scholarly journals Water Security and Local People Sensitivity to Climate Variability and Change Among Coastal Communities in Zanzibar

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Makame Omar Makame ◽  
Richard Y.M. Kangalawe
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Hard Water ◽  
Coastal Communities ◽  
Water Insecurity ◽  
Local Climate

This paper presents one part of a larger, multidimensional study on the vulnerability of Zanzibar coastal communities to climate change and other stressors, focusing on water insecurity in two sites on the Zanzibar coast. Water security is composed of three components, namely water availability, water accessibility and the quality of available water. Findings from the study showed that water from wells is the major source of household water since tap water supply is often erratic. Farming systems are completely rain-fed, while some livestock owners use coral caves as the main source of water for their animals. Water quality is a major challenge along the coast as the majority of wells and coral caves in the study sites contain hard water with varying levels of salinity. A diversity of physical and social factors such as variability in water supply infrastructure, settlement structure, poverty, geology and geohydrology, variability in supply and poor water resource management adversely interact with local climate phenomena such as sea level rise, salt water incursion and drought to intensify water insecurity along the Zanzibar coast. Among the policy options to address these challenges would be to promote rainwater harvesting and increased utilisation of underground water for irrigation in the dry areas in order to increase agricultural production and reduce poverty.

scholarly journals Infrastructure for water security: coping with risks in rural Kenya

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 481-489
Author(s):  
Leigh C. Hamlet ◽  
Mark Mwiti Kamui ◽  
Jessica Kaminsky
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Universal Access ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Water Insecurity ◽  
Related Risk ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
Rural Kenya

Abstract Achieving universal access to sufficient water is becoming more challenging as climate change exacerbates water insecurity. Previous studies of water insecurity and climate-related hazards recommend understanding how people perceive and manage water-related risks. By uniquely combining protection motivation theory and photovoice, we explore water infrastructure's function in rural Kenyan households’ perception and mitigation of water-related risk. We find that infrastructure construction provides a sense of security, regardless of long-term management plans. During the dry season, built infrastructure's viability to mitigate risk is strained due to natural infrastructure's unreliability. In the context of limited built infrastructure, natural infrastructure, though unimproved, is necessary for water security. In the expected absence of large-scale infrastructure projects, for water authorities in rural Kenya, we recommend the construction of small-scale infrastructure to increase reliance upon rainwater harvesting and lessen the strain on other built infrastructure during the dry season. Coupling our method with an itemized scale can help explain discrepancies between actual insecurity and individuals’ responses to help water authorities predict interventions’ effectiveness and inform the division of responsibilities in policies intended to promote sustainable infrastructure management. We also recommend our method for assessing water infrastructure's role among households managing multiple climate-related risks to expand the resilience of the infrastructure.

scholarly journals Sustainable Water Resources Management in Small Greek Islands under Changing Climate

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1694
Author(s):  
Ioannis M. Kourtis ◽  
Konstantinos G. Kotsifakis ◽  
Elissavet G. Feloni ◽  
Evangelos A. Baltas
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Aegean Sea ◽  
Management Scenarios ◽  
Sustainable Water Resources Management ◽  
Harvesting Systems ◽  
Alternative Water

Five different water resource management scenarios are examined on eight dry islands of the Aegean Sea in Greece, pitting the current practice of water hauling via ship against alternative water supply schemes in delivering a sustainable solution for meeting water demand. The first scenario employs current water supply practices along with the operation of domestic rainwater harvesting systems. Desalinated water, provided through the operation of wind-powered desalination plants, is considered the main source of potable water in the rest of scenarios. Wind-powered desalination may be combined with rainwater harvesting as a supplementary source of water and/or seawater pumping and an additional source of energy that is supplied to the system. All different alternatives are evaluated for a 30-year lifespan, and an optimal solution is proposed for each island, based on a life cycle cost (LCC) analysis. The performance of this solution is then assessed under six climate change (CC) scenarios in terms of the rate of on-grid versus off-grid renewable energy that is required in order to achieve a certain reliability level. Overall, the examined scenarios show a decreasing performance in terms of reliability under CC for the eight islands.

