scholarly journals The potential of mixing timber assets to financially offset negative effects of deer browsing on western redcedar

2015 ◽  
Vol 91 (04) ◽  
pp. 436-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verena C. Griess ◽  
Rajat Panwar ◽  
Julie Cool
Keyword(s):  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Investment Risk ◽  
Financial Indicators ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Financial Return ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Western Redcedar ◽  
Risk Return ◽  
Mixed Species Forest

Western redcedar (WRC) is a highly desirable species in British Columbia's Coastal Western Hemlock zone, both from a management and a conservation perspective. However, it is also highly palatable for ungulates. Existing countermeasures against browsing all have high costs and imperfect results in common. We used the portfolio method to display how diversification can help to lower investment risk. Using risk-return ratios of a WRC and Douglas-fir (DF), we derived species portfolios that yield maximum financial return per unit of risk. Financial indicators were calculated based on Monte Carlo simulations, which consider timber price fluctuation and browsing risk. Results show how economic risks of a forest investment could be reduced by creating a species portfolio. The optimum portfolio leading to most beneficial risk-return combination is 75% WRC and 25% DF if browsing is lowered using protective measures that double planting costs; and 30% WRC and 70% DF if no protective measures are applied. Accordingly, the most desirable risk-return combination is that of a mixed-species forest, whereas the 2 species don't have to be grown in intimate mixtures. Our research sketches a path forward that can help to ensure WRC will remain an important asset in BC's timber portfolio.

Growth performance, windthrow, and insects: meta-analyses of parameters influencing performance of mixed-species stands in boreal and northern temperate biomes

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 1141-1159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verena C. Griess ◽  
Thomas Knoke
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Positive Interactions ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Financial Return ◽  
Meta Analyses

Stand structure is a key attribute of forest ecosystems. Mixed-tree plantations are widely felt to be the appropriate option for providing a broad range of goods and environmental services and to reduce susceptibility to natural hazards. However, the debate continues whether mixed plantations can achieve greater financial return than monocultures can. In this study, mixed-species stands of conifers and hardwood species were analyzed in consideration of economically relevant factors. Growth performance and resistance to hazards and pests are widely noted in the literature and are of general economic interest. Thus meta-analyses of relevant studies were conducted to test the following hypotheses: (1) mixing tree species has no significant influence on growth performance or resistance against hazards and pests and, if refuted, (2) mixing tree species causes mainly negative effects on growth performance and resistance against hazards and pests. However, a positive impact of mixing tree species was proven for resistance against windthrow and pests. The meta-analysis on growth performance just as well indicates a positive effect of mixing tree species. Overall, these positive results underscore the need for a large number of additional studies to examine different silvicultural systems to develop optimal management prescriptions to benefit from positive interactions.

Tree-size diversity between single- and mixed-species stands in three forest types in western Canada

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 593-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pàl Varga ◽  
Han YH Chen ◽  
Karel Klinka
Keyword(s):  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Structural Diversity ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Western Redcedar ◽  
Size Diversity

Mixed-species stands are hypothesized to be more structurally diverse because of inherent differences in growth rates between tree species. We investigated three combinations of even-aged, single- and mixed-species coniferous stands in western Canada: (i) shade-tolerant western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) and western redcedar (Thuja plicata (Donn ex D. Don) Spach), (ii) shade-intolerant lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.) and western larch (Larix occidentalis Nutt.), and (iii) shade-intolerant lodgepole pine and shade-tolerant black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP). We quantified stand structural diversity based on tree diameter and height by using Shannon's index and the coefficient of variation. Regression analysis was applied to examine the relationships between structural diversity, species composition, and stand age. Mixed-species stands of western hemlock and western redcedar had similar structural diversity to their respective single-species stands. Pine–larch and pine–spruce mixed-species stands had higher tree-size diversity than their respective single-species stands. Stand age was a significant factor for tree-size diversity, but its effect changed in different ways depending on the type of mixtures and index used to measure diversity.

Overturning resistance of western redcedar and western hemlock in mixed-species stands in coastal British Columbia

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 931-939 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth E. Byrne ◽  
Stephen J. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Thuja Plicata ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Stem Form ◽  
Western Redcedar ◽  
Applied Forces ◽  
Coastal British Columbia

Specific information about the applied forces that cause trees to fail is required to validate mechanistic models of windthrow in different forest types. Static tree-pulling tests were conducted to examine the overturning resistance of western redcedar ( Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don) and western hemlock ( Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) in a mixed species second-growth stand in coastal British Columbia. Although widely used, tree-pulling techniques are not standardized. Data from three inclinometers were used to estimate stem deflection, which was found to increase with tree slenderness. Differing methods of fitting stem curvature had a small effect on estimates of self-loading at failure. The distance of the pivot point from the centre of the stem base increased with tree diameter. Accounting for the correct self-loading at failure produced a small difference in the overall turning moment regressions but did not improve the fit of these regressions. However, this difference increased with tree size and warrants consideration in future tree-pulling tests with large or plate-rooted trees. The stem mass – overturning resistance relationship had the best fit and was not significantly different for these species in spite of their differences in wood density and stem form.

