scholarly journals Compaction and Physical Attributes of the Soil After the Development of Cover Plants

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romário Pimenta Gomes ◽  
Anderson Cristian Bergamin ◽  
Laércio Santos Silva ◽  
Milton César Costa Campos ◽  
Vínicius Augusto Filla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Soil Protection ◽  
Soil Resistance ◽  
Physical Attributes ◽  
Resistance To Penetration

Compaction problems in heavily tilled soils have been commonly mitigated with the use of cover plants. Aiming to evaluate the effects of compaction on the physical properties of a plyntic Haplic-Alitic Cambisol soil after development of different cover crops, a complete randomized blocks design experiment, with 3 × 3 factorial arrangement and four replications, was conducted. Treatments consisted of cultivation of two legume species, crotalaria (Crotalaria juncea L.) and stylosanthes cv. Campo Grande (Estilosantes capitata + Estilosantes macrocephala) and a grass species, brachiaria (Urochloa brizhantha cv. Marandu), subjected to soil compaction: CM–Conventional soil management (tillage) without additional compaction; CMc4 and CMc8–conventional soil management with additional compaction using a 6 Mg tractor in four and eight wheel passes. Conventional management with additional compaction does not affect significantly the physical attributes at a soil depth of 0.10-0.20 m, and only the soil moisture does not differ according to the soil management, irrespective of the depth and kind of cover plant. Traffic levels in four passes result in an increased soil bulk density and macroporosity in the 0.0-0.05 m, and in soil resistance to penetration and total porosity in the layer up to 0.10 m. Cover crops are important in maintaining soil physical quality to reduce the negative effects of compacting forces, especially to stylosanthes cv. Campo Grande that provided greater soil protection in systems with or without addition of compaction, conditioning the lowest values of bulk density and soil resistance to penetration.

Soil Management in the Physical Attributes and the Wheat Crop Irrigated Productivity

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Pedro Silvério Xavier Pereira ◽  
Aloisio Bianchini ◽  
Dryelle Sifuentes Pallaoro ◽  
Wininton Mendes da Silva ◽  
Rodrigo Fernandes Daros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Soil Resistance ◽  
Soil Density ◽  
Physical Attributes ◽  
Irrigated Wheat ◽  
Resistance To Penetration

The objective of this work was the influence of three management systems on the physical attributes and productivity of irrigated wheat, cultivar BRS-254, in the city of Tangará da Serra, MT, Brazil. The experimental design was a randomized block design in split plots, with eight replications, being considered as plots the three systems of soil management: Conventional management (MC) with two gradations (one heavy and one light); minimum management (MM) with light harrowing; and direct seeding (SD). As a subplot: two layers of soil (0 to 10 cm and 10 to 20 cm) and two seasons, being at 42 and 97 days after sowing (DAS) of wheat. The soil physical attributes evaluated were: macro and microporosity, total porosity, soil density and soil resistance to penetration. The yield of wheat crop was also evaluated. For the effects of MC, MM and SD, of the soil layers and DAS in the parameters macroporosity, microporosity and total soil porosity the MC and MM provided higher values ​​of macroporosity and microporosity decrease at 42 DAS. The macroporosity was higher in the layer up to 10 cm and the microporosity in the 20 cm layer at both the 42 and the 97 DAS. The aeration capacity of the soil followed in ascending order in the management systems SD <MC <MM. In SD there was a significant increase in macroporosity from 42 to 97 DAS. Microporosity presented higher value at 97 DAS. Total porosity, as well as macroporosity, presented the highest value at 42 DAS. For the effects on soil density at 42 DAS it was observed that the lowest density value was found in the MM followed by MC. At 97 DAS, the density values ​​practically returned to the initial value before the management intervention. It was verified that the soil density at the end of the crop cycle had an average value around 1.02 kg dm3. At 42 and 97 DAS the lowest soil density value was found in the 0 to 10 cm layer. In the 10 to 20 cm layer at 42 DAS, the SD had the highest soil density value in relation to the treatments studied, but at 97 DAS the SD had the lowest density value. For the effects on soil penetration resistance it was observed that soil resistance to penetration between MM and MC always remained below 2 MPa. The resistance curve showed that the soil rotation was efficient up to 10 cm depth, as they presented values ​​lower than those found for SD, which presented resistance values ​​between 1.5 and 2 MPa. For the effects on yield of irrigated wheat, the use of MM and SD as a way to reduce soil compaction did not contribute to the increase of yield of irrigated wheat. The MC provided higher productivity.

