scholarly journals Eurocentrism and the Contribution of Ibn Khaldun to the Growth of Sociology

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Aboobacker Rameez
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
European Society ◽  
Political Organization ◽  
Social Solidarity ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
North African ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Ibn Khaldun ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The 19Th Century

It is generally believed that sociology originated in Europe in the 19th century and the paternity of the discipline is commonly attributed to the French sociologist August Comte. However, reflections of a sociological nature were observed and found in the work of 14th century North African historian and philosopher Ibn Khaldun. However, such contribution of Ibn Khaldun is little acknowledged by European scholars in their works. Therefore, this paper attempts to examine how Eurocentrism is embedded in the writing of the European scholars and unpacks the contribution of Ibn Khaldun in the growth of Sociology. In the first part of essay, I argue that the perspective of European scholars are mainly Eurocentric and parochial in their accounts on culture, language and other aspects of non-European society. In the second part of the essay, I argue Ibn Khaldun’s contribution to the field of sociology is largely ignored, though his contributions dealt with the society and human character, political organization and government, differences between rural and urban populations, kinship, social solidarity, and the interplay between economic conditions and social organizations. Nevertheless, I argue that though Ibn Khaldun’s ideas have hugely impressed some of European thinkers in the 19th century prompting them to regard him as the progenitor of sociology, question remains as to how his ideas and theories have been appropriated by contemporary social scientists in their works.

Between Myth and Reality: Approaches to Ibn Khaldun in the Arab World

2008 ◽  
Vol 36 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 590-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cengiz Tomar
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Arab World ◽  
Ibn Khaldun ◽  
Arab Culture ◽  
The One ◽  
The 19Th Century

AbstractIbn Khaldun is one of most discussed social philosophers in the modern Arab World. The most important reasons for this are that he lived in a time of crisis that resembles the one that Muslims find themselves in at the present time, that his thoughts have found approval from Western scientists, and that they possess modern characteristics. It is for these reasons that the thought of Ibn Khaldun, from the 19th century onwards, have given rise to a wide variety of interpretations, including pan-Islamism, nationalism, socialism and other ideologies that have found interest in the Arab world. In this article, after examining the heritage of thought bequeathed by Ibn Khaldun to Arab culture, starting from the time in which he lived, we will try to evaluate interpretations of the Muqaddimah in the modern Arab world.

scholarly journals A general theory of power concentration: demographic influences on political organization

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 491-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Gerring ◽  
Matthew Maguire ◽  
Jillian Jaeger
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Political Power ◽  
Causal Factor ◽  
Political Organization ◽  
Empirical Measures ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
The 19Th Century

Why is the exercise of political power highly concentrated in some polities and widely dispersed in others? We argue that one important causal factor is demographic. Populous polities are characterized by less concentrated structures of authority. To explain this relationship, we invoke two mechanisms: heterogeneity and trust. The theory is demonstrated with a wide variety of empirical measures in cross-country analyses including most sovereign states and extending back to the 19th century. The result suggests the possibility of a ubiquitous ‘law’ of politics.

scholarly journals HISTORIOGRAPHICAL DISCOURSE ON THE ROLE OF ARCHETYPES IN STABILIZATION OF THE CONFLICT DEVELOPMENT OF UKRAINIANS’ NATIONAL IDENTITY IN THE EMPERIAL AGE