Root structure of western hemlock and western redcedar in single- and mixed-species stands

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 997-1004 ◽  
Author(s):  
X L Wang ◽  
K Klinka ◽  
H Y.H Chen ◽  
L de Montigny
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Root Density ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Root Structure ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Coarse Roots ◽  
Western Redcedar ◽  
Size Classes

Root structure of western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) and western redcedar (Thuja plicata Donn. ex D. Don) was studied in single- and mixed-species stands of hemlock and western redcedar in Capilano River watershed, University of British Columbia Malcolm Knapp Research Forest, and Mission, southern coastal British Columbia. We sampled roots using a tree-to-tree trench excavation method. In each stand, roots were collected from three randomly located trenches using a 20 × 20 × 10 cm template along (i) a soil depth gradient: forest floor (FF), 0- to 10-cm (MS1), and 10- to 20-cm mineral soil layers (MS2) and (ii) a lateral soil gradient (tree-to-tree trenches). Hemlock–redcedar mixtures had the greatest root density, followed by pure hemlock and redcedar stands. In both pure hemlock stands and hemlock-redcedar mixtures, root density of all size classes (fine, medium, and coarse roots) decreased with increasing soil depth, whereas that of pure redcedar stands peaked at the MS1 layer. Density of roots along the lateral gradient varied among stand types and root size classes. Density of coarse roots was higher towards tree stems, while that of fine and medium roots was more evenly distributed. In the forest floor of the hemlock–redcedar mixtures, root density of all sizes except that of redcedar coarse roots was not related to the distance to stems, but fine root density of hemlock was greater than that of redcedar. The highest root density in the hemlock–redcedar mixtures may indicate the presence of overlapping and intermingling roots and intense competition for available soil resources.

Retrospective analysis of the resilience of Russian regions as socio-economic systems

2019 ◽  
pp. 46-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir V. Klimanov ◽  
Sofiya М. Kazakova ◽  
Anna A. Mikhaylova
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Financial Indicators ◽  
Russian Regions ◽  
Integral Index ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Economic Resilience ◽  
Correlation Dependence ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The article examines the impact of various socio-economic and financial indicators on the resilience of Russian regions. For each region, the integral index of resilience is calculated, and its correlation dependence with the selected indicators is revealed. The study confirms the relationship between fiscal resilience and socio-economic resilience of the regions. The analysis of panel data for 75 regions from 2007 to 2016 shows that there are significant differences in the dynamics of indicators in different periods. In particular, the degree of exposure to the negative effects of the crises of 2008—2009 and 2014—2015 in non-resilient regions is higher than in resilient ones.

scholarly journals Correction to: Silvicultural prescriptions for mixed-species forest stands. A European review and perspective

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Pretzsch ◽  
Werner Poschenrieder ◽  
Enno Uhl ◽  
Gediminas Brazaitis ◽  
Ekaterina Makrickiene ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forest Stands ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
European Review ◽  
Silvicultural Prescriptions ◽  
Mixed Species Forest

ANALISIS RISIKO AKAD MURABAHAH DI PERBANKAN SYARIAH

INFO ARTHA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-74
Author(s):  
Masruri Muchtar
Keyword(s):  
Financial Services ◽  
Investment Risk ◽  
Islamic Banks ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Legal Risk ◽  
Strategic Risk ◽  
Risk Return ◽  
Reputation Risk ◽  
Financing Risk ◽  
Almost All

Every financing funded by Islamic banks always contains a risk, including murabahah contracts. The risks faced by Islamic banks are very diverse and multifaceted in line with innovations in the financial and banking products offered. This study is to conduct a critical analysis of the practice of murabahah contracts that have been carried out by almost all Islamic banks in Indonesia. The analysis is carried out with reference to ten categories of risk regulated in the Financial Services Authority (OJK) Regulation number 65/POJK.03/2016. This study uses a qualitative approach in the form of a literature study to describe the problem identified. The results show that financing with a murabahah contract takes various risks, namely: financing risk, market risk, liquidity risk, operational risk, legal risk, reputation risk, strategic risk, compliance risk, return risk, and investment risk. The implication is that Islamic banks shall give attention to all those risks that have been identified by preparing mitigation efforts

scholarly journals RISK OF RETURNING DEPOSITO INVESTMENT RESULTS

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Djoko Sigit Gunanto
Keyword(s):  
Value At Risk ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
P Value ◽  
Investment Risk ◽  
Islamic Banks ◽  
Financial Reports ◽  
Net Return ◽  
Risk Return ◽  
Significant Probability ◽  
Level Of Risk

The purpose of this study is to understand the risk and return on investment of mudharabah deposits in Islamic banks using the Value at Risk (VaR) approach. The objects in this study are quarterly financial reports of Bank Syariah Mandiri, Bank BRI Syariah, and Bank Muamalat for three years, 2015-2017. VaR analysis results show that the average investment risk of mudharabah deposits for 3 years at Bank Syariah Mandiri was in 2015 amounted to 6.61% and net return of -0.53%, in 2016 the risk of 0.14% and net return of 3.21 %, in 2017 the risk is 0.17% and the net return is 0.32%. BRI Syariah Bank in 2015 was 0.08% and net return was 4.28%, in 2016 the risk was 0.07% and the net return was 3.77%, in 2017 the risk was 0.08% and the net return was 42.81% . and Bank Muamalat was in 2015 amounted to 0.63% and a net return of 0.04%, in 2016 a risk of 0.40% and a net return of 0.08%, in 2017 a risk of 0.14% and a net return of 0.26% . In addition there are differences in the level of risk and net return on Bank Syariah Mandiri, Bank BRI Syariah, and Bank Muamalat with a significant probability (p-value) for a risk level of 0.005 and a net return of 0.045. From the level of risk and net return for three years, BRI Syariah Bank is a bank that has a prospective value. Keywords: VaR, Risk, Return, Mudharabah Deposit

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