scholarly journals The effect of chip size and alkaline pre-hydrolysis conditions on following soda pulping of hornbeam wood

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 329-336
Author(s):  
Ahmad Jahan Latibari ◽  
Abdulrahim Mohebalian ◽  
Ajang Tajdini ◽  
Shadman Pourmosua
Keyword(s):  
Lignin Content ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Hemicellulose Removal ◽  
Soda Pulping ◽  
Chip Size ◽  
The Impact

The impact of chip size and hydrolysis temperature on changing chemical composition of hornbeam wood and following soda pulping is investigated. Three chip sizes, two temperatures (60 and 90 °C) and 120 minutes retention time in pre-hydrolysis step were selected. After pre-hydrolysis treatment, the sample was divided into two portions; one third was used for chemical analysis and the other two thirds for soda pulping. The reference soda pulping conditions were used on either treated or untreated chips. The influence of pre-hydrolysis was determined measuring cellulose and lignin content, residual alkali and the hemicelluloses removal. The lignin and cellulose content were marginally increased and the hemicellulose removal was higher at larger chip size. Total yield and rejects, kappa number and strength properties of the unbleached pulp were measured using corresponding Tappi standard test methods. The pulping total yield and rejects of the treated chips varied between 30.31 % and 48.14 % and 0.83 % to 7.31 %, respectively. The reject from soda pulping of untreated chips was 24.16. Prehydrolysis treatment reduced the tensile index, but the tear index was only marginally improved.

Bioassay Test Protocol and Results for the Inactivation of Microbes in Drinking Water With a Water Treatment System Using a Low Pressure Mercury Lamp

2005 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy M. Taylor ◽  
Anne Hoyt ◽  
Karen J. VanderKooi ◽  
Kenneth E. Conrad
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Microbial Inactivation ◽  
Test Protocol ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Water Characteristics ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe need for reliable and effective means of treating drinking water to prevent illness due to consumption of microbe contaminated water has been realized as early as the 19th century. The development of ultraviolet light as a means of disinfecting water, which began as early as 1901, it's advantages and disadvantages are outlined in this paper. More importantly, system devices used in water treatment must have proper design, developed through awareness of flow dynamics, the impact on ultraviolet output imparted by water characteristics both organic and inorganic, and a knowledge of microbial inactivation requirements. Reliable and valid methods of performance evaluation are important to ensure standardized industry practices, thereby safeguarding the consumer. This paper discusses various standard test methods for evaluating performance of UV water treatment devices, with test results for such a device.

The interaction of delignification and fiber characteristics on the mechanical properties of old corrugated container fiber/polypropylene composite

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-40
Author(s):  
Pouria Rezaee Niaraki ◽  
Ahmad Jahan Latibari ◽  
Arash Rashno ◽  
Ajang Tajdini
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Screw Extruder ◽  
Polypropylene Composite ◽  
Polypropylene Composites ◽  
Twin Screw ◽  
Soda Pulping ◽  
Reducing Stress ◽  
Made In

AbstractThe effect of fiber characteristics from old corrugated container (OCC) paper on the strength properties of OCC/polypropylene composites was evaluated. Fibers with different contents of lignin (2.8%, 3.8%, 5.3%, and 7%) were produced using soda pulping. Wettability, tear, and tensile strength of the fibers were measured as the indication factors to assess the strength of reinforcing component in the composites. The weight portions of the OCC fibers, polypropylene, and maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (MAPP) were selected at 20%, 77%, and 3% of the total weight of the composite, respectively. The composite compounds were formed using a counter-rotating twin screw extruder, and the specimens were made in an injection molding machine. The interaction of fiber characteristics and fiber lignin content on the mechanical properties of composite was investigated. The results revealed that with lower fiber lignin content, both flexural and tensile properties were increased. Consequently, by forming better fiber dispersion and by reducing stress regions in the composite, impact strength was also improved. Lower lignin content resulted in better mechanical properties than fiber characteristics.

Model Tests for Evaluating the Impact of Low Viscosity Tailor-Made Biofuels on Tribological Contacts in Injection Pumps

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Heitzig ◽  
Alexander Weinebeck ◽  
Hubertus Murrenhoff
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Injection Pump ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Fuel Lubricity