scholarly journals Spatial variability of physical attributes of an alfisol under different hillslope curvatures

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 617-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Livia Arantes Camargo ◽  
José Marques Júnior ◽  
Gener Tadeu Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Aggregates ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
Agricultural Systems ◽  
Soil Attributes ◽  
Physical Attributes ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Student’S T ◽  
Resistance To Penetration

The influence of relief forms has been studied by several authors and explains the variability in the soil attributes of a landscape. Soil physical attributes depend on relief forms, and their assessment is important in mechanized agricultural systems, such as of sugarcane. This study aimed to characterize the spatial variability in the physical soil attributes and their relationship to the hillslope curvatures in an Alfisol developed from sandstone and growing sugarcane. Grids of 100 x 100 m were delimited in a convex and a concave area. The grids had a regular spacing of 10 x 10 m, and the crossing points of this spacing determined a total of 121 georeferenced sampling points. Samples were collected to determine the physical attributes related to soil aggregates, porosity, bulk density, resistance to penetration and moisture within the 0-0.2 and 0.2-0.4 m depth. Statistical analyses, geostatistics and Student's t-tests were performed with the means of the areas. All attributes, except aggregates > 2 mm in the 0-0.2 m depth and macroporosity at both depths, showed significant differences between the hillslope curvatures. The convex area showed the highest values of the mean weighted diameter, mean geometric diameter, aggregates > 2 mm, 1-2 mm aggregates, total porosity and moisture and lower values of bulk density and resistance to penetration in both depth compared to the concave area. The number of soil attributes with greater spatial variability was higher in the concave area.

scholarly journals Physical Quality of an Oxisol in Different Agricultural Systems in Brazilian Cerrado

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Diego Dos Santos Pereira ◽  
Rafael Montanari ◽  
Christtiane Fernandes Oliveira ◽  
Jean Carlos de Almeida Ramos ◽  
Alan Rodrigo Panosso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
Forest Plantations ◽  
Soil Resistance ◽  
Brazilian Cerrado ◽  
Physical Quality ◽  
Soil Physical Quality ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Resistance To Penetration

The soil physical quality is a way of evaluating the current condition of forest plantations that is growing in the southeast region of Mato Grosso do Sul State. In this sense, this work aimed to evaluate the impact of the forest plantations on the physical quality of an Oxisol (Haplic Acrustox) in Cerrado. The experiment was conducted in the Experimental area of the Teaching and Research Farm, of the Engineering college of Ilha Solteira (UNESP), located in the city of Selvíria-MS, situated in the conditions of the Brazilian Cerrado. The soil samples were collected at depths of 0.00-0.10; 0.10-0.20; 0.20-0.30 and 0.30-0.40 m in three areas cultivated for 30 years: area (1) Pine forest (Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis); (2) Eucalyptus forest (Eucalyptus camaldulensis); (3) Reforested ciliary forest, being used a completely randomized design, with 25 replications and 3 treatments. The analyzed attributes of the soil was: macroporosity (Ma), microporosity (Mi), total porosity (TP), bulk density (BD), real particle (RP), soil resistance to penetration (PR), gravimetric moisture (GM), volumetric moisture (VM) and sand, silt and clay contents. The three evaluated areas presented macroporosity below the critical limit (0.100 m³ m-³), thereby impairing the root development. The three evaluated areas affected the physical quality of the soil. Being the physical attributes that most influenced in the reduction of the soil physical quality was the bulk density, total porosity, microporosity, macroporosity and soil resistance to penetration.

scholarly journals COMPACTAÇÃO DO SOLO E INTERVALO HÍDRICO ÓTIMO NO CRESCIMENTO DA PARTE AÉREA E PRODUTIVIDADE DA CULTURA DO MILHO

Irriga ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 272-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ona Da Silva Freddi ◽  
José Frederico Centurion ◽  
Ricardo Garcia Aratani ◽  
Amauri Nelson Beutler
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
Soil Resistance ◽  
Seed Productivity ◽  
Least Limiting Water Range ◽  
Resistance To Penetration