scholarly journals Scarcity Amidst Plenty: Lower Himalayan Cities Struggling for Water Security

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hemant Ojha ◽  
Kaustuv Raj Neupane ◽  
Chandra Lal Pandey ◽  
Vishal Singh ◽  
Roshan Bajracharya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Local Governance ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Climate Science ◽  
Water Planning ◽  
Water Insecurity ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Governance Capacity ◽  
Coordinated Water

In recent years, growing water insecurity in the Himalayan region has attracted new scientific research and fresh attention on policy. In this paper, we synthesize field research evidence from a sample of five Himalayan cities—three in Nepal and two in the western Indian Himalayas—on various forms of water insecurity and cities’ responses to such challenges. We gathered evidence from a field research conducted in these cities between 2014 and 2018. We show how different types of Himalayan towns (mainly hilltop, foot hill, river side, touristic, and regional trading hub) are struggling to secure water for their residents and tourists, as well as for the wider urban economy. We found that even though the region receives significant amounts of precipitation in the form of snow and rainfall, it is facing increasing levels of water insecurity. Four of the five towns we studied are struggling to develop well-performing local institutions to manage water supply. Worse still, none of the cities have a robust system of water planning and governance to tackle the water challenges emerging from rapid urbanization and climate change. In the absence of a coordinated water planning agency, a complex mix of government, community, and private systems of water supply has emerged in the Himalayan towns across both Nepal and India. There is clearly a need for strengthening local governance capacity as well as down-scaling climate science to inform water planning at the city level.

scholarly journals AKSESIBILITI BEKALAN AIR TERAWAT DAN CABARAN SEKURITI AIR DI PULAU SEBATIK, MALAYSIA

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
AMIRAH ABDIN ◽  
NORDIN SAKKE ◽  
ADI JAFAR
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Quality Level ◽  
Microsoft Excel ◽  
Rationing Problems

Akses terhadap sumber air merupakan satu keperluan bagi setiap manusia. Bekalan air bersih terawat menjadi agenda penting negara seperti yang dinyatakan dalam Dasar Sumber Air Negara (2012). Pulau Sebatik yang dimiliki oleh Malaysia telah memiliki sistem bekalan air paip tersendiri yang diperoleh daripada Loji Rawatan Air (LRA) Wallace Bay yang terletak di bahagian barat. Walaupun jaringan paip telah meliputi sehingga Rancangan Bergosong yang terletak di bahagian tengah pulau, tetapi masyarakat masih tidak mendapat bekalan air yang mampan. Oleh itu, kajian ini cuba melihat tahap sekuriti air dalam konteks capaian bekalan air terawat di Pulau Sebatik. Bagi mencapai objektif kajian, soal selidik dan temu bual telah dijalankan. Data-data soal selidik dianalisis menggunakan analisis jadual silang dalam Microsoft Excel. Di samping itu, sumber temu bual digunakan untuk menyokong dapatan soal selidik melalui analisis kata demi kata berpandukan kolektif memori responden. Umumnya, kemampuan masyarakat untuk menikmati bekalan air paip yang efisien di pulau ini masih berada pada tahap yang rendah. Penduduk sering menghadapi catuan bekalan air, terutama di kawasan jauh daripada LRA seperti Kampung Sungai Tongkang (76.5 peratus) dan Kampung Bergosong (78.0 peratus), berbanding Kampung Wallace Bay (28.4 peratus) yang terletak dekat dengan LRA. Lebih 50 peratus penduduk yang menghadapi catuan sering menghadapi masalah bekalan air antara tiga hingga lima hari dalam seminggu. Selain catuan, penduduk Sebatik tidak selesa dengan tahap kualiti air, iaitu lebih 50 peratus berpendapat air paip terasa klorin (54.7 peratus), payau (3.1 peratus) dan kadang-kadang keruh (21.1 peratus). Lantaran itu, para penduduk terpaksa bergantung dengan air hujan dan telaga sebagai alternatif untuk kegunaan harian utama. Dapatan ini diharapkan menjadi panduan kepada masyarakat di kawasan lain agar mampu memberikan reaksi dengan masalah bekalan air agar berupaya beradaptasi dengan masalah yang dihadapi.   Access to water resources is a necessity for every human being. No matter where the location is, clean water supply is an important to our agenda as stated in the National Water Resources Policy (2012). Sebatik Island owned by Malaysia has its own piped water supply system obtained from the Wallace Bay Water Treatment Plant (LRA) which is located in the western part. Although the pipeline has covered up to Rancangan Bergosong in the central area, but the island community still do not have sustainable of water supply. Therefore, this study attempts to look at the problems faced by the community in Sebatik Island in the context of access to tap water supply. Therefore, this study has analysed the water security accessibility of treated water supply in Sebatik Island. To achieve the objectives, questionnaires and interviews were conducted. Questionnaire data were analysed using crosstabulation analysis using Microsoft Excel. In addition, the interviews are used to support the findings of the questionnaire through the analysis of verbatim guided by the collective memory of respondents. In general, the ability of the community to enjoy an efficient supply of tap water on the island is still at a low level. Residents often face water supply rationing, especially in areas far from the LRA such as Kampung Sungai Tongkang (76.5 per cent) and Kampung Bergosong (78.0 per cent) compared to Kampung Wallace Bay (28.4 per cent) closer to the LRA. More than 50 per cent of the population who suffer from water rationing, often face water supply problems between three to five days a week. In addition to water rationing problems, Sebatik residents feel uncomfortable with the water quality level where more than 50 per cent said tap water contains excess chlorine (54.7 pe cent) and brackish taste (3.1 per cent) and sometimes turbid (21.1 per cent). As a result, residents have to rely on rainwater and wells as an alternative as the main daily water use. This finding is expected to be a guide to community in other areas in order to strive the water supply problem.

