A review of near-infrared spectroscopy for monitoring moisture content and density of solid wood

2013 ◽  
Vol 89 (05) ◽  
pp. 595-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brigitte Leblon ◽  
Oluwatosin Adedipe ◽  
Guillaume Hans ◽  
Ataollah Haddadi ◽  
Satoru Tsuchikawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Solid Wood ◽  
Forest Products Industry ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Line Measurement ◽  
Rapid Tool

This review article examines past and current research on the application of near-infrared (NIR) reflectance/transmittance spectroscopy (NIRS) for real-time monitoring of moisture content and density of solid wood. Most of the applications of NIRS on solid wood have focussed on the application of multivariate statistics as exploratory tools for the prediction of physical, chemical and mechanical properties, such as moisture content, density, stiffness, cellulose and lignin content. However, very few studies on the development of optical models and the use of NIRS transmittance techniques on solid wood have been reported. NIRS technology has the potential to be used as a rapid tool that could be employed for at-line measurement and monitoring of wood properties in the forest products industry.

Technological Properties of Wood from Trees in Polluted Regions

IAWA Journal ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Frühwald
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Biological Indicators ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Technological Properties ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Faster Development

Wood quality from about 230 healthy and diseased fir, spruce, pine and beech trees from various locations in West Germany was tested. In general results are satisfactory for mechanical wood properties, but some physical, chemical and biological indicators lead to the conclusion that logs from heavily diseased trees may be attacked a !ittle earlier and faster by microorganisms during storage. Width of growth rings is reduced in severely damaged softwood trees on most locations whereas beech shows no significant reduction. Declining health of the trees had no or little influence on wood density; the modulus of elasticity and strength were at normal levels and independent of tree damage. Width and moisture content of sapwood were reduced little in pines but more in spruce and fir. A tendency to a more intensely developed irregular brown heartwood in severeIy damaged beech trees could not be proved until now. Storage of spruce in a log yard for four months has shown a slightly faster development of discoloration caused by fungi in diseased trees whereas after seven months wood from healthy trees was more discoloured. After storage strength properties are not or only slightly reduced, but no difference was found between trees assigned to the various health classes. After two years of storage under sprinkling water, pine logs from healthy and diseased trees show no difference in discoloration.

Estimation of the physical wood properties of green Pinus taeda radial samples by near infrared spectroscopy

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (12) ◽  
pp. 2297-2305 ◽  
Author(s):  
L R Schimleck ◽  
C Mora ◽  
R F Daniels
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Independent Set ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Green Wood

The application of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to the green wood of radial samples (simulated increment cores) and the development of calibrations for the prediction of wood properties are described. Twenty Pinus taeda L. (loblolly pine) radial strips were characterized in terms of air-dry density, microfibril angle (MFA), and stiffness. NIR spectra were obtained in 10-mm steps from the radial longitudinal and transverse faces of each sample and used to develop calibrations for each property. NIR spectra were collected when the wood was green (moisture content ranged from approximately 100% to 154%) and dried to approximately 7% moisture content. Relationships between measured and NIR estimates for green wood were good; coefficients of determination (R2) ranged from 0.79 (MFA) to 0.85 (air-dry density). Differences between calibrations developed using the radial longitudinal and transverse faces were small. Calibrations were tested on an independent set. Predictive errors were relatively large for some green samples and relationships were moderate; R2p ranged from 0.67 (MFA) to 0.81 (stiffness). Dry wood calibrations demonstrated strong predictive relationships with R2p ranging from 0.87 (air-dry density) to 0.95 (stiffness). NIR spectroscopy has the potential to predict the air-dry density, MFA, and stiffness of 10-mm sections of green P. taeda wood samples.

Economic Contributions of West Virginia's Forest Products Industry Over Time: A Look at 2006, 2010, 2015, and 2017 Data

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 200-212
Author(s):  
C. Clinton Gabbert ◽  
Kathryn Gazal ◽  
Joseph McNeel
Keyword(s):  
Value Added ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Solid Wood ◽  
The State ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Forest Products Industry ◽  
Industry Growth ◽  
Emerging Industries ◽  
State Economy ◽  
Industry Automation

Abstract West Virginia's forest products industry (FPI) has long been viewed as an important industry to the state. However, there is a lack of recent data regarding the economic contribution of the industry to the state's economy. The housing market collapse of the mid-2000s, subsequent recession, continued increasing global competition, natural gas boom, and other macroeconomic trends have affected the FPI in the state. The continuing evolution of the state economy necessitates a reexamination of the role the FPI plays in the state. Thus, this article examines the historical contribution of the FPI to West Virginia's economy using 2006, 2010, 2015, and 2017 data. Both the direct and total economic contributions of the industry substantially declined from 2006 to 2010. The largest declines were experienced in the secondary solid-wood products and wood furniture sectors. Between 2010 and 2015, the industry's direct and total contributions rose for all measures evaluated. Between 2015 and 2017, all measures of direct and total contributions of the industry also increased but at a much slower pace and remained lower than 2006 levels. The inability of the FPI in the state to return to 2006 levels of direct contributions suggests that long-term industry trends such as the continued offshoring of value-added forest products sectors and increased industry automation are still putting negative pressure on direct industry growth. Additionally, the industry is facing new challenges such as uncertainty about the future availability of the foreign markets and competition for resources from emerging industries.