COMPACTAÇÃO DO SOLO E INTERVALO HÍDRICO ÓTIMO NO CRESCIMENTO DA PARTE AÉREA E PRODUTIVIDADE DA CULTURA DO MILHO  Onã da Silva Freddi; José Frederico Centurion; Ricardo Garcia Aratani; Amauri Nelson BeutlerDepartamento de Solos e Adubos, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterináiras, Jaboticabal, SP, [email protected]  1 RESUMO O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a compactação do solo proporcionada pelo tráfego de tratores sobre o intervalo hídrico ótimo (IHO) e o crescimento e produtividade do milho em um Latossolo Vermelhode textura argilosa. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por cinco intensidades de compactação e quatro repetições em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Foram coletadas amostras indeformadas de solo nas camadas de 0,02–0,05, 0,08–0,11, 0,15–0,18 e 0,22-0,25 mpara determinação da macroporosidade, microporosidade, porosidade total, densidade do solo, resistência à penetração e o IHO. Os parâmetros da cultura avaliados foram à altura das plantas e inserção da primeira espiga, o diâmetro do colmo, o número de espigas por planta, a massa seca das plantas e de 1000 grãos e a produtividade. A compactação do solo restringiu todos os parâmetros da cultura avaliados com exceção apenas para o número de espigas e a massa de 1000 grãos. O IHO foi reduzido pela resistência do solo à penetração mesmo no tratamento com solo preparado com densidade média de 1,12 Mg m-3. Apenas o tratamento com quatro passadas do trator de 11 Mg apresentou densidade do solo acima da densidade crítica determinada no IHO, que foi de 1,37 Mg m-3, no qual a produtividade de milho foi significativamente menor. UNITERMOS: Zea mays, resistência do solo à penetração, densidade do solo  FREDDI, O. S.; CENTURION, J. F.; ARATANI, R. G; BEUTLER, A. N. SOIL COMPACTION AND LEAST LIMITING WATER RANGE ON CORN SHOOT GROWTH AND SEED PRODUCTIVITY  2 ABSTRACT The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of soil compaction caused by tractor wheel traffic on the limiting water range (LLWR), shoot growth and levels of compaction and four replications in a completely randomized experimental design. Soil samples with preserved structure were collected in the layers: 0.02-0.05; 0.08-0.11; 0.15-0.18 and 0.22-0.25m to determine macroporosity, microporosity, total porosity, bulk density, resistance to penetration and LLWR. The evaluated corn parameters were: plant and first spike height, steam diameter, number of spikes per plant, plant dry matter, dry matter of 1000 seeds and seed productivity. The soil compaction restricted all corn parameters except the number of spikes per plant and dry matter of 1000 seeds. The LLWR was reduced by the soil resistance to penetration, even in the tilled soil with bulk density of 1.12 Mg m-3. Only the treatment with 11 Mg tractor, repeated four times on the area, demonstrated bulk density above critical bulk density in the LLWR that was 1.37 Mg m-3, where the seed productivity was significantly smaller. KEY WORDS: Zea mays, soil resistance to penetration, bulk density

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF TIME MANAGEMENT IN MODELING OF CURVE RESISTANCE TO THE PENETRATION OF A LATOSOL UNDER DIFFERENT USES AND MANAGEMENT OF PASTURES AND NATIVE WOODLAND

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 519-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen Lourenço Fernandes ◽  
Adriana Aparecida Ribon ◽  
João Tavares Filho ◽  
Gustavo Dias Custódio ◽  
Leonardo Rodrigues Barros
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Time Management ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
Soil Resistance ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Grazing System ◽  
Native Woodland ◽  
Stepwise Procedure ◽  
Resistance To Penetration

ABSTRACT The soil resistance to penetration study helps in understanding the state of soil compaction, indicating how best to manage it. The present study aimed to verify the influence of time management in modeling curves of resistance to penetration in Oxisol under different uses and management of pastures and woodland in field conditions, using the stepwise procedure. The study was conducted in the Cerrado region. Five (5) systems of uses and management of pastures and native woodland were evaluated: ILPF: crop-livestock-forest integration; ILP: crop-livestock integration; P: Area in the extensive grazing system; MN: native woodland; PIQ: rotated picket. The experiments were assessed for the years 2012/13 and 2013/14. To obtain the models, an analysis with four independent variables was performed: Gravimetric moisture (X1), bulk density (X2), total porosity (X3) and organic matter (X4) and the dependent variable, soil resistance to penetration (Y). The multiple regression analysis by STEPWISE with F of 0.15 was used. The equation that best estimated the resistance to penetration was RP = 14.68 to 0.26 for Native Woodland in layers from 0.20 - 0.40 m with R2 indices of 0.97 in year 1. For year 2, the equation that estimated the resistance to penetration was obtained in the PIQ treatment, PR = - 15.94 - 0.29 PT + 15.87 DS + 0.05 MO. with R2 of 0.94.

