scholarly journals Prioritising the Replanting Schedule of Seedling Tea Fields on Tea Estates for Drought Susceptibility Measured by the SWAPDT Method in the Absence of Historical In-filling Records

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Christopher Nyarukowa ◽  
Robert Koech ◽  
Theodor Loots ◽  
Jos Hageman ◽  
Zeno Apostolides
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Camellia Sinensis ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Historical Records ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Tea Field ◽  
Research Institute

Due to the unpredictable natural droughts that occur, causing tea farmers significant losses in tea estates, a two-day method for distinguishing between drought tolerant (DT) and drought susceptible (DS) Camellia sinensis cultivars was developed. This work was based on known cultivars developed at the Tea Research Institute in Kenya and the Tea Research Foundation for Central Africa in Malawi. This paper contains an in-depth description of the application of the SWAPDT method on four 60-year old, C. sinensis seedling fields in Kenya. The in-filling history of the four fields due to drought-related deaths was obtained from historical records. The SWAPDT method scores correlated very well with the historical records. It has been indicated, from the results obtained in this study, that a sample size of 20 tea trees is sufficient to accurately determine the drought susceptibility of a large tea field of approximately 5-20 hectares, containing 50 000-200 000 tea trees, were the difference between their mean values, as measured by the SWAPDT method, is approximately 10%.

Comparative Precambrian geochronology of the North American, European, and Siberian Shields

1969 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Burwash
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Treatment ◽  
Geologic History ◽  
Northern Asia ◽  
North Central ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The North ◽  
Central United States ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Baltic

A comparison of average values of U–Pb, Rb–Sr, and K–Ar isotopic dates from Precambrian shields in North America, Europe, and northern Asia suggests three major orogenies common to all areas. U–Pb and Rb–Sr age determinations, qualified by the more numerous K–Ar data, suggest mean values of 2600 ± 100 m.y., 1800 ± 100 m.y. and 1000 ± 100 m.y. An earlier event at 3300 to 3500 m.y. is locally recognizable in the Baltic Shield, the Ukrainian Shield, and the north-central United States. Anorogenic igneous events intermediate between the major orogenies are indicated in the Canadian, Ukrainian, and Aldan Shields, but these are as yet unmatched outside their own restricted settings.Isotopic dates are divided into two categores: anorogenic and orogenic. Within a specified orogeny, dates are further divided into precrystalline, syncrystalline, and postcrystalline. Regional correlations ideally should be based only on syncrystalline dates, recording times of final crystallization, unmodified by subsequent processes except initial cooling. Depth of crystallization and rate of uplift determine the difference between true and apparent time of crystallization. Precrystalline dates (survival values) and postcrystalline (rejuvenated or overprinted) dates should be excluded from the designated span of major orogenies.Rigorous statistical treatment of isotopic dates seems unwarranted on the basis of uncertainties in the geologic history of most rock bodies. Histograms may aid in the identification of anorogenic and precrystalline dates.

Proportion of Returns in Survey Research

1981 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 1033-1038 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lewis R. Aiken
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Survey Research ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Standard Errors ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Survey Item ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

Formulas are given for computing, from the responses of returnees alone, the maximum and minimum values between which the mean response to a survey item must fall in the total sample. Expressions for the standard errors of these maximum and minimum mean values are provided. The difference between the maximum and minimum means, in addition to the magnitudes of their standard errors, vary inversely with the proportion of returns. It is also shown that the extent to which the responses of returnees to a survey item are representative of the responses of the total sample is a function of sample size, proportion of returns, and proportion of returnees responding to the item in a specified direction. Formulas are derived for computing (1) the probability that the difference between the proportion of returnees who respond in a specified direction and the proportion of the total sample responding in that direction will be equal to or greater than an acceptable value, and (2) the minimum proportion of returns required to be fairly confident that the responses of returnees are representative of the responses of the total sample.

Ouabain-insensitive net sodium influx in erythrocytes of normotensive and essential hypertensive humans

1982 ◽  
Vol 216 (1202) ◽  
pp. 53-69 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Hypertension ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Excitable Cells ◽  
Sodium Influx ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Hypertensive Group ◽  
Conflicting Evidence ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference

The Na + content of erythrocytes is elevated in people with essential hypertension. There is conflicting evidence about its cause. The present study was designed to investigate whether the increase in content is due to a defect in a ouabain-resistant Na + flux. (i) Net Na + influx was determined from the increase in Na + content of erythrocytes during incubation in the presence of ouabain. (ii) Na + content of erythrocytes from 24 normotensive Caucasian subjects with no known family history of hypertension was 6.9±1.3 mmol per litre of cells. It was 7.9±2.0 mmol per litre of cells in 18 subjects with essential hypertension. The difference was less and not significant when the two non-Caucasian subjects of the hypertensive group were excluded. (iii) Net Na + influx was 1.83 mmol/h per litre of cells in the normotensive group. In eight subjects it was measured on a second occasion after an interval of several months. The coefficient of variation of the duplicate tests was 2.4% . (iv) Net Na + influx was significantly higher in the hypertensive group, the value was 2.18±0.15 mmol/h per litre of cells. In 11 of these subjects, Na + influx was measured on a second occasion. The coefficient of variation was 6.2%, significantly greater than in the control group. In some of these subjects Na + influx was within the normal range on one of the two occasions. (v) When the groups were compared with use of the mean values from the duplicate tests, net Na + influx was elevated in 17 of the 18 hypertensive subjects. The findings are discussed with reference to previous work and in relation to the established facilitatory effects of an increased intracellular Na + concentration on excitable cells that influence blood pressure.

scholarly journals Modified SERVPERF and Normalized SERVQUAL Models in Estimation of Service Quality in Higher Educational Institutes

2020 ◽  
pp. 29-39
Author(s):  
Mykola Sydorov ◽  
Svitlana Salnikova ◽  
Yuriy Savelyev ◽  
Oksana Oliinyk
Keyword(s):  
Service Quality ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Degree Program ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Signed Rank ◽  
National University ◽  
Signed Rank Test ◽  
Higher Educational ◽  
The Difference

The purpose of this paper is to propose and empirically substantiate modification of SERVPERF instrument. We demonstrate difference in practical realization of SERVQUAL (Perceptions-Minus-Expectations) and modified SERVPERF (Performance-Minus-Expectation) based on qualitative and two quantitative methodological studies carried out at the Faculty of Sociology of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. We used questionnaire adaptation for higher educational institutes (HEI).The sample size of the quantitative studies (10 persons of 2nd year of education, 10 persons of 3nd year of education, 10 persons of 4th year of Bachelor degree program and 5 persons of 2nd year of Master degree program; every 4th student of each year of education) complies with the used statistical test and the sample size requirements for focus groups. To compare the instruments we used nonparametric Wilcoxon signed rank test imple­men­ted in the statistical programming package R. Our finding is that modified SERVPERF is more convenient for students, smaller and more useful for online surveys. So, the difference in mean values of answer’s levels is mo­re significant between modified SERVPERF and normalized SERVQUAL than between modified SERVPERF and perceptions in SERVQUAL. Although the research has limitation – it is reconnaissance one and made as a one of steps for adaptation and validation of models for service quality measuring in Ukrainian HEI based on survey of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv students, however, the results of this methodological study allow other researchers to conduct representative studies using an adapted questionnaire of SERVQUAL at their universities. This result is important for service quality estimation which is needed for universities to monitor and improve the quality of their services and elaborate marketing strategy now.

A history of botanical collections in the Luangwa Valley, Zambia

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-291
Author(s):  
P.S.M. PHIRI ◽  
D.M. MOORE
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Impact Assessment ◽  
Vascular Plants ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Peak Activity ◽  
Historical Account ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Made In

Central Africa remained botanically unknown to the outside world up to the end of the eighteenth century. This paper provides a historical account of plant explorations in the Luangwa Valley. The first plant specimens were collected in 1897 and the last serious botanical explorations were made in 1993. During this period there have been 58 plant collectors in the Luangwa Valley with peak activity recorded in the 1960s. In 1989 1,348 species of vascular plants were described in the Luangwa Valley. More botanical collecting is needed with a view to finding new plant taxa, and also to provide a satisfactory basis for applied disciplines such as ecology, phytogeography, conservation and environmental impact assessment.

Harsdörffers Geschirr

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-37
Author(s):  
Natalie Binczek
Keyword(s):  
Design History ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference

Der deutsche Barockdichter Georg Philipp Harsdörffer skizziert eine Theorie der Emblematik, die vor allem dessen Anwendungsvielfalt hervorhebt. Er hebt dabei besonders den Unterschied zwischen buchinterner und buchexterner Verwendung auf, indem er sich nicht nur für die Aufnahme der Embleme in Büchern, sondern auch auf Geschirr und Tapeten ausspricht. Der Beitrag liest Harsdörffers extensive Überlegungen nicht nur als Beiträge zur Theorie und Geschichte der Embleme als ›Sinn-Bilder‹, sondern auch als Beitrag zur Designgeschichte. German Baroque poet Georg Philipp Harsdörffer delineates a theory of emblematics that clearly sets itself apart from other contemporary theories, especially by its versatility. In particular, the author negates the difference between internal and external usage of emblems in books not only by promoting the incorporation of emblems into printed works but also by supporting their depiction on dishes and tapestries. This article strives to read Harsdörffer’s extensive thoughts on the matter of emblems not simply as another work on the theory and history of emblematics but rather as a contribution to design history as well

Smart Estimation Ver-H.1.0

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sigit Haryadi
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Confidence Level ◽  
Time Span ◽  
Regression Equation ◽  
Weight Factor ◽  
The Past ◽  
Level Of Confidence ◽  
The Future ◽  
Future Value ◽  
The Difference

We cannot be sure exactly what will happen, we can only estimate by using a particular method, where each method must have the formula to create a regression equation and a formula to calculate the confidence level of the estimated value. This paper conveys a method of estimating the future values, in which the formula for creating a regression equation is based on the assumption that the future value will depend on the difference of the past values divided by a weight factor which corresponding to the time span to the present, and the formula for calculating the level of confidence is to use "the Haryadi Index". The advantage of this method is to remain accurate regardless of the sample size and may ignore the past value that is considered irrelevant.