Effects of loblolly pine tree age and wood properties on linerboard-grade pulp yield and sheet properties: Part 2

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 41-50
Author(s):  
THOMAS J. MCDONOUGH ◽  
CHARLES E. COURCHENE ◽  
DAVID E. WHITE ◽  
LAURENCE SCHIMLECK ◽  
GARY PETER
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Pulp Yield ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
Old Trees

Results are presented on the relationships among loblolly pine tree age and wood characteristics and the properties of pulp obtained when the trees were chipped and pulped. We selected 13-year-old and 22-year-old loblolly pine trees (18 of each) to represent specified ranges of specific gravity and lignin content. The trees were further characterized by chemical analysis, near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, and SilviScan analysis of fiber dimensions and properties before being pulped by the kraft process. Handsheets formed from the resulting pulps were characterized in terms of sheet properties that are important for linerboard grades. Multiple regression analysis was then used to identify wood characteristics that most influenced sheet properties and to derive equations relating sheet properties to tree age, specific gravity, and chemical composition. We also developed calibrations so that sheet properties could be predicted from NIR spectroscopic analysis of wood. Nearly all differences in properties of pulps made from 13- and 22-year-old trees were attributable to differences in fundamental wood properties. Sheet properties could be estimated by measuring their near NIR spectra.

scholarly journals An Approach for Feedforward Model Predictive Control of Continuous Pulp Digesters

Processes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahman ◽  
Avelin ◽  
Kyprianidis
Keyword(s):  
Model Predictive Control ◽  
Predictive Control ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Kappa Number ◽  
Industrial Control ◽  
Paper Mills ◽  
Predictive Controller ◽  
Pulp Digesters

Kappa number variability at the continuous digester outlet is a major concern for pulp and paper mills. It is evident that the aforementioned variability is strongly linked to the feedstock wood properties, particularly lignin content. Online measurement of lignin content utilizing near-infrared spectroscopy at the inlet of the digester is paving the way for tighter control of the blow-line Kappa number. In this paper, an innovative approach of feedforwarding the lignin content to a model predictive controller was investigated with the help of modeling and simulation studies. For this purpose, a physics-based modeling library for continuous pulp digesters was developed and validated. Finally, model predictive control approaches with and without feedforwarding the lignin measurement were evaluated against current industrial control and proportional-integral-derivative (PID) schemes.

scholarly journals Near Infrared (NIR) Spectroscopy to Predict Physical Properties of Acacia mangium at Three Different Age Classes

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-12
Author(s):  
Lina Karlinasari ◽  
Merry Sabed
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Wood Density ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Acacia Mangium ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Solid Wood ◽  
Partial Least Square ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Calibration Model

Near Infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has been used to predict several properties of wood. This is one of the nondestructive testing (NDT) methods providing fast and reliable wood characterization analysis which can be applied in various manufacture industry, included forest sector, in control and process monitoring task. Moisture content and wood density are important properties related to strength properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate NIR technique in obtaining calibration models for determining moisture content and wood density of Acacia mangium in the age of 5, 6, 7 years-old. Spectra were measured in both solid and ground wood samples. Laboratory testing of physical properties were determined by volumetric and gravimetric methods. The laboratory values were correlated with the NIR spectra using multivariate analysis statistic of Partial Least Square (PLS). The calibration-validation model of this relationship was evaluated by using the coefficient of determination (R2), root means square error of calibration (RMSEC) and cross-validation (RMSECV) values. Generally, a better accuracy was obtained by using calibration model of ground wood compared to that of solid wood samples. At age of 7 years-old, the R2 allowed the use of NIR spectra of solid samples to develop calibration and validation model, especially for wood density. Based on ratio of performance to deviation (RPD) and RMSE, ground samples demonstrated a higher value of RPD, RMSEC, and RMSECV compared to solid wood for all properties.

scholarly journals Prediction of loblolly pine wood properties using transmittance near-infrared spectroscopy

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (10) ◽  
pp. 2423-2431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Sykes ◽  
Bailian Li ◽  
Gary Hodge ◽  
Barry Goldfarb ◽  
John Kadla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Fiber Length ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Nondestructive Technique ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Calibration Equations

Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is a rapid nondestructive technique that has been used to characterize chemical and physical properties of a wide range of materials. In this study, transmittance NIR spectra from thin wood wafers cut from increment cores were used to develop calibration models for the estimation of α-cellulose content, average fiber length, fiber coarseness, and lignin content in the laboratory. Eleven-year-old trees from two sites were sampled using 12-mm increment cores. Earlywood and latewood of ring 3 and ring 8 from these samples were analyzed in the laboratory using microanalytical methods for α-cellulose content, average fiber length, fiber coarseness, and lignin content. NIR calibrations and laboratory measurements based on one site were generally reliable, with coefficients of determination (R2) ranging from 0.54 to 0.88 for average fiber length and α-cellulose content, respectively. Predicting ring 8 properties using ring 3 calibration equations showed potential for predicting α-cellulose content and fiber coarseness, with R2 values of approximately 0.60, indicating the potential for early selection. Predicting the wood properties using the calibration equations from one site to predict another showed moderate success for α-cellulose content (R2 = 0.64) and fiber coarseness (R2 = 0.63), but predictions for fiber length were relatively poor (R2 = 0.43). Prediction of lignin content using transmittance NIR spectroscopy was not as reliable in this study, partially because of low variation in lignin content in these wood samples and large errors in measuring lignin content in the laboratory.

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