In the scope of the cluster of excellence “Tailor-made Fuels from Biomass” new biofuels are developed within an interdisciplinary research approach at RWTH Aachen University. To ensure a safe and reliable functioning of the new fuels in combination with state of the art fuel injection equipment, every fuel has to fulfil requirements regarding its tribological performance, which depends on characteristics like dynamic viscosity and fuel lubricity. Hence, one focus of the cluster lies on the tribological characteristics of the fuel candidates. Biofuel candidates which have been investigated so far and which are suitable for the use in self-ignition engines as surrogates for fossil diesel fuel tend to have lower viscosities and show varying lubrication behaviour, compared to diesel. As a standard test method for diesel fuel lubricity the HFRR test is well established. Nevertheless, relying on the established diesel-pass/fail criterion, which is defined in several norms, is disputable, since the investigated biofuels differ strongly from modern diesel fuels. To identify the relevant fuel properties and to gain a more detailed understanding of the wear and friction processes within the critical contacts, results of different tribological test methods, including the HFRR test and a disc-on-disc tribometer, are presented, compared and discussed in this paper. In order to estimate the validity of the established HFRR pass/fail criterion for low viscosity biofuels the experimental results are compared to simulation outcomes of elasto-hydrodynamic simulations of the main tribological contacts in a standard common rail injection pump.

Improving Impact Properties of Fiber/Metal Laminates by Using Suitable Layer Arrangement According to Different Standard Test Methods

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Sadighi ◽  
S. Dariushi
Keyword(s):  
Hybrid Composites ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Thin Layers ◽  
Glass Layer ◽  
Fiber Metal Laminates ◽  
Zero Degree ◽  
Fiber Metal ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Better Than

Fiber metal laminates (FMLs) are hybrid composites consisting of alternating thin layers of metal sheets and fiber adhesive layers. This paper describes an experimental investigation of the impact energy absorption capability of glass fiber/aluminum laminates in relation to stacking sequence. Six groups of specimens were studied. Each unsymmetrical group consisted of two specimens with exactly similar layers but in different positions. Changing the arrangement of layers does not change the cost or weight but improve the properties considerably. Test results show that using 45° glass layer at the front (where the striker impacts) is better than 90° glass layer and using 90° glass layer at the front is better than zero degree layer. The best arrangement is 45° glass layer at the front and zero degree glass layer at the back.

The Influence of Turbulence (or Hydrodynamic Effects) on Strontium Sulphate Scale Formation and Inhibitor Performance

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clare Johnston ◽  
Louise Sutherland
Keyword(s):  
Barium Sulphate ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Field Application ◽  
Scale Formation ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Scale Inhibitor ◽  
Modified Method ◽  
Bottle Test ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Inorganic scale (carbonate, sulphate and sulphides) formation can be predicted from thermodynamic models and over recent years better kinetic data has improved the prediction of such scales in field conditions. However these models have not been able to predict the observed deposition where flow disturbances occur, such as at chokes, tubing joints, gas lift valves and safety valves. This can lead to unexpected failures of critical equipment such as downhole safety valves (DHSV’s), and operational issues such as failure to access the well for coiled tubing operations due to tubing restrictions. In recent years it has been recognised that the turbulence found at these locations increases the likelihood of scale formation and experiments have been able to demonstrate that increased turbulence also impacts the minimum scale inhibitor concentration required to prevent scale. One of the industry standard test methods used to screen inhibitors for sulphate scale inhibition is the static bottle test. In this paper the ‘static’ bottle test method is modified to investigate the effects of increasing levels of turbulence on the formation of strontium sulphate scale at a fixed brine composition. Using this modified method it has been possible to demonstrate the impact of varying turbulence on the performance of two common generic types of scale inhibitor (phosphonate and vinyl sulphonate co-polymer). Data on the mass of scale formed, scale morphology using SEM imaging and inhibitor efficiency will be linked to degree of turbulence and scale inhibitor functionality (nucleation inhibition vs. crystal growth retardation). This study builds on the previously published10 findings for barium sulphate which showed phosphonates were less affected by turbulent conditions by carrying out similar tests on strontium sulphate. A clear mechanistic conclusion can now be drawn for sulphate scale formation and inhibition under increasingly turbulent conditions. The findings from this study have a significant impact on the methods of screening scale inhibitors for field application that should be utilised and development of suitable inhibitors that perform better under higher shear conditions.

scholarly journals Studi Komponen Kimia Pelepah Sawit Varietas Tenera Dan Pengembangannya Sebagai Modul Pembelajaran Kimia

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Arpinaini Arpinaini ◽  
Sumpono Sumpono ◽  
Ridwan Yahya
Keyword(s):  
Student Learning ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Student Learning Outcomes ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Chemical Component ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Extractive Substance

