scholarly journals Tsangpo-Brahmaputra: A Perception Study from Riparian Perspectives

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Hasina Afruj Shanta
Keyword(s):  
River Water ◽  
Brahmaputra River ◽  
Equitable Distribution ◽  
The Core ◽  
Increasing Trend ◽  
Riparian Country ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Yarlung Tsangpo ◽  
Water Issues ◽  
Constant Source

Trans-boundary River water has been a constant source of contention since the ancient times. As worldwide water scarcity is an increasing trend, trans-boundary water issues have become more critical. The Yarlung Tsangpo-Brahmaputra is an important river that runs through China, India, and Bangladesh. Recently, it has been emerging as a great concern for India and Bangladesh. As a middle riparian country, India is concerned about the Chinese activities further upstream. On the other hand, Bangladesh is concerned about China’s and India’s upstream activities on the Yarlung Tsangpo-Brahmaputra, as it is the lowest riparian country. Each of the three countries has their own riparian perception and their own views to explain and justify their riparian activities and concerns. This paper will broadly analyze all three perspectives, their concerns, and anxieties, placing them in the context of their riparian location. It will also provide some suggestions based on the core principles of equitable and logical water sharing to deal with the present riparian tension and ensure basin-wide water management. All three riparian countries’ should accept the principle of equitable distribution of Tsangpo-Brahmaputra river water. A Tsangpo-Brahmaputra river basin commission or some kind of commission can be formed with the authority to ensure equitable distribution of water among the co-riparian countries, namely, Bangladesh, China, and India.

scholarly journals Hydrochemical Evolution in Ciliwung River – Java, Indonesia: Study of Sea Water Mixture and Mineral Dissolution

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 1360
Author(s):  
Evarista Ristin Pujiindiyati ◽  
Paston Sidauruk ◽  
Tantowi Eko Prayogi ◽  
Faizal Abdillah
Keyword(s):  
River Water ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Mineral Dissolution ◽  
Water Type ◽  
Water Mixture ◽  
Hydrochemical Evolution ◽  
Increasing Trend ◽  
Saturation Indexes

The chemical characteristics of the Ciliwung River were analyzed to understand hydrochemical evolution. A fraction of sea water mixture and kinds of mineral controlling for chemicals were also determined. During three year investigations in 2015, 2016, and 2018, electrical conductivity increased with decreasing elevations. Two hydrochemical facies had been identified for the Ciliwung river water; those were Ca-Mg-HCO3 and Ca-Na-HCO3.  The river water mixing with seawater was recognized in the Mangga Dua site in which its water type had shifted to Na-Ca-HCO3-Cl. Based on Na-Cl contents, the fraction of sea water into the Ciliwung River reached 2% in the Mangga Dua site during the dry season and decreased to 0.7% during the rainy season in 2015. The much higher monthly rainfall during the dry season in 2016 and 2018 had washed out invading seawater from the Mangga Dua site; its fraction of sea water was less than 0.4%. Saturation indexes with respect to calcite, dolomite, and gypsum minerals showed an increasing trend related to the decreasing elevations. All water samples were undersaturated with respect to gypsum. Meanwhile, saturation indexes with respect to calcite and dolomite mostly indicated undersaturated, except in the Mangga Dua site that was saturated (during the rainy season in 2015 and dry season in 2018) and supersaturated during the dry season in 2015.

An improved approach to monitoring Brahmaputra River water levels using retracked altimetry data

2018 ◽  
Vol 211 ◽  
pp. 112-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Huang ◽  
Di Long ◽  
Mingda Du ◽  
Chao Zeng ◽  
Xingdong Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
River Water ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Altimetry Data ◽  
Brahmaputra River

scholarly journals Review A Brief Review of Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Graphene

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-238
Author(s):  
Tahir Iqbal ◽  
Ahmad Raza ◽  
Aqsa Tehseen ◽  
Almas Bashir
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Diffraction Field ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Graphene Oxides ◽  
Tunneling Electron ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Core ◽  
Increasing Trend ◽  
Synthesis Properties ◽  
Enhanced Properties

