scholarly journals Determinants of Smallholder Farmers’ Willingness to Pay for Irrigation Water in Kerio Valley Basin, Kenya

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonah Kiprop ◽  
Kelvin Mulungu ◽  
Noah Kibet ◽  
Antony Macharia
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Farmer Participation ◽  
Irrigation Scheme ◽  
Water Users ◽  
Sustainable Water Resources Management

Food security is the major outcome of irrigation development activities. However, this cannot be achieved without sustainable water resources management. With the increasing budgetary constraints in many developing countries, governments have recognized the need to delegate irrigation scheme management to Irrigation Water Users’ Associations (IWUA’s) as much as possible. Despite the majority of these associations being operational, the major challenge has been poor performance due to inadequate farmer participation. This study examines the factors which influence farmers’ willingness to pay for irrigation water in a smallholder irrigation scheme in Kerio Valley Basin, Kenya. Using a multi-stage sampling method, a representative sample of 216 smallholder farmers from the Basin were interviewed. Results show that education level, access to training on irrigation, participation in construction of the irrigation system, crop income from irrigation and membership in IWUA significantly and positively influence farmers’ decisions to pay for irrigation water. Distance to the water source reduces the willingness to pay for irrigation water. Differential pricing based on income levels of farmers, rather than uniform pricing is recommended. We further recommend formulation of policies to train farmers in water management and to support farmer participation in IWUA’s.

scholarly journals Assessment of Soil Salinity and Irrigation Water Quality of Chanchaga Irrigation Scheme I, Minna, Niger State

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim A Kuti ◽  
Bolaji A Adabembe ◽  
John J Musa ◽  
Peter A Adeoye ◽  
Murtala Animashaun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Sodium Absorption ◽  
Irrigation Water Quality ◽  
Irrigation Scheme ◽  
Soil And Water

The extent to which salinity is increasing in arid and semi-arid regions recently has become a concern in irrigation and non-irrigation land. In view of this, the study evaluated soil salinity and irrigation water quality at Chanchaga Irrigation Scheme I, Minna, Niger State with the aim of assessing the soil fertility status and irrigation water source of the scheme. The study took soil samples at 0 - 30cm depth from irrigated and non-irrigated plots and water was taken from the main point of the border irrigation system. Both soil and water sample collected were subjected to laboratory analysis. The study determined sodium absorption ratio and exchangeable sodium percentage of soil and water parameters analyzed in the laboratory. The Levene's test for equality of variances was performed on the concentration of the parameters analyzed in both soil (irrigated and non-irrigated plot) and water of the scheme. The study reveals that the sodium concentration was found higher in the irrigated plot than control plot and the EC and SAR values of the irrigated plot was classified as sodic. The SAR and other exchangeable values in both irrigated and non-irrigated plot have equal variances (> 0.10) with the exception of chlorine which is significant. The level of potassium in the water was higher and sodic in nature. The study concluded that the sodium hazard in both soil and water was higher than the desirable limits. It is important to take the soil sample of the whole plots so as to examine the salt variation in the scheme

scholarly journals Study on the irrigation water distribution system developed by Barind Multipurpose Development Authority

1970 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Mosiur Rahman ◽  
A.H.M. Kamal ◽  
Abdullah Al Mamun ◽  
Md. Shafi Uddin Miah
Keyword(s):  
Water Loss ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Buried Pipe

Irrigated agriculture has been playing a vital role for the growth in crop production in Bangladesh. Minor irrigation comprising of shallow tubewells (STWs), deep tubewells (DTWs), hand tubewells (HTWs) and low-lift pumps (LLPs) is a major irrigation system in the country. Poor performance of irrigation is an issue for the expansion of irrigated area. The present study was carried out to examine the conveyance efficiency and rate of irrigation water loss in DTW schemes in Bogra, Thakurgaon and Godagari zones of Barind Management Development Authority. There were various types of water distribution identified in these schemes with including Poly Venyl Chloride (PVC) buried pipe, cement concrete (CC) rectangular, Ferro trapezoidal, Ferro semicircular and rectangular earth drain. The average conveyance efficiency of PVC buried pipe for Bogra, Thakurgaon and Godagari zones ranged from 94.46% to 95.37% and rate of water loss ranged from 5.45% to 9.55% in three study zones. Average conveyance efficiency of CC rectangular for Bogra and Godagari zone ranged from 91.20% and rate of water loss from 6.58% to 9.93%. Average conveyance efficiency of Ferro trapezoid for Bogra and Godagari zone ranged from 87.80% to 90.06% and rate of water loss ranged from 9.94% to 12.21%. Average conveyance efficiency of Ferro semicircle for Bogra and Godagari zone ranged between 88.13% and 86.82% and rate of water loss between 11.59% and 11.68%. Average conveyance efficiency and rate of water loss of rectangular earth drain Godagari zone was 58.66% and 42.29% respectively. About 80% farmers recommended buried pipe irrigation system and about 20% semi-circular channel. The study suggests that the improved water distribution system as developed by BMDA is sustainable to increase productivity of irrigation systems in Bangladesh. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbayr.v1i2.10032

