The half-life of lignin is considerably higher and may be more than 100 years in larch CWD. Consequently, the decay of Picea abies and Larix decidua is very low. Several uncertainties, however, remain: 14C dating of CWD from decay classes 4 and 5 and having a pre-bomb age is often difficult (large age range due to methodological constraints) and fall rates of both European larch and Norway spruce are missing.

Effects of two-year weather exposure on thermally modified Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris, and Fraxinus excelsior wood

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (11) ◽  
pp. 1160-1171
Author(s):  
Chenyang Cai ◽  
Antti Haapala ◽  
Mohammad Habibur Rahman ◽  
Markku Tiitta ◽  
Valtteri Tiitta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Fraxinus Excelsior ◽  
Chemical Degradation ◽  
Surface Chemical ◽  
Exposure Test ◽  
Density Surface ◽  
Eastern Finland

The use of thermally modified timber (TMT) in outdoor applications is well established, but its performance against the stresses of outdoor conditions is not comprehensively understood. This study investigates the changes in density, surface chemical composition, color, equilibrium moisture content (EMC), checking, hardness, and cupping of thermally modified boards of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.), and European ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) during a two-year weather exposure test in Eastern Finland. Unmodified pine, spruce, and ash and copper salt impregnated pine boards were used as controls. The results show that a two-year weather exposure period causes degradation of hydrophobic lignin, and the leaching of the degraded compounds changed the color, increased the EMC, and decreased the hardness of specimens. Although the EMC of TMT specimens was lower compared with unmodified and impregnated ones during weathering, the changes were more obvious in TMT than in the controls. More checks occurred in the TMT specimens than in unmodified ones after the exposure. On the other hand, the TMT specimens had a lower degree of cupping. These findings also indicate that an increase in modification temperature induces more checks but improves the durability of all studied species by reducing the chemical degradation, color change, cupping, and hygroscopicity during weather exposure.

scholarly journals Testing of germination of spruce, pine and larch seed after 10 years from collection

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (No. 12) ◽  
pp. 540-543
Author(s):  
I. Tomášková ◽  
J. Vítámvás ◽  
J. Korecký
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Picea Abies ◽  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Germination Capacity ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Germination Energy ◽  
Seed Ageing

:Germination capacity and germination energy are usually the most frequently used quantitative parameters of forest tree seed. With seed ageing both parameters decreased and the rate of the collapse is given by tree species, age of tree and its seed and biotic and abiotic factors. Relatively little attention has been paid to the age of seed. As it was found, the longevity of the main tree species remained relatively high, and spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karsten and pines (Pinus sylvestris L.) from the investigated areas across the Czech Republic maintained minimally one third of germination capacity or germination energy during the 10 years with the exception of larch (Larix decidua Mill.) where germination capacity decreased almost to zero after 10 years. Although the germination energy and germination capacity decreased significantly, it is possible to use the seed in the case of shortage of the seed of better quality.  

scholarly journals Simultaneous Real-Time Measurement of Isoprene and 2-Methyl-3-Buten-2-ol Emissions From Trees Using SIFT-MS

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann-Sophie Lehnert ◽  
Erica Perreca ◽  
Jonathan Gershenzon ◽  
Georg Pohnert ◽  
Susan E. Trumbore
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Picea Abies ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Proton Transfer Reaction ◽  
Terrestrial Vegetation ◽  
Plant Groups ◽  
On Line ◽  
Measuring Tool

The C5 hemiterpenes isoprene and 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol (MBO) are important biogenic volatiles emitted from terrestrial vegetation. Isoprene is emitted from many plant groups, especially trees such as Populus, while emission of MBO is restricted to certain North American conifers, including species of Pinus. MBO is also a pheromone emitted by several conifer bark beetles. Both isoprene and MBO have typically been measured by proton-transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS), but this method cannot accurately distinguish between them because of their signal overlap. Our study developed a method for using selective ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) that allows simultaneous on-line measurement of isoprene and MBO by employing different reagent ions. The use of m/z(NO+) = 68 u for isoprene and m/z(O2+) = 71 u for MBO gave minimal interference between the compounds. We tested the suitability of the method by measuring the emission of young trees of Populus, Picea, and Pinus. Our results largely confirm previous findings that Populus nigra, Picea glauca, and Picea abies emit isoprene and Pinus ponderosa emits MBO, but we also found MBO to be emitted by Picea abies. Thus SIFT-MS provides a reliable, easy to use, on-line measuring tool to distinguish between isoprene and MBO. The method should be of use to atmospheric chemists, tree physiologists and forest entomologists, among others.

Reconstitution of a lost forest tree population: A case study of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.)

2008 ◽  
Vol 255 (7) ◽  
pp. 2103-2108 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Chałupka ◽  
L. Mejnartowicz ◽  
A. Lewandowski
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Tree Population
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