Aspects of Hydrology and Water Resource Management of ASALs in the Tropics

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Christopher Misati Ondieki
Keyword(s):  
Resource Management ◽  
Water Resource ◽  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Resource Planning ◽  
Water Insecurity ◽  
Governance Challenges ◽  
The Tropics

ASALs in the tropics present challenges to sustainable livelihoods that include drought vagaries, changing land uses, population increase, water insecurity due to rising demands and quality deterioration, as well as environmental degradation leading to declining agricultural productivity and food security. Climate change and transboundary conflicts give rise to governance challenges in water resource management of the ASALs in the tropics, and knowledge of the hydrologic processes would be critical in policy and stakeholder engagement. This chapter discusses the various aspects pertaining to the pertinent hydrological processes crucial for sustainable resource planning and development in watersheds in the tropics and also proposes best management practices including rainwater harvesting that would ensure sustained information and data for improved livelihoods in ASALs.

Some Experimental Discussion of Accuracies in Quantitative Virus Assessment for Water Supply

1985 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 127-138
Author(s):  
Hisashi Sumitomo
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Lake Biwa ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Statistical Procedure ◽  
Statistical Nature ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Risk ◽  
Precise Assessment

Chlorination has been believed to be the best sterilization method in water supply engineering for many years. However, the recent carcinogenic problem of trihalomethanes (THM) formed from organic compounds by chlorination requires us to assess the public health risk of THM. The author tried an assessment of a suitable chlorination technique considering both the effects of THM and viruses on human health, using Lake Biwa as a representative example of a water resource in Japan. Statistical handling of data was revealed to be important because of the statistical nature of the data. In other words, since both concentrations are very low in tap water, we need to quantify both the effects and concentrations with probabilities. In the first part of this paper, a statistical procedure and numerical results of the assessment of virus and THM risks are shown. In the second part some results of accuracies in virus experiments are briefly shown. These experiments concerning statistical problems are particularly important for more precise assessment of the public risk of viruses in tap water.