scholarly journals Physical attributes of kaolinitic and oxidic oxisols resulting from different usage systems

2004 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 725-732 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Frederico Centurion ◽  
Amauri Nelson Beutler ◽  
Zigomar Menezes de Souza
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Physical Attributes ◽  
Medium Texture

The objective of this study was to assess the physical attributes of a kaolinitic oxisol, medium texture (Haplustox) and an oxidic oxisol, clayey (Eutrustox) under different usage systems, localized in the region of Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil. The usage systems were sugarcane, cotton and forest. Parameters such as soil bulk density, total porosity, macro and microporosity at the depths of 0.0-0.1; 0.1-0.2; 0.2-0.3, and 0.3-0.4 m were evaluated. Haplustox showed greater bulk density and smaller total porosity, macro and microporosity. The usage increased the bulk density in 0.0-0.3 m depth, with greater effects on the kaolinitic oxisol, mainly in 0.1-0.2 m depth in the areas cultivated with sugarcane.

scholarly journals INFLUÊNCIA DA COMPACTAÇÃO E DO CULTIVO DE SOJA NOS ATRIBUTOS FÍSICOS E NA CONDUTIVIDADE HIDRÁULICA EM LATOSSOLO VERMELHO

Irriga ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 242-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amauri Nelson Beutler ◽  
José Frederico Centurion ◽  
Cassiano Garcia Roque ◽  
Zigomar Menezes de Souza
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
Soil Condition ◽  
Agricultural Science ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Loose Soil ◽  
Physical Attributes

INFLUÊNCIA DA COMPACTAÇÃO E DO CULTIVO DE SOJA NOS ATRIBUTOS FÍSICOS E NA CONDUTIVIDADE HIDRÁULICA EM LATOSSOLO VERMELHO   Amauri Nelson BeutlerJosé Frederico CenturionCassiano Garcia RoqueZigomar Menezes de SouzaDepartamento de Solos e Adubos, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP. CEP 14870-000. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]  1 RESUMO              Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar a influência da compactação e do cultivo de soja nos atributos físicos e na condutividade hidráulica de um Latossolo Vermelho de textura média. O experimento foi conduzido na Universidade Estadual Paulista – Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Jaboticabal (SP). Os tratamentos foram: 0, 1, 2, 4 e 6 passadas de um trator, uma ao lado da outra perfazendo toda a superfície do solo, com quatro repetições. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado para a condutividade hidráulica e, em esquema fatorial 5 x 2 para os atributos físicos. Foram coletadas amostras de solo nas faixas de profundidades de 0,02-0,05; 0,07-0,10 e 0,15-0,18 m, por ocasião da semeadura e após a colheita para determinação da densidade do solo, porosidade total, macro e microporosidade do solo. A condutividade hidráulica do solo foi determinada após a colheita. O tempo entre a semeadura e a colheita de soja foi suficiente para aumentar a compactação do solo apenas na condição de solo solto. A compactação do solo reduziu a condutividade hidráulica em relação a condição natural (mata) e a condição de solo solto, sendo que esta não foi reduzida, após a primeira passagem, com o aumento no número de passagens.  UNITERMOS: Densidade do solo, porosidade do solo, infiltração de água, soja.  BEUTLER, A. N.; CENTURION, J. F.; ROQUE, C. G.; SOUZA, Z. M. COMPACTION AND SOYBEAN GROW INFLUENCE ON PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES AND  HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY IN RED LATOSSOL SOIL   2 ABSTRACT  The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of compaction and soybean grow on physical attributes and hydraulic conductivity of a Red Latossol, medium texture soil. The experiment was carried out in the experimental farm at the Paulista State University  – Agricultural Science College, Jaboticabal – São Paulo state. The treatments were 0, 1, 2, 4 and 6 side-by-side tractor strides on the soil surface with four replications. The experimental design was completely randomized for hydraulic conductivity and a 5 x 2 factorial design for soil physical attributes. Soil samples have been collected at 0.02-0.05, 0.07-0.10 and 0.15-0.18 m depth at sowing season and after harvest in order to determine soil bulk density, total porosity, macro and micro porosity. Soil hydraulic conductivity was determined after harvest. The time period between the soybean sowing and harvesting was enough to increase soil compaction only in loose soil condition. Soil compaction reduced hydraulic conductivity compared to the natural (forest) and loose soil condition  KEYWORDS: Bulk density, soil porosity, water infiltration, soybean.

