scholarly journals The Pyrolysis of Glycerol Using Microwave for the Production of Hydrogen

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lailatul Qadariyah ◽  
Mahfud Mahfud ◽  
Pantjawarni Prihatini ◽  
Sofyan Hadi ◽  
Yuni Kurniati
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Ion Exchange ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Microwave Power ◽  
Allyl Alcohol ◽  
Glycerol Solution ◽  
Metal Solution ◽  
Production Of Hydrogen ◽  
The Difference

The purpose of this research was to study pyrolysis of glycerol to produce hydrogen using microwave. The useof microwave aimed to produce high temperatures, because pyrolysis require high temperature.The effect of kindof catalyst and microwave power were studied. The catalyst was activated carbon and Ni/HZSM-5.The catalystof activated carbon was ready to use, whereas Ni/HZSM-5 catalyst was obtained by ion exchange fromNa-ZSM-5 with NH4Cl and then HZSM-5 was impregnated with metal solution of Ni (NO3)2.6 H2O.Experiments were conducted by mixing catalyst in the reactor together with glycerol solution of 10% (weightpercent) as much as 100 ml. Reactor was made from pyrex and mounted on microwave equipped with athermocouple. And then, reactor was heated on power of 400-700 Watt during thirty minutes. The reactionproduced gases and liquid to be analyzed by chromatography gas.The conclusion stated that microwave couldpyrolysis glycerol into hydrogen. By product of this reaction were methanol, allyl alcohol, acrolein andunidentified products. The difference of catalyst produced different product as well. The pyrolysis of glycerolusing activated carbon produced conversion of 60 %, while using catalysts Ni/HZSM-5 obtained conversion of87 %. The reaction produced hydrogen gases was relatively small for both of catalysts that is minimum of 0,59%and maximum of 0,88%.

scholarly journals The Influence of Concentration and Temperature on the Membrane Resistance of Ion Exchange Membranes and the Levelised Cost of Hydrogen from Reverse Electrodialysis with Ammonium Bicarbonate

Membranes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 135
Author(s):  
Yash Dharmendra Raka ◽  
Robert Bock ◽  
Håvard Karoliussen ◽  
Øivind Wilhelmsen ◽  
Odne Stokke Burheim
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Ammonium Bicarbonate ◽  
Operating Efficiency ◽  
Membrane Thickness ◽  
Ion Exchange Membranes ◽  
Reverse Electrodialysis ◽  
Ohmic Resistance ◽  
Production Of Hydrogen ◽  
The Impact

The ohmic resistances of the anion and cation ion-exchange membranes (IEMs) that constitute a reverse electrodialysis system (RED) are of crucial importance for its performance. In this work, we study the influence of concentration (0.1 M, 0.5 M, 1 M and 2 M) of ammonium bicarbonate solutions on the ohmic resistances of ten commercial IEMs. We also studied the ohmic resistance at elevated temperature 313 K. Measurements have been performed with a direct two-electrode electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) method. As the ohmic resistance of the IEMs depends linearly on the membrane thickness, we measured the impedance for three different layered thicknesses, and the results were normalised. To gauge the role of the membrane resistances in the use of RED for production of hydrogen by use of waste heat, we used a thermodynamic and an economic model to study the impact of the ohmic resistance of the IEMs on hydrogen production rate, waste heat required, thermochemical conversion efficiency and the levelised cost of hydrogen. The highest performance was achieved with a stack made of FAS30 and CSO Type IEMs, producing hydrogen at 8.48× 10−7 kg mmem−2s−1 with a waste heat requirement of 344 kWh kg−1 hydrogen. This yielded an operating efficiency of 9.7% and a levelised cost of 7.80 € kgH2−1.

scholarly journals Effects of Ultrasonic-Microwave-Assisted Technology on Hordein Extraction from Barley and Optimization of Process Parameters Using Response Surface Methodology

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Guan ◽  
Lv Li ◽  
Jing Liu ◽  
Sen Li
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Microwave Power ◽  
Process Intensification ◽  
Extraction Yield ◽  
Extraction Time ◽  
Quadratic Model ◽  
Ultrasonic Power ◽  
Microwave Assisted ◽  
The Difference

We investigated the process intensification of ultrasonic-microwave-assisted technology for hordein extraction from barley. Response surface methodology was utilized to optimize the extraction conditions and to analyze the interaction between four selected variables: temperature, microwave power, ultrasonic power, and extraction time. The validated extraction yield of hordein reached 8.84% at 78°C, microwave power 298 W, and ultrasonic power 690 W after 20 min as optimum conditions. Compared with traditional water-bath extraction (4.7%), the ultrasonic-microwave-assisted technology effectively increased the hordein extraction yield and shortened the extraction time. According to the obtained quadratic model (R2 = 0.9457), ultrasonic power and extraction time were the first two significant factors. However, temperature limited the effects of other factors during extraction. SDS-PAGE and scanning electron microscopy were used to identify the hordein extract and to clarify the difference between the two hordein fractions extracted with new and traditional methods, respectively. Ultrasonic-microwave-assisted technology provided a new way to improve hordein extraction yield from barley and could be a good candidate for industrial application of process intensification.

scholarly journals Characteristics of Activated Carbon from Oil Palm Fronds with the Addition of Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3) and Sodium Chloride (NaCl) as an Activator

