scholarly journals Characterization of Chyulu Hills Watershed Ecosystem Services in South-Eastern Kenya

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
John Warui Kiringe ◽  
Francis Mwaura ◽  
Fiesta Warinwa
Keyword(s):  
Ground Water ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Dry Land ◽  
Shallow Wells ◽  
Water Provision ◽  
Annual Water ◽  
Annual Water Discharge

<p class="1Body">Water is an important good provided by watersheds and is critical in sustaining life and socio-economic development. This study evaluated water provision in the Chyulu Hills watershed which is one of the important dry land water catchments in Kenya. Surface water discharge was mainly through rivers and springs with the latter being more prevalent than the former while ground water provision was primarily through boreholes and shallow wells. Springs discharged the highest water volume annually estimated at 128.14million m<sup>3</sup> or 85.14% of all the water discharged in the watershed, with shallow wells and boreholes discharging the least water. For all the springs found in the watershed, Mzima springs discharged the highest water volume estimated at nearly 113.15 million m<sup>3</sup> annually or 88.30% of the water produced by all the springs; and about 75.19% of the water in the entire watershed. Rivers which were active had a total water discharge of about 20.66million m<sup>3</sup> per year, with Kibwezi River discharging 17.59 million m<sup>3</sup> annually or 85.14% of all the water from rivers. Shallow wells were mainly prevalent at Nthongoni and the Makindu, and their annual water discharge was about 16.96million m<sup>3</sup> per year with boreholes contributing 98.87% (approximately 16.76 million m<sup>3</sup>/yr.) of the ground water, and the rest (19,169.92m<sup>3</sup>/yr.) being contributed by shallow wells. The total amount of water discharged in the watershed by the combined water source types was about 150.49 million m3/yr.</p>

scholarly journals FAKTOR DOMINAN DAN STRATEGI PENYEDIAAN AIR BERSIH DI DESA RAWAN AIR BERSIH PADA KECAMATAN BAITUSSALAM KABUPATEN ACEH BESAR

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 903-914
Author(s):  
Erwin Ferdinansyah ◽  
Azmeri Azmeri ◽  
Eldina Fatimah
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Water Infrastructure ◽  
Service Areas ◽  
Drinking Water Supply System ◽  
Water Problems

Abstract: Baitussalam sub-district is one of the areas vulnerable to water in the district of Aceh Besar. During this time the District community Baitussalam it difficult to obtain a continuous flow of clean water. This is due to the remote location of the water source so as to obtain clean water, people need a lot of time and effort. Villagers District of Baitussalam were not served with clean water Regional Water Company (PDAM) Tirta Mountala, using ground water as clean water. Problems arise when the dry season, the ground water level has decreased, even loss of water discharge at all. This study aims to identify the dominant factors that may affect the distribution of water supply and analyze the strategy of water supply clean water prone villages in the subdistrict of Aceh Besar district Baitussalam. This research was conducted with questionnaires and interviews. Observations were made on the District community Baitussalam unserved water from PDAM Tirta Mountala. The results showed that the dominant factor affecting the distribution of clean water in District Baitussalam is an area that will be served by PDAM Tirta Mountala, and the allocation of increased funding water infrastructure. Strategy clean water supply in villages prone to water in the District Baitussalam is a set of service areas by PDAM Tirta Mountala towards building water treatment, then allocate increased funding water infrastructure, improve the discharge source of clean water related water needs in each village, and do development of Drinking Water Supply system (SPAM). Abstrak: Kecamatan Baitussalam merupakan salah satu kawasan rawan air bersih yang ada di Kabupaten Aceh Besar. Selama ini masyarakat Kecamatan Baitussalam mengalami kesulitan untuk mendapatkan air bersih yang kontinu mengalir. Hal ini disebabkan karena lokasi yang jauh dari sumber air sehingga untuk mendapatkan air bersih, masyarakat membutuhkan banyak waktu dan tenaga. Masyarakat desa Kecamatan Baitussalam yang tidak terlayani air bersih Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum (PDAM) Tirta Mountala, menggunakan air tanah sebagai air bersih. Permasalahan timbul saat musim kemarau, muka air tanah mengalami penurunan, bahkan kehilangan debit air sama sekali. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengindentifikasi faktor dominan yang dapat mempengaruhi distribusi penyediaan air bersih dan menganalisis strategi penyediaan air bersih di desa rawan air bersih pada Kecamatan Baitussalam Kabupaten Aceh Besar. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan penyebaran kuesioner dan wawancara. Pengamatan dilakukan pada masyarakat Kecamatan Baitussalam yang belum mendapatkan pelayanan air dari PDAM Tirta Mountala. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa faktor dominan yang mempengaruhi distribusi air bersih di Kecamatan Baitussalam adalah luas wilayah yang akan dilayani oleh PDAM Tirta Mountala, dan alokasi dana peningkatan prasarana air bersih. Strategi penyediaan air bersih di desa rawan air bersih pada Kecamatan Baitussalam adalah menetapkan wilayah pelayanan oleh PDAM Tirta Mountala terhadap bangunan pengolahan air bersih, kemudian mengalokasikan dana peningkatan prasarana air bersih, meningkatkan debit sumber air besih terkait kebutuhan air pada masing-masing desa, dan melakukan pengembangan Sistim Penyediaan Air Minum (SPAM).