scholarly journals Soil macrofauna associated with cover crops in an Oxisol from the southwest of Piauí state, Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Djavan Pinheiro Santos ◽  
Robélio Leandro Marchão ◽  
Ronny Sobreira Barbosa ◽  
Juvenal Pereira da Silva Junior ◽  
Everaldo Moreira da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Soil Macrofauna ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Sole Cropping

ABSTRACT: The soil macrofauna is fundamental for the maintenance of soil quality. The aim of this study was to characterize the soil macrofauna under different species of cover crops, including monoculture or intercropping associated to two types of soil management in the southwest region of Piauí state. The study was carried out in an Oxisol (Latossolo Amarelo, according to Brazilian Soil Classification System) in the municipality of Bom Jesus, Piauí, distributed in 30 m2 plots. Testing and evaluation of the soil macrofauna were conducted in a 9 × 2 strip factorial design, with combinations between cover crops/consortia and soil management (with or without tillage), with four replications. Soil monoliths (0.25 × 0.25 m) were randomly sampled in each plot for macrofauna at 0‒0.1, 0.1‒0.2, and 0.2‒0.3 m depth, including surface litter. After identification and counting of soil organims, the relative density of each taxon in each depth was determined. The total abundance of soil macrofauna quantified under cover crops in the conventional and no-tillage system was 2,408 ind. m-2, distributed in 6 classes, 16 orders, and 31 families. The results of multivariate analysis show that grass species in sole cropping systems and no-tillage presents higher macrofauna density, in particular the taxonomic group Isoptera. No-tillage also provided higher richness of families, where Coleoptera adult were the second more abundant group in no-tillage and Hemiptera in conventional tillage.

scholarly journals Water availability to soybean crop as a function of the least limiting water range and evapotranspiration1

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tallyta Ramalho Rodrigues ◽  
Derblai Casaroli ◽  
Adão Wagner Pêgo Evangelista ◽  
José Alves Júnior
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Soil Resistance ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Soybean Crop ◽  
Available Water ◽  
Least Limiting Water Range ◽  
Resistance To Penetration

ABSTRACT Irrigation management aimed at optimal production has been based only on the water factor. However, in addition to the water potential of the soil, factors such as soil penetration resistance and soil O2 diffusion rate also affect plant growth and interfere with water absorption, even if moisture is within the available water range. This study aimed at quantifying the least limiting water range and demonstrating its potential in soil and water management in irrigated agriculture. In order to determine the least limiting water range, soil water retention curves and soil resistance to penetration were determined from undisturbed soil samples. The sequential water balance and the reference, crop and real evapotranspiration were determined for a soybean crop season. Soil aeration was the least limiting water range upper limit for soils with bulk density greater than 1.33 Mg m-3, whereas soil resistance to penetration was the lower limit for bulk density higher than 1.43 Mg m-3. The bulk density of the soil studied was 1.35 Mg m-3, indicating 0.37 m3 m-3 of water availability, based on the least limiting water range, which is sufficient to supply the crop evapotranspiration. Irrigation management based on the least limiting water range is more efficient and complete than that based only on available water.

scholarly journals Tillage systems and cover crops on soil physical properties after soybean cultivation

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 1057-1061 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael B. Teixeira ◽  
Monica C. R. Z. Borges ◽  
Cassiano G. Roque ◽  
Marcela P. Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Sunn Hemp ◽  
Physical Attributes ◽  
Mato Grosso Do Sul ◽  
Resistance To Penetration

ABSTRACT Soil management alters soil physical attributes and may affect crop yield. In order to evaluate soil physical attributes in layers from 0 to 0.40 m and soybean grain yield, in the 2012/2013 agricultural year, an essay was installed in the experimental area of the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS/CPCS). Soil tillage systems were: conventional tillage (CT), minimum tillage (MT) and no tillage (DS), the cover crops used were millet, sunn hemp and fallow. The experimental design was randomized blocks with split plots. For the layer of 0.20-0.30 m, millet provided the best results for soil bulk density, macro and microporosity. The resistance to penetration (RP) was influenced in the layer of 0-0.10 m, and millet provided lower RP. The DS provided the lowest RP values for the layer of 0.10-0.20 m. The treatments did not influence yield or thousand-seed weight.

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