Seasonal trends in the stable isotopic composition of snow and meltwater runoff in a subarctic catchment at Okstindan, Norway

2004 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.D. Gurney ◽  
D.S.L. Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Isotopic Composition ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Stable Isotopic Composition ◽  
Meltwater Runoff ◽  
Stable Isotopic ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Δ18o And Δd

Seasonal variations in the stable isotopic composition of snow and meltwater were investigated in a sub-arctic, mountainous, but non-glacial, catchment at Okstindan in northern Norway based on analyses of δ18O and δD. Samples were collected during four field periods (August 1998; April 1999; June 1999 and August 1999) at three sites lying on an altitudinal transect (740–970 m a.s.l.). Snowpack data display an increase in the mean values of δ18O (increasing from a mean value of −13.51 to −11.49‰ between April and August), as well as a decrease in variability through the melt period. Comparison with a regional meteoric water line indicates that the slope of the δ18O–δD line for the snowpacks decreases over the same period, dropping from 7.49 to approximately 6.2.This change points to the role of evaporation in snowpack ablation and is confirmed by the vertical profile of deuterium excess. Snowpack seepage data, although limited, also suggest reduced values of δD, as might be associated with local evaporation during meltwater generation. In general, meltwaters were depleted in δ18O relative to the source snowpack at the peak of the melt (June), but later in the year (August) the difference between the two was not statistically significant. The diurnal pattern of isotopic composition indicates that the most depleted meltwaters coincide with the peak in temperature and, hence, meltwater production.

From Stonehenge to Samarkand

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Fagan
Keyword(s):  
Gustave Flaubert ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
British Museum ◽  
Holy Land ◽  
Cruise Ship ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Ancient Civilization ◽  
Machu Picchu ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Silk Road

Ever since Roman tourists scratched graffiti on the pyramids and temples of Egypt over two thousand years ago, people have traveled far and wide seeking the great wonders of antiquity. In From Stonehenge to Samarkand, noted archaeologist and popular writer Brian Fagan offers an engaging historical account of our enduring love of ancient architecture--the irresistible impulse to visit strange lands in search of lost cities and forgotten monuments. Here is a marvelous history of archaeological tourism, with generous excerpts from the writings of the tourists themselves. Readers will find Herodotus describing the construction of Babylon; Edward Gibbon receiving inspiration for his seminal work while wandering through the ruins of the Forum in Rome; Gustave Flaubert watching the sunrise from atop the Pyramid of Cheops. We visit Easter Island with Pierre Loti, Machu Picchu with Hiram Bingham, Central Africa with David Livingstone. Fagan describes the early antiquarians, consumed with a passionate and omnivorous curiosity, pondering the mysteries of Stonehenge, but he also considers some of the less reputable figures, such as the Earl of Elgin, who sold large parts of the Parthenon to the British Museum. Finally, he discusses the changing nature of archaeological tourism, from the early romantic wanderings of the solitary figure, communing with the departed spirits of Druids or Mayans, to the cruise-ship excursions of modern times, where masses of tourists are hustled through ruins, barely aware of their surroundings. From the Holy Land to the Silk Road, the Yucatán to Angkor Wat, Fagan follows in the footsteps of the great archaeological travelers to retrieve their first written impressions in a book that will delight anyone fascinated with the landmarks of ancient civilization.

Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Kirchin
Keyword(s):  
Hilary Putnam ◽  
Bernard Williams ◽  
General Methodology ◽  
Thick Concepts ◽  
History Of ◽  
Philippa Foot ◽  
The Difference

This chapter introduces the distinction between thin and thick concepts and then performs a number of functions. First, two major accounts of thick concepts—separationism and nonseparationism—are introduced and, in doing so, a novel account of evaluation is indicated. Second, each chapter is outlined as is the general methodology, followed, third, by a brief history of the discussion of thick concepts, referencing Philippa Foot, Hilary Putnam, Gilbert Ryle, and Bernard Williams among others. Fourth, a number of relevant contrasts are introduced, such as the fact–value distinction and the difference between concepts, properties, and terms. Lastly, some interesting and relevant questions are raised that, unfortunately, have to be left aside.

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