This study aims to (1) determine the levels of the components of the Tenera variety of palm oil compounds including extractives, holocellulose, ? - cellulose, and lignin. (2) Analyze the utilization of the pulp of Tenera varieties as pulp raw materials based on their chemical components; (3) application of chemistry learning module to improving student learning outcomes. Determination of extractive substance content with TAPPI test methods Q: 204; lignin content T: 222; holocellulose Q: 9 levels and ?-cellulose content with TAPPI test methods T: 204. then lignin, holocellulose and ?-cellulose produced from the procedure were characterized by an IR spectrophotometer. The results of the study were module and implemented in ICHO students in SMAN 2 Kota Bengkulu. The data of the research results were analyzed by ANOVA test at 5% level. The results of the characterization of lignin, holocellulose and ?-cellulose with FTIR obtained a distinctive peak of the respective functional groups of the macromolecules. From the research also obtained the average value of chemical component content on the palm velvet varieties of tenera according to their part of base, middle, ends with mean for extractive substance 8.49%, 7,87%, 6,74%, lignin 20,7 %, 18.95%, 16.69%. holocellulose 81.57%, 80.33%, 79.24% and ?- cellulose 44.57%, 43.56%, 43.26%. Based on the results of the variance analysis, the difference in position (base, center, tip) on the palm oil of the tenera varieties on extractive, lignin, holocellulose and ?-cellulose substances has significant differences. Based on the chemical component classification of Indonesian wide wood leaf, sheep betera varieties of tenera in all three positions are used as pulp raw materials because they have moderate lignin content, high levels of Holocellulose and moderate levels of ?-cellulose. The result of module implementation in students there is a significant difference between pretest and posttest value. The use of modules in learning in science groups can improve student learning outcomes.

scholarly journals The new tool insert design for prevention the rotation of horizontal wire during shear testing of welded fabric

10.30544/425 ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-170
Author(s):  
Ivana Atanasovska ◽  
Dejan Momčilović ◽  
Ognjen Ristić
Keyword(s):  
Shear Strength ◽  
Civil Engineering ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Repeated Testing ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Tool Insert ◽  
Steel Metallurgy ◽  
Accuracy Of Results ◽  
The Impact

Many new requirements in the field of experimental mechanics, like testing of metallic materials, emphasize traceability and accuracy of test results as the end goal. These requirements have energy efficiency context too, due to the increase of mass productions of many finished and semi-finished products based on steel metallurgy. Combined, both of the above-noted perspectives impose the need for improvements of some of the existing test methods. This paper describes one such improvement, the developing of the new insert tool for testing of shear strength of the welded fabric, for civil engineering. The developed tool allows repeated testing of welded joints sampled from the welded fabric of different dimensions without tool changes and is generally related with the procedure for the determination of shear strength properties of different sizes of wires used for welded fabric. The construction of the tool insert allows aiming high operation safety and higher accuracy of results, which is described in detail. The paper also presents experimental results and the Finite Element Analysis performed in order to verify the impact of insert tool application on the testing results. The obtained results and conclusion about the possible contributions of the developed insert tool for extensively testing of welded fabric for civil engineering are discussed.

The Impact of Lignin Content on Paper Physical Strength of CTMP

2011 ◽  
Vol 236-238 ◽  
pp. 1242-1245
Author(s):  
Ben Ping Lin ◽  
Bei Hai He ◽  
Guang Lei Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Lignin Content ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Paper Strength ◽  
Fiber Morphology ◽  
Burst Strength ◽  
Physical Strength ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Linear Correlations ◽  
Total Lignin ◽  
Total Lignin Content

The research reported here gives some new insights into the influence of lignin content on paper strength properties. The relative amount of total lignin in CTMP was varied by using multistage ClO2 bleaching method. Few differences were observed in fiber morphology charcteristics of CTMP during ClO2 treatments. Linear correlations greater than 99% were found between total lignin content and paper strength properties. The influences of lignin content on Scott bond and tensile strength were greater than that of tear and burst strength.

scholarly journals Atmospheric Soda Pulping of Banana Stem

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 5808-5812
Keyword(s):  
Lignin Content ◽  
Cellulose Degradation ◽  
Infrared Spectrometry ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Solid Ratio ◽  
Alkaline Pulping ◽  
Cellulose Fibrils ◽  
Soda Pulping ◽  
Banana Stem

Banana stem is one of the most explored non-wood lignocellulose due to its high cellulose content with small amount of lignin. The conventional pulping processes efficiently remove the lignin, but there is potential to reduce the energy and chemical consumptions due to the low lignin content of banana stem. In this work, soda pulping was carried out for 60-120 minutes using 16-20% w/v alkali charge at boiling temperature of 105°C. The efficiency of lignin removal at low temperature was evaluated using kappa number analysis. The effects of pulping time and alkali charge on pulp properties were investigated using fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Soda pulping using 18% w/v alkali charge at 10 liquid-to-solid ratio for 90 minutes under atmospheric pressure efficiently removed lignin with minimal cellulose degradation. Extended pulping time and concentrated alkali charge would induce cellulose degradation. FTIR analysis verified that alkaline pulping caused depolymerization on both lignin and cellulose. SEM images of banana stem showed ordered structure cellulose fibrils arrangement. Removal of lignin and hemicellulose was observed through smoother surface of the banana pulp. However, TGA analysis suggested that a better thermal stability could be achieved through pulping using 16% w/v alkali charge.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document