scholarly journals O EFEITO DA QUALIDADE DA ÁGUA NO ENTUPIMENTO DE EMISSORES E NO DESEMPENHO DE FILTROS UTILIZADOS NA IRRIGAÇÃO POR GOTEJAMENTO

Irriga ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tulio Assunção Pires Ribeiro ◽  
José Euclides Stipp Paterniani ◽  
Rogério Pereira da Silva Airoldi ◽  
Marcelo Jacomini Moreira da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Biological Parameters ◽  
Trickle Irrigation ◽  
Filter Performance ◽  
Medium Risk

O EFEITO DA QUALIDADE DA ÁGUA NO ENTUPIMENTO DE  EMISSORES E NO DESEMPENHO DE FILTROS UTILIZADOS NA IRRIGAÇÃO POR GOTEJAMENTO   Túlio Assunção Pires Ribeiro; José Euclides Stipp Paterniani; Rogério Pereira da Silva Airoldi; Marcelo Jacomini Moreira da SilvaDepartamento de Água e Solo, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, [email protected]   1 RESUMO  O presente trabalho teve como objetivo proceder a investigação experimental de uma fonte hídrica superficial, utilizada em um sistema de irrigação por gotejamento, bem como verificar sua influência na obstrução dos gotejadores e no desempenho de dois filtros um de disco e outro de mata sintética não tecida. A água de irrigação foi clorada, empregando-se hipoclorito  de sódio. Utilizou-se água provinda de um reservatório aberto, onde foi instalado um módulo de irrigação localizada para o estudo.  Analisou-se a variação temporal da qualidade da água durante um ano, onde considerou-se os principais parâmetros físicos, químicos e biológicos da água que causam problemas de entupimentos nos emissores. O desempenho dos filtros foi feito através da comparação das concentrações dos efluentes dos filtros de disco (usualmente utilizado para este fim) e manta sintética não tecida,  em relação aos parâmetros físicos e biológicas. O grau de obstrução dos emissores foi avaliado através de ensaios de vazão que determinaram a uniformidade de distribuição da água através de dois índices, onde variou-se o número de emissores amostrados.  A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em quatro etapas de 30 dias, realizadas em diferentes estações do ano. Os resultados apontaram na água de irrigação, que os parâmetros químicos pH e o ferro apresentaram médio risco de entupimento e sulfetos de hidrogênio mostraram alto risco de entupimento.  Não houve uma diferença no desempenho do filtro de manta e de disco com relação aos parâmetros físicos e biológicos de seus efluentes.  Os valores das médias dos índices de uniformidade de distribuição de água foram bem próximos para as duas parcelas que utilizaram os dois filtros de manta e disco.  UNITERMOS: irrigação localizada, índice de uniformidade, filtração, manta sintética não tecida, tratamento químico  RIBEIRO, T. A. P.; PATERNIANI, J. E. S.; AIROLDI, R. P. da S.; SILVA, M. J. M. da THE WATER QUALITY EFFECT IN THE CLOGGING OF EMITTERS AND THE PERFORMANCE OF FILTERS UTILIZED IN THE TRICKLE IRRIGATION  2 ABSTRACT  The present work aimed to carry out an experimental investigation of a superficial water source utilized in trickle irrigation as well as verify its influence in the clogging of drippers and in the performance of two filters: a disc one and a non woven synthetic one. The irrigation water was chlorinated with sodium hypochlorite. The water used in this experiment was from an open reservoir where an experimental trickle irrigation system was installed. The temporal variations of the water quality was assessed for one year, considering the main physical, chemical and biological parameters of the water that causes clogging in the emitters. The filter performance was assessed by comparing the effluent concentration in the disc filters (normally used for this purpose) and in non-woven synthetic fabric, for physical and biological parameters. The emitter obstruction degree was assessed through flow tests which determined the uniformity of water distribution through two rates where the number of sampled emitters varied. The research was developed in four 30-day stages, carried out in different seasons of the year. For the irrigation water, the results indicated that the chemical parameters (pH) and iron showed a medium risk of clogging whereas hydrogen sulphites showed a high risk of clogging. There was not a difference in the performance of fabric and disc filters in relation to physical and biological parameters of their effluents. The average values for  water distribution uniformity rates were pretty close for the two blocks that utilized both disc and fabric filters.  KEYWORDS: trickle irrigation, uniformity index, filtration, non-woven synthetic fabrics, chemical treatment