At time when the limitation of silicon capabilities is being touched the finding of graphene and its exclusive properties of nano-scale are of utmost importance. The possible substitutes of following generation for quicker and minor electronics of present 21st century. Several methods and techniques are being experimented to produce graphene with enhanced properties to be used as a substitute for existing materials. Raman spectrophotometry, X-ray diffraction, field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and tunneling electron microscopy are the characterizing techniques for the prepared graphene. Graphene is the core compound of interest for scientists for this decade and previous as well, because of its exceptional impact on many life disciplines. That is why the increasing trend in recent years for the graphene and graphene oxides is observed.    

scholarly journals Reinterpreting Existenzminimum in Contemporary Affordable Housing Solutions

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 326-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Brysch
Keyword(s):  
Affordable Housing ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Housing Crisis ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Minimum Quality Standards ◽  
The Core ◽  
Increasing Trend ◽  
Low Cost Housing ◽  
Housing Typology ◽  
Minimum Quality

During the housing crisis of the 1920s, the German concept Existenzminimum (minimum dwelling) was developed and applied to the construction of public social housing. It was considered a design laboratory, where research, design, and experimentation would focus on a unique goal: create a space-efficient affordable housing typology, based on minimum quality standards. Empirical evidence indicates a renewed interest in alternative design solutions and minimum dwelling approaches over the last decade: examples include micro-housing solutions and collaborative housing models. This is due to the current affordable crisis and the increasing trend of urbanisation. However, little is known about the current interpretation of Existenzminimum. What does the concept entail today and how has it developed? This article investigates if and how Existenzminimum is currently applied: first, it unfolds the core design principles of the original Existenzminimum. Then, these principles are used to assess if and how existing affordable or low-cost housing approaches are current (re)interpretations of the concept. Finally, the article proposes a definition for a contemporary Existenzminimum, arguing that a better understanding and awareness of the concept can help urban planners, designers, policy-makers and citizens in developing alternative affordable housing solutions.

scholarly journals The origin and theological content of the Litany of the Most Holy Name of Jesus

2019 ◽  
pp. 165-179
Author(s):  
Dariusz Kwiatkowski
Keyword(s):  
Human Being ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Popular Piety ◽  
The Core ◽  
History Of ◽  
Entire History ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The Church ◽  
Mutual Communication

The article presents the sources, origin and theology of the Litany to the Holy Name of Jesus. The rst part shows the mystery of names. It is the symbolism of man and the process of mutual communication that is the core. Names are the living souls of every being. Thanks to names, human beings are not anonymous. In ancient times, names would never be overlooked as insigni cant conventional terms as they had a meaningful part in the role that a given being took on in the uni- verse. The name has a meaning and is treated as a kind of a spiritual substance, as something real, something that truly exists. The sources of Jesus’ titles present in the Litany to the Name of Jesus are the Holy Scriptures, the writings of the Fathers of the Church and popular piety. The Litany to the Holy Name of Jesus shows the richness of the content in the Name of Jesus, which contains the truth about His deity and His in nite love for the whole of creation and especially for every human being. The Litany is a summary of the entire history of salvation, in which the name of Jesus became “a name above all names” (see Flp 2: 8-11).

scholarly journals Bias correction of gauge-based gridded product to improve extreme precipitation analysis in the Yarlung Tsangpo-Brahmaputra River Basin

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xian Luo ◽  
Xuemei Fan ◽  
Yungang Li ◽  
Xuan Ji
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Bias Correction ◽  
Extreme Precipitation ◽  
Precipitation Data ◽  
Brahmaputra River ◽  
Spatial Coverage ◽  
Extreme Precipitation Indices ◽  
Precipitation Analysis ◽  
Precipitation Indices ◽  
Yarlung Tsangpo

Abstract. Critical gaps in the amount, quality, consistency, availability, and spatial distribution of rainfall data limit extreme precipitation analysis, and the application of gridded precipitation data are challenging because of their considerable biases. This study corrected Asian Precipitation Highly Resolved Observational Data Integration Towards Evaluation of Water Resources (APHRODITE) in the Yarlung Tsangpo-Brahmaputra River Basin (YBRB) using two linear and two nonlinear methods, and assessed their influence on extreme precipitation indices. The results showed that the original APHRODITE data tended to underestimate precipitation during the summer monsoon season, especially in the topographically complex Himalayan belt. Bias correction using complementary rainfall observations to add spatial coverage in data-sparse regions greatly improved the performance of extreme precipitation analysis. Although all methods could correct mean precipitation, their ability to correct the wet-day frequency and coefficient of variation were substantially different, leading to considerable differences in extreme precipitation indices. Generally, higher-skill bias-corrected APHRODITE data are expected to perform better than those corrected by lower-skill approaches. This study would provide reference for using gridded precipitation data in extreme precipitation analysis and selecting bias-corrected method for rainfall products in data-sparse regions.