2019 ◽  
pp. 17-22
Author(s):  
Nataliia Semerhei
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Cultural Revival ◽  
Creative Processes ◽  
Religious Traditions ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article is devoted to the analysis of modern Ukrainian researches about place and role of archetypes of Ukrainian mentality in genesis of national and cultural revival and development of the Ukrainian identity in the second half of the 19th century. Archetypes are studied as the source structure of collective unconscious national ideas, which are presented as common ideas, feelings, and stories, characters that determine social, cultural and religious traditions of ethnos. It has been found out, that within the framework of modern Ukrainian studies, integration of archetypical methodology with a research of social, cultural and spiritual aspects of development of Ukrainian society is rather slight but it considerably contrasts with the exceptional cognitive value of analysis on the domestic historical processes and events in terms of archetypes and mentality. It is shown that modern historians and social scientists identify the structural archetype components of Ukrainian mentality as factors and basis of national movement and Ukrainian revival. Modern historian G. Kasyanov determines a time frame for these events: the end of the 18th – 90s of the 20th century. At the same time, scientists pay attention to the fact that state, political and ideological conditions when Ukrainian lands were under Romanov and Habsburg Empires also influenced a structure of Ukrainian archetype. This fact caused some changes in Ukrainian identity, appearance of so called Little-Russians identity and syndrome of double loyalty (Y. Kalakura and others). Scientists consider that Ukrainian national peculiarities (agriculture, individualism, tolerance, democracy, love of freedom, peaceful nature, instability and inconsistency, lack of collective will and national solidarity) influenced the dynamics and character of state creative processes in different ways. These national peculiarities were driving force of changes and, at the same time, had destructive influence on state creative processes in imperial age. Historians believe that such fundamental principles of Ukrainian identity as archetype of motherland (agro-based production, social and historical, spiritual and cultural aspects) were formed exactly in the 19th century. In that period, such triad of Ukrainian mentality as House-Field-Temple, archetype of collegiality of ethnos and others has also emerged. The author comes to the conclusion that research of archetypes of Ukrainian mentality enables to find out the ideological source of those spiritual, national and social and cultural values and senses which became the basis for national and cultural revival in imperial age. Moreover, archetypical verification of modern public policy for the purpose its correlation to national, spiritual and cultural identity of the Ukrainians is of great importance for the progress and efficiency of modern state creative processes.

TRANSFORMATION OF EUROPEAN SOCIETY FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF RADICAL INTELLECTUALS IN THE PERIOD OF FIN-DE-SIECLE (1890-1914)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-231
Author(s):  
M.V. Chernyshev
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
European Society ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
National Socialism ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Fin De Siecle ◽  
Gabriele D'annunzio ◽  
Bourgeois Society ◽  
Fin De Siècle ◽  
The 19Th Century

Fin-de-siècle is a French definition for “end of the age”, though also implying an era of changes in different spheres of social life within European society between 1890 and 1914. At the turn of the 20th century we can observe the phenomenon of formation of the new type of modernist political ideology “beyond Left and Right” which tended to adopt some sort of cultural revolt against decadent bourgeois society and associate it with new forms of political actions. Famous writers of the Fin-de-siècle Gabriele D’Annunzio and Maurice Barrès embodied in their writings this tendency. This essay argues that despite their claimed break with the tradition of the 19th century and search for individual liberation, the representatives of the new intellectual tradition put into practice some of the ideas that later were associated with European totalitarian ideologies of fascism and national socialism. This study attempts to describe development of views of the two writers on the national societies taking into consideration a certain number of dynamic tensions within the period of European fin-de-siècle: first of all, between the tendencies of Decadence which were evident in the last quarter of the 19th century and the desire for spiritual renewal, between the cult of personal perfection and the collective myth of political nationalism.

Territorial sovereignty and the end of inter-cultural diplomacy along the “Southern frontier”

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 878-903 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carsten-Andreas Schulz
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Cultural Diplomacy ◽  
Political Organization ◽  
European Politics ◽  
Dominant Form ◽  
Settler Societies ◽  
Mapuche People ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Principle Of Territoriality