scholarly journals Smallholder willingness to pay and preferences in the way irrigation water should be managed: a choice experiment application in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Water SA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (3 July) ◽  
Author(s):  
U Chipfupa ◽  
E Wale
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Choice Experiment ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Water Pricing ◽  
Sustainable Utilization ◽  
Irrigation Intensity ◽  
Kwazulu Natal ◽  
The Way

Efficient and sustainable utilization of irrigation water is the key to realizing the objective of enhancing agricultural productivity and commercializing smallholder irrigation farming. Valuing and recognizing the scarcity of irrigation water is essential for its sustainable use. Using cross-sectional data from 328 smallholders in and around Makhathini and Ndumo-B irrigation schemes in KwaZulu-Natal Province, the study aimed to assess smallholder farmers’ preferences for the way irrigation water resources should be managed and their willingness to pay for irrigation water. This was done employing a choice experiment method. The results suggest the need for irrigation water pricing to reflect irrigation intensity. They also show that improving agricultural production and productivity, with market access can enhance farmers’ willingness and ability to pay for irrigation water. The need to consider multiple uses of irrigation water for sustainable utilization of water resources is evident, while supporting women smallholders will have a positive impact on their willingness to pay for irrigation water. The paper recommends a shift towards on-farm volumetric water pricing in the irrigation schemes. The schemes should also have clearly defined boundaries and enforceable rules on collective use of water. The design of irrigation infrastructure should integrate other uses of irrigation water such as domestic and livestock purposes. Consequently, there is a need for further research to ensure that irrigation water prices reflect the marginal value of irrigation water use. Policies should address factors that inherently result in gender differences in terms of access to productive resources which negatively affect sustainable water utilization.

Participatory irrigation water management in the Jordan Valley

Water Policy ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 305-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amer Salman ◽  
Emad Al-Karablieh ◽  
Hans-Jochen Regner ◽  
Heinz-Peter Wolff ◽  
Munther Haddadin
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Jordan Valley ◽  
Irrigation Water Management ◽  
Water Users ◽  
Participatory Irrigation Management ◽  
The Government

This paper reviews Jordan's relatively short experience gained since participatory irrigation management (PIM), was introduced with due consideration of the traditional social and cultural merits. The introduction of PIM was a meaningful partial shift in the paradigm of operation of the Jordan Valley irrigation system that has been undertaken by government agencies since its staged implementation between 1960 and 1988. The Jordan Valley Authority (JVA) of the Ministry of Water and Irrigation, among other responsibilities, is the current government agency in charge of operation and maintenance of the irrigation system. The advantages of the introduced mode of operation, the PIM, especially in an environment of perpetual irrigation water shortage, are presented. The paper further discusses the multi-dimensional facets of PIM expressed by the representation of users’ community and by the level of representation as well as the interaction between the targeted groups and the government and highlights the virtues of “learning while implementing” in which midcourse corrections can be made in order to arrive at a state of equilibrium between the various stakeholders. The adoption of traditional cooperation as a basis for setting up water users associations (WUAs), is presented. The emergence of PIM as a competitor to management contracts adopted in municipal water and wastewater management in Jordan is touched upon and the dynamics of PIM application in the Jordan Valley, including the division of labor between the WUAs and JVA, is described.

scholarly journals Financial Capacity and Willingness of Farmers to Pay for Irrigation Services in the Post-reform Scenario in Pakistan: Two Case Studies