scholarly journals The Application of the Philosophical Thinking of “Three” From I Ching to Medical Education

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingjie Du ◽  
Xinqing Zhang ◽  
Jinjing Zhang ◽  
Guyan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Medical Humanities ◽  
Chinese Philosophy ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Philosophical Thinking ◽  
I Ching ◽  
Philosophical Concept ◽  
The Core ◽  
Ancient Times

Since ancient times, the Chinese have had a special understanding of the “Three”. Chinese philosophy originates from the I Ching, and the philosophical concept of “Three” is the core of the I Ching. The philosophical thinking about “Three” entails a complete dialectical thinking method that is consistent with the Western philosophical concept of “One Dividing into Three”. In this paper, we explain the philosophical concept of “Three” and suggest its application to medical education, including the learning and application of new technology, shared decision making between doctors and patients, and integration of medical humanities and medical science.

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal Variation of Hydrogen and Oxygen Stable Isotopes in the Yarlung Tsangpo River Basin, Southern Tibetan Plateau

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ya-Ni Yan ◽  
Jun-Wen Zhang ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Gui-Shan Zhang ◽  
Jian-Yang Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotopes ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
River Water ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Flow Direction ◽  
Spatiotemporal Variation ◽  
Altitude Effect ◽  
Moisture Sources ◽  
Yarlung Tsangpo ◽  
Yarlung Tsangpo River

Characterization of spatiotemporal variation of the stable isotopes δ18O and δD in surface water is essential to trace the water cycle, indicate moisture sources, and reconstruct paleoaltimetry. In this study, river water, rainwater, and groundwater samples were collected in the Yarlung Tsangpo River (YTR) Basin before (BM) and after the monsoon precipitation (AM) to investigate the δ18O and δD spatiotemporal variation of natural water. Most of the river waters are distributed along GMWL and the line of d-excess = 10‰, indicating that they are mainly originated from precipitation. Temporally, the δ18O and δD of river water are higher in BM series (SWL: δD = 10.26δ18O+43.01, R2 = 0.98) than AM series (SWL: δD = 9.10δ18O + 26.73, R2 = 0.82). Spatially, the isotopic compositions of tributaries increase gradually from west to east (BM: δ18O = 0.65Lon (°)-73.89, R2 = 0.79; AM: δ18O = 0.45Lon (°)-57.81, R2 = 0.70) and from high altitude to low (BM: δ18O = −0.0025Alt(m)-73.89, R2 = 0.66; AM: δ18O = −0.0018Alt(m)-10.57, R2 = 0.58), which conforms to the “continent effect” and “altitude effect” of precipitation. In the lower reaches of the mainstream, rainwater is the main source, so the variations of δ18O and δD are normally elevated with the flow direction. Anomalously, in the middle reaches, the δ18Omainstream and δDmainstream values firstly increase and then decrease. From the Saga to Lhaze section, the higher positive values of δ18Omainstream are mainly caused by groundwater afflux, which has high δ18O and low d-excess values. The δ18Omainstream decrease from the Lhaze to Qushui section is attributed to the combined action of the import of depleted 18O and D groundwater and tributaries. Therefore, because of the recharge of groundwater with markedly different δ18O and δD values, the mainstream no longer simply inherits the isotopic composition from precipitation. These results suggest that in the YTR Basin, if the δ18O value of surface water is used to trace moisture sources or reconstruct the paleoaltimetry, it is necessary to rule out the influence from groundwater.

scholarly journals Ge/Si Ratio of River Water in the Yarlung Tsangpo: Implications for Hydrothermal Input and Chemical Weathering