European politics at the turn of the 19th century saw a dramatic reduction in the number and diversity of polities as the territorial nation-state emerged as the dominant form of political organization. The transformation had a profound impact on the periphery. The study examines how embracing the principle of territoriality transformed relations between settler societies and indigenous peoples in South America. As this shift coincided with independence from Spain, Creole elites rapidly dismantled the remnants of imperial heteronomy, ending centuries of inter-cultural diplomacy. The study illustrates this shift in the case of the “Southern frontier,” where Spain had maintained a practice of treaty making with the Mapuche people since the mid-17th century. This long-standing practice broke down shortly after Chile gained independence in 1818. What followed was a policy of coercive assimilation through military conquest and forced displacement — a policy that settler societies implemented elsewhere in the 19th century. In contrast to explanations that emphasize the spread of capitalist agriculture and racist ideologies, this study argues that territoriality spelled the end of inter-cultural diplomacy along the “Southern frontier.”

scholarly journals Contemporary Historiography on Christianity in Vandal and Byzantine Africa (1785-2020)

2021 ◽  
pp. 359-379
Author(s):  
Andy Merrills
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Political Activity ◽  
African History ◽  
North African ◽  
Early Christian ◽  
The 19Th Century

The present chapter examines the historiography of Vandal and Byzantine religion from ca. 1785 to the present. Until relatively recently, extended studies of post-Roman North Africa were scarce. The works of Charles Diehl (1896) and Christian Courtois (1955) are striking exceptions within a field primarily interested in earlier periods of North African history. During the 19th century, the Vandals were primarily viewed for their military and political activity, rather than their religious policies, and Byzantine Africa was generally presented as a coda to Roman and early Christian periods of occupation. The dramatic expansion of archaeological and philological scholarship in the latter part of the twentieth century had an important effect upon the understanding of these groups, but it is only in the last twenty years that detailed scrutiny of the later periods of pre-Islamic North Africa have become widespread.

scholarly journals Rangifer and human interests

Rangifer ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 20 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 153 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous People ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Human Action ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
The Political ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Human Interest ◽  
Political Conflicts ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

This article reviews biological and anthropological literatute on wild and tame Rangifer to demonstrate the powerful effect that this species has had on the imaginations of biologists, social scientists and local hunters. Through identifying a general 'human interest' in Rangifer, the author argues that there is great potential for these three communities to work together. To demonstrate this idea, the paper reviews several examples of successful and unsuccessful 'alliances' between local peoples and both natural and social scientists which have had a fundamental impact upon the history of these sciences. The paper examines recent theorerical models which suggest that human action is a major factor in the behaviour and ecology of the animals. The paper also analyses the ideas of many indigenous people for whom there is no categorical difference between semi-domesticated, semi-sedentary and migratory Rangifer through comparison with many 'anomalous' texts in English and Russian language wildlife biology. By reviewing the history of scholarly interest in Rangifer, the author argues that contemporary models of Rangifer behaviour and identity could be 'revitalised' and 'recalibrated' through the establishment of that dialogue between scientists and local peoples which so characterised the 19th century. Such a dialogue, it is argued, would help mediate many of the political conflicts now appearing in those districts where Rangifer migrate.

scholarly journals Distinguishing between views and roles of political and legal doctrines for developing the legal structure of stages in the commission of a crime

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (Extra-D) ◽  
pp. 218-236
Author(s):  
Anzhelika Irekovna Alimova ◽  
Elena Robertovna Abdrakhmanova ◽  
Andrey Nikolayevich Batanov ◽  
Sergey Vladimirovich Malikov
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Research Subject ◽  
Russian Science ◽  
Legal Structure ◽  
Systematic Development ◽  
The 19Th Century

The legal structure of stages in the commission of a crime determines the systematic development of criminal activity, which shows the connection between one's will and action, and allows to impose a proportionate penalty for such a crime. The article presents different views on the research subject in the Russian science of criminal law, their changes depending on approaches, political and legal doctrines, scientific opinions, socio-economic conditions of Russia in the 19th century. The correlation of concepts and stages of preparation, attempt and a completed crime is studied based on objective and subjective criteria, the legislation of the period under review, with due regard to even opposite views of many scholars.