Effect of different treatments on the seed bank of grazed and ungrazed Baltic seashore meadows

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (7) ◽  
pp. 1188-1197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heli M. Jutila b. Erkkilä
Keyword(s):  
Seed Bank ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Cold Treatment ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Seed Banks ◽  
The West ◽  
Pesticide Treatment ◽  
Juncus Gerardii

Seed banks of two seashore meadows were studied on the west coast of Finland (latitude 61°30'-61°33'N, longitude 21°28'-21°41'E). Samples were taken in June to a depth of 10 cm in the geolittoral zone of the grazed and ungrazed transects. The grazed samples were halved lengthwise: one half was grown immediately, the other after cold treatment. One third of the all samples was treated as controls, one third was watered with brackish water, and one third was given a pesticide treatment. Altogether, 13 926 seedlings germinated and 25 species were identified (three annuals, two biennials, and the rest perennials). Most seedlings were perennial monocots, with Juncus gerardii Loisel. the most abundant species. The seed bank was significantly larger and richer in the ungrazed site than in the grazed site. Cold treatment reduced the number of germinating species and seedlings. In the grazed and non-cold-treated samples, the numbers of species and seedlings were highest in the pesticide treatment. In ungrazed samples there were no significant differences among treatments. After the cold treatment, the least number of species and seedlings was produced by the salt-water treatment. Changing brackish water to tap water led to a burst of germination, especially of J. gerardii. The seed bank of the upper geolittoral zone was richer than that of the middle geolittoral. The multivariate classification and ordination groupings are based on the abundances of J. gerardii and Glaux maritima L.; different treatments were not distinguishable. There was a low resemblance between the seed bank and the aboveground vegetation.Key words: seed bank, salinity, pesticide, seashore meadow, cold treatment, vegetation.

scholarly journals Development and Verification of the Available Number of Water Intake Days in Ungauged Local Water Source Using the SWAT Model and Flow Recession Curves

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 1511
Author(s):  
Jung-Ryel Choi ◽  
Il-Moon Chung ◽  
Se-Jin Jeung ◽  
Kyung-Su Choo ◽  
Cheong-Hyeon Oh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Swat Model ◽  
High Water ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Regional Government

Climate change significantly affects water supply availability due to changes in the magnitude and seasonality of runoff and severe drought events. In the case of Korea, despite high water supply ratio, more populations have continued to suffer from restricted regional water supplies. Though Korea enacted the Long-Term Comprehensive Water Resources Plan, a field survey revealed that the regional government organizations limitedly utilized their drought-related data. These limitations present a need for a system that provides a more intuitive drought review, enabling a more prompt response. Thus, this study presents a rating curve for the available number of water intake days per flow, and reviews and calibrates the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model mediators, and found that the coefficient of determination, Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), and percent bias (PBIAS) from 2007 to 2011 were at 0.92, 0.84, and 7.2%, respectively, which were “very good” levels. The flow recession curve was proposed after calculating the daily long-term flow and extracted the flow recession trends during days without precipitation. In addition, the SWAT model’s flow data enables the quantitative evaluations of the number of available water intake days without precipitation because of the high hit rate when comparing the available number of water intake days with the limited water supply period near the study watershed. Thus, this study can improve drought response and water resource management plans.

scholarly journals Impact of Extreme Drought Climate on Water Security in North Borneo: Case Study of Sabah

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1135
Author(s):  
Carolyn Payus ◽  
Lim Ann Huey ◽  
Farrah Adnan ◽  
Andi Besse Rimba ◽  
Geetha Mohan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Resource ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Extreme Drought ◽  
Northeast Monsoon ◽  
Water Insecurity ◽  
The North ◽  
North Borneo

For countries in Southeast Asia that mainly rely on surface water as their water resource, changes in weather patterns and hydrological systems due to climate change will cause severely decreased water resource availability. Warm weather triggers more water use and exacerbates the extraction of water resources, which will change the operation patterns of water usage and increase demand, resulting in water scarcity. The occurrence of prolonged drought upsets the balance between water supply and demand, significantly increasing the vulnerability of regions to damaging impacts. The objectives of this study are to identify trends and determine the impacts of extreme drought events on water levels for the major important water dams in the northern part of Borneo, and to assess the risk of water insecurity for the dams. In this context, remote sensing images are used to determine the degree of risk of water insecurity in the regions. Statistical methods are used in the analysis of daily water levels and rainfall data. The findings show that water levels in dams on the North and Northeast Coasts of Borneo are greatly affected by the extreme drought climate caused by the Northeast Monsoon, with mild to the high risk recorded in terms of water insecurity, with only two of the water dams being water-secure. This study shows how climate change has affected water availability throughout the regions.

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