ИЗМЕНЧИВОСТЬ ГОДОВОГО СТОКА РЕКИ АЛАЗАНИ (ГАНЫХ)

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-19
Author(s):  
Ф.А Иманов ◽  
Г.И. Кордзахия ◽  
И.С Алиева
Keyword(s):  
Water Discharge ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Annual Runoff ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Transboundary River ◽  
Runoff Change ◽  
Annual Water ◽  
Annual Water Discharge ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The analysis of spatial and temporal regularities of the annual runoff of the transboundary river Alazani (Ganikh), which flows through the territory of Georgia and Azerbaijan, has been carried out. The series on the average annual water discharge of 6 hydrological gauges for the period from 1925 to 2017/2019 was used. It was found that for the researched rivers, the fluctuations of the average annual water discharges are in phase, however, the absence of strict synchronicity in the fluctuations of the annual runoff leads to a decrease in the spatial correlation coefficients. In the studied series of river Alazani (Ganikh) both on the territory of Georgia and Azerbaijan, there is no trend; however, for a number of annual runoff of the Ayrichai River, the main tributary of the r. Alazani (Ganikh), a significant positive trend was revealed. It should be noted that the reason for the nonstationarity is the climate change, the impact of which on runoff has become noticeable in recent decades. It was found that the variance of the second half of the analyzed series increased. The annual runoff of the Alazani (Ganikh) River has changed very little over 1991-2017 / 2019 compared with the period 1961-1990. For the Ayrichai River, the second period is characterized by increased water content. Keywords: River Alazani (Ganikh), Annual runoff, Water discharge, Transboundary river, Runoff change.

scholarly journals River linking in India: Downstream impacts on water discharge and suspended sediment transport to deltas

Elem Sci Anth ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie A. Higgins ◽  
Irina Overeem ◽  
Kimberly G. Rogers ◽  
Evan A. Kalina
Keyword(s):  
Sediment Transport ◽  
Suspended Sediment ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Suspended Load ◽  
Trapping Efficiency ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Suspended Sediment Transport ◽  
Delta Front ◽  
Annual Water ◽  
Annual Water Discharge

To expand agricultural production and address water scarcity, India is moving forward with the National River Linking Project (NRLP), which will connect 44 rivers via 9,600 km of canals. Here, we compile the first complete database of proposed NRLP dams, reservoirs and canals, including operating schedules for Himalayan infrastructure. We evaluate potential NRLP-derived changes to mean annual water discharge for 29 rivers and mean monthly water and sediment discharge for six rivers flowing to five major deltas. Sediment rating curves are used to quantify the impacts of changing water discharge within the rivers, and basin-wide trapping efficiency is established for new reservoirs. Given full implementation of the NRLP, we forecast reductions in annual suspended sediment transport to deltas of 40–85% (Mahanadi), 71–99% (Godavari) and 60–97% (Krishna) due to profound reservoir trapping and peak streamflow reductions. The Ganga before its confluence with the Brahmaputra is projected to experience a 39–75% reduction in annual suspended load. The Brahmaputra before its confluence with the Ganga is projected to experience a 9–25% reduction in suspended load, despite losing only 6% of its annual water flow. We calculate a projected corresponding aggradation decrease for the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta from 3.6 to 2.5 mm y–1, which is a large enough change to drive relative sea-level rise at the delta front. At the remaining four deltas, the NRLP will exacerbate current sediment starvation. We reconstruct the annual water transfer volume proposed for the NRLP to be 245 km3 y–1, higher than previous estimates due to the inclusion of along-canal usage. If completed, the NRLP will transform watershed boundaries, with more than half of the land in India contributing a portion of its runoff to a new mouth. These impacts may have profound environmental and public health implications, particularly in the context of future climate change.

scholarly journals Characterization of Water Source Types and Uses in Kirisia Forest Watershed, Samburu County, Kenya

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
John Warui Kiringe ◽  
Francis Mwaura ◽  
Fiesta Warinwa
Keyword(s):  
Water Demand ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Population Census ◽  
Earth Dams ◽  
Dry Land ◽  
Water Abstraction ◽  
Forest Watershed ◽  
Shallow Wells

<p class="1Body">Kenya’s dry-land water catchments are valued for their water provision services but their conservation is given little attention. This study was carried out between October and December 2015 and documented water source types and uses by humans and livestock in Kirisia Forest watershed. Different water source types exist in the watershed including earth dams, water pans, shallow wells, boreholes, springs and streams. The estimated population of livestock and locals using these sources was 180,645 and 147, 060 respectively. Earth dams and water pans provided water to the highest population of community members estimated at 11,564 people followed by boreholes at 9,886 people while streams, springs and shallow wells were used by the least number of people. They also provided water to the highest number of livestock estimated at an average of 15