scholarly journals A reportage at the end of the century. European economic journeys of Countess Cecylia Plater-Zyberk in the light of the „Kronika Rodzinna” (1899)

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewelina Maria Kostrzewska
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Professional Education ◽  
Chief Editor ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Social Solidarity ◽  
Common Denominator ◽  
The Social ◽  
Media Professional ◽  
One Year ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article was prepared on the basis of the „Kronika Rodzinna”, a biweekly published from 1867 in Warsaw. It was addressed to the gentry and intelligentsia, had a literary-social, as well as diary-travel character and often described the so-called feminine issues. During its existence there were program changes. After ideological disputes of the eighties of the 19th century, editors focused on matters related to the household and education. As they followed a moderate mainstream movement of women, the professional education and activity of the latter were promoted by them. In 1899, Countess Cecylia Plater-Zyberk became the chief editor and the publisher of the magazine. She assimilated landowners’, conservative ideals with an intelligent model of an open Catholicism. During an almost one-year of her cadency, the „Kronika Rodzinna” was transformed into a popular „Czasopismo dla Rodzin Katolickich”. The editor herself inaugurated and ended her functions in a series of travel reports. Using such a modern form of journalistic report, she entered the hard-to-reach for women world of media, professional work, as well as of independent fast travels. While bringing to the common denominator the search for female economic schools in Europe, she was reporting on their civilizational condition. In the descriptions saturated with religious axiology, she presented the readers with her own reflections and social contexts of women’s emancipation. In a travel reportage she returned to the Polish ground with an idea of a social solidarity; a reconciliation of women’s aspirations with religion. The social bond was to join in a special way women from the landowners’ elites and peasant villages, while economic schools were to open to them fields of different activities and work. According to the rules of a press reportage, the story of Plater-Zyberk revealed the European reality of the late 19th century in her subjective images seen from the perspective of an aristocrat and the chief-editor of the Catholic „Kronika Rodzinna”.

Barbary States

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
State Governments ◽  
North African ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
The North ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Many ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Barbary States

The North African states of Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli, and Morocco, which, until the 19th century, Europeans collectively referred to as the “Barbary States,” first came into existence with the spread of Islam across the northern African coast and into the Iberian Peninsula from the Arabian Peninsula in the 7th century. Over the following eight centuries, these small states on the edges of the Mediterranean world employed a mix of trade and privateering (often labeled piracy) to sustain their economies. Based on religious dictate, Barbary privateers sailed against Christian nations who failed to negotiate a treaty with the Barbary States. Once captured, Christians were sold into slavery in the North African nations. Although commonly referred to as “pirates,” the Barbary ships might more properly be referred to as “privateers” or “corsairs.” While many of these ships were privately held, they operated with the sanction of the Barbary governments, lending a legitimacy to their activity that the term pirate denies them. The practice of privateering was recognized by states throughout the world as legal until 1856, when privateering was abolished under the Declaration of Paris. It was on this premise that the Barbary States, primarily Algeria and Morocco, sailed the Mediterranean in search of wealth. These raids supplied these North African states with both treasure and captives. The crews and state governments split the spoils of the raids, while captive crewmen found themselves on the auction block and sold into slavery throughout North Africa. Captives with few skills often ended up working in the quarries or shipyards. Seamen trained in a trade often found themselves in cities working at their craft. Those sailors who converted to Islam were able to return to sea as crewmen aboard the Barbary corsairs. Officers on the captured vessels were often placed on parole, reflecting similar European practices, provided they paid a monthly fee for their limited freedom. For the European powers, the threat of the Barbary States was best managed through a series of yearly tributes to maintain safe passage for their ships. While the many European navies were more than a match for the North African forces, most European powers deemed annual payment the most effective means for dealing with these North African states. Following the Napoleonic Wars and a series of conflicts with the newly independent United States, the Barbary raids were finally terminated in the early 19th century, culminating with the French conquest of Algeria in 1830.

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