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-35
Author(s):  
Seri Maulina ◽  
Gewa Handika
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Sodium Carbonate ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Elaeis Guineensis ◽  
Activation Temperature ◽  
Spectra Analysis ◽  
Oil Palm Fronds ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Palm Fronds

This paper aims to understand the difference in characteristics of activated carbon produced from oil palm fronds (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) through the addition of two different activators, namely sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) and sodium chloride (NaCl). To do this, activator concentration of 10 percent each with activation temperature of 600 oC were applied in the experiment. Moreover, to determine the quality of activated carbon produced, a morphological analysis of activated carbon surfaces as well as FTIR spectra analysis on activated carbon. Identification using FTIR spectrophotometer revealed that the activated carbon in this study contained functional groups of O-H, C = O, C = C, C-C, and C-H.

scholarly journals Calcium Exchange and Contraction Strength of Guinea Pig Atrium in Normal and Hypertonic Media

1969 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 494-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald R. Little ◽  
William W. Sleator
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Extracellular Space ◽  
Entry Rate ◽  
Steady State Condition ◽  
Peak Tension ◽  
Guinea Pig Atrium ◽  
Calcium Exchange ◽  
The Difference

A Krebs-Henseleit (KH) medium made hypertonic by adding nonpermeant molecules substantially increased the isometric peak tension at steady-state contractions below 3 per sec in guinea pig atrium at 27°C. Action potential durations were decreased. KH plus 100 mM raffinose or sucrose resulted in similar and nearly maximal changes which were essentially reversible upon return to normal KH. When one active contracting atrium was used to passively stretch a second atrium, the difference in Ca ion exchange (1 min exchange with the extracellular space) between active and stretched atria significantly increased at 1 per sec and at 2 per sec in going from normal to 100 mM hypertonic KH. The calculated mean Ca ion cellular exchange per beat per 100 g of cells (a) doubled in changing from normal to 100 mM hypertonic KH, and (b) decreased slightly in changing from contractions of 1 per sec to 2 per sec in normal KH. These data are consistent with the hypothesis (a) that Ca ion entry per beat from the extracellular space is proportional to membrane depolarized time with a constant medium and a steady-state condition, and the hypothesis (b) that 100 mM hypertonicity doubles the Ca ion entry rate during depolarization. These data enable rejection of the hypothesis that the peak tension is proportional to the Ca ion entry per beat from the extracellular space under steady-state conditions, and suggest that any additional Ca ion involved in the larger contractions at higher frequencies comes from an increase in Ca ion available from intracellular stores.

scholarly journals Removal of zinc from a base-metal solution using ion exchange at Rustenburg Base Metal Refiners

2014 ◽  
Vol 89 (6) ◽  
pp. 919-926 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob J. Taute ◽  
Kathryn C. Sole ◽  
Edmund Hardwick
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Base Metal ◽  
Metal Solution

Removal of Humic Substances by Adsorption/Ion Exchange

1999 ◽  
Vol 40 (9) ◽  
pp. 173-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joachim Fettig
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Metal Oxides ◽  
Humic Substances ◽  
Predictive Models ◽  
Anion Exchange Resins ◽  
Sorption Equilibria ◽  
Exchange Resins ◽  
Favorable Conditions ◽  
Solution Parameters

This paper gives an overview over the ability of four different sorbent media, activated carbon, anion exchange resins, carbonaceous resins and metal oxides, for the removal of humic sustances. Both sorbent characteristics and solution parameters that affect the ultimate capacities are discussed, and approaches developed in order to describe sorption equilibria and rate of uptake are reported. In addition, successes and failures of predictive models are described. Some general conclusions about favorable conditions for the removal of humic substances by sorption processes are given.

Biodegradation of Organic Substances by Biological Activated Carbon – Simulation of Bacterial Activity on Granular Activated Carbon

1992 ◽  
Vol 26 (9-11) ◽  
pp. 2031-2034 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Nishijima ◽  
M. Tojo ◽  
M. Okada ◽  
A. Murakami
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Community Structure ◽  
Granular Activated Carbon ◽  
Bacterial Activity ◽  
Organic Substances ◽  
Aminobenzoic Acid ◽  
Biological Activated Carbon ◽  
Support Medium ◽  
Attached Bacteria ◽  
The Difference

Biodegradation of organic substances by attached bacteria on biological activated carbon (BAC) was studied to clarify the advantages of granular activated carbon (GAC) as support media over conventional media without adsorption capacity with regard to biodegradation activity and community structure of attached bacteria. Anthracite (AN) was used as reference support medium without adsorbability. Low molecular organic substances with different biodegradability and adsorbability (phenol, glucose, benzoic acid and m-aminobenzoic acid) were fed into completely mixed BAC and AN reactors. The rate of biodegradation by BAC reactors fed with biodegradable organic substances was approximately 3 times as high as that by AN reactors. The difference in adsorbability of organic substances onto GAC had little effects on the rate of biodegradation. The structure of GAC with micro and macro pores did not provide better habitat for attached bacteria with regard to the size of population in comparison with anthracite without pores. The rates of biodegradation per attached bacteria for biodegradable organic substances in the BAC reactors were from 1.7 to 4.9 times higher than those in the AN reactors. GAC, as a bacterial support media, stimulated the biodegradation activity of each bacteria without increase in their population and probably with little change in their species composition. Although the number of attached bacteria on BAC was not different significantly from that on anthracite, m-aminobenzoic acid with low biodegradability was degraded only by the GAC reactor.

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