2002 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmood Ul Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Recent Experience ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Water Delivery ◽  
Irrigation Network ◽  
Water Service ◽  
Water Users ◽  
The Cost

To eliminate the subsidy on the canal irrigation system, the Government of Pakistan has decided to reform the management, intending to make it more efficient, equitable, transparent, and able to take care of the sustainability of the world’s largest contiguous irrigation network. The water users are being entrusted with greater role in the management through the formation of Farmers’ Organisations (FOs) to operate and maintain secondary canals and pay for full cost of water delivery. Ultimate payer will be the farmer. The economic viability of the reforms, therefore, much depends on farmers’ ability and willingness to pay for the cost of irrigation water delivery, which is expected to rise. This paper estimates financial liabilities of the farmers in the post-reform scenario, and assesses their capacity and willingness to pay for liabilities in the provinces of Punjab and Sindh. One distributary in each of the two provinces is studied as the reference distributary, where FOs have already been formed. The cost of desired level of operation and maintenance levels are worked out using secondary data for 1997-98. With these costs, the water users in the Punjab and Sindh provinces need to pay Rs 333 and Rs 373 per ha for their water service, respectively. The estimated O&M costs form about 5.4 and 3 percent of production costs and 3.8 and 3.5 percent of the net income in the Punjab and Sindh provinces respectively. The farmers’ net income from crop enterprise is higher than the cost of water. Thus, an average farmer has the potential to pay for water. Recent experience of Hakra 4-R Distributary FO suggests that the farmers are also willing to pay for water service, if they are organised properly.

scholarly journals Women Volunteerism for Protecting Watershed Ecosystem in Langat Basin

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Devika Krishnan ◽  
Shaharuddin Mohamad Ismail ◽  
Chamhur Siwari ◽  
Sara Kaffashi ◽  
Pushpawani Ramaloo
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Catchment Area ◽  
Contingent Valuation Method ◽  
Land Development ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Water Users ◽  
Valuation Method ◽  
Ecosystem Protection

Forested watershed provides abundant ecosystem services for water users including catchment area protection, flood regulation, provisioning of clean drinking water and climate regulation. However, the value of ecosystem services only partially takes into account by policy makers and indirectly cause overexploitation of natural resources. This study observes the economic role of women in protecting watershed ecosystem by calculating willingness to pay (WTP). Langat Basin is an imperative watershed that supplying fresh water source and other necessities to approximately 1.2 million people within the catchment area. Langat Basin has getting the effect of hasty growth through industrialization and land development actions. Women within Langat Basin has been selected through face to face interview for measure willingness to pay (WTP) towards ecosystem protection. Single Bounded Dichotomous Choice technique in Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) is engaged to calculate WTP of women. Willingness to pay of women in upstream is RM184.28, followed by women in middle stream is RM168.60 and lastly WTP of women in downstream is RM190.16. The willingness to pay women shows that women has potential to be part of ecosystem protection and signal to policy makers to include women in decision making process especially for environmental perspective.

Factors influencing water-use security among smallholder irrigating farmers in Msinga, KwaZulu-Natal Province

Water Policy ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 1209-1228 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Sharaunga ◽  
M. Mudhara
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Irrigation Canal ◽  
Irrigation Scheme ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Water Users ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Government Supervision ◽  
Local Municipality ◽  
Older Farmers

This study investigates the physical, socio-economic and institutional factors affecting water-use security among irrigating smallholder farmers in Msinga Local Municipality to recommend policy. Cluster analysis was used to classify farmers according to their water-use security status. The logit model was then used to investigate the socio-economic factors influencing farmers' water-use security status. It was found that the water-use security status of farmers was highly influenced by the irrigation scheme in which they were operating. Across the schemes, farmers in the head-end of the irrigation canal were more water-use secure than those in the tail-end. Older farmers and those with larger-sized farming land were more likely to be water-use secure. Those who had spent more years in the irrigation scheme and members of water users associations perceived themselves to be more water-use insecure. The poor monitoring and sanctioning, coupled with the ‘soft state’ environment, where unruly elements of society are not reprimanded, have failed agriculture in the survey areas as in most South African irrigation schemes. Thus, mere provision of water alone is not a sufficient condition for farmers to successfully farm on irrigation schemes. Instead, government supervision and law enforcement is also required to allow equitable access to water among irrigators.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document