Water ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 181
Author(s):  
Yuchen Wang ◽  
Tong Zhao ◽  
Zhifang Xu ◽  
Huiguo Sun ◽  
Jiangyi Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Tibetan Plateau ◽  
River Water ◽  
Chemical Weathering ◽  
Iron Hydroxide ◽  
Mineral Dissolution ◽  
The Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Yarlung Tsangpo ◽  
Yarlung Tsangpo River ◽  
Clay Formation ◽  
Hydrothermal Water

Germanium/Silicon (Ge/Si) ratio is a common proxy for primary mineral dissolution and secondary clay formation yet could be affected by hydrothermal and anthropogenic activities. To decipher the main controls of riverine Ge/Si ratios and evaluate the validity of the Ge/Si ratio as a weathering proxy in the Tibetan Plateau, a detailed study was presented on Ge/Si ratios in the Yarlung Tsangpo River, southern Tibetan Plateau. River water and hydrothermal water were collected across different climatic and tectonic zones, with altitudes ranging from 800 m to 5000 m. The correlations between TDS (total dissolved solids) and the Ge/Si ratio and Si and Ge concentrations of river water, combined with the spatial and temporal variations of the Ge/Si ratio, indicate that the contribution of hydrothermal water significantly affects the Ge/Si ratio of the Yarlung Tsangpo River water, especially in the upper and middle reaches. Based on the mass balance calculation, a significant amount of Ge (11–88%) has been lost during its transportation from hydrothermal water to the river system; these could result from the incorporation of Ge on/into clays, iron hydroxide, and sulfate mineral. In comparison, due to the hydrothermal input, the average Ge/Si ratio in the Yarlung Tsangpo River is a magnitude order higher than the majority of rivers over the world. Therefore, evaluation of the contribution of hydrothermal sources should be considered when using the Ge/Si ratio to trace silicate weathering in rivers around the Tibetan Plateau.

scholarly journals Stable Strontium Isotopic Compositions of River Water, Groundwater and Sediments From the Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna River System in Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshihiro Yoshimura ◽  
Shigeyuki Wakaki ◽  
Hodaka Kawahata ◽  
H. M. Zakir Hossain ◽  
Takuya Manaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
River Water ◽  
Chemical Weathering ◽  
Drainage Basin ◽  
Dissolution Kinetics ◽  
River System ◽  
Ganges River ◽  
Brahmaputra River ◽  
Terrestrial Water ◽  
Stable Strontium ◽  
The Ganges

The Sr isotopic composition of rivers and groundwaters in the Bengal Plain is a major contributor to the global oceanic Sr inventory. The stable strontium isotope ratios (δ88Sr) provide a new tool to identify chemical weathering reactions in terrestrial water. In this study, we investigated the spatiotemporal variations of δ88Sr in samples of river water, bedload sediment, and groundwater collected from the Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna drainage basin in Bangladesh, which is known to strongly influence the 87Sr/86Sr ratio in seawater. The average δ88Sr values of waters of the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna rivers were 0.269, 0.316, and 0.278‰, respectively. Our data showed little difference between seasons of high and low discharge. The δ88Sr values measured in sequential leaching fractions of sediments varied from –0.258 to 0.516‰ and were highest in the silicate fraction, followed in turn by the carbonate fraction and the exchangeable fraction. Both 87Sr/86Sr and δ88Sr of these waters are primarily controlled by the inputs of Sr in weathering products from the Bengal Plain and Sr from the Himalayan rivers (Ganges and Brahmaputra). Values of δ88Sr and Sr/Ca were higher in the Brahmaputra River than in the Ganges River, a difference we attribute to greater input from silicate weathering. The variations of δ88Sr and 87Sr/86Sr were greater in groundwater than in river waters. Mineral sorting effects and dissolution kinetics can account for the large scatter in 87Sr/86Sr and δ88Sr values. The depth profile of δ88Sr showed wide variation at shallow depths and convergence to a narrow range of about 0.31‰ at depths greater than 70 m, which reflects more complete equilibration of chemical interactions between groundwater and ambient sediments owing to the longer residence time of deeper groundwater. We found that δ88Sr values in the groundwater of Bangladesh were almost identical to those of river water from the lower Meghna River downstream of its confluence with the Ganges–Brahmaputra river system, thus confirming that the δ88Sr composition of the groundwater discharge to the Bay of Bengal is very similar to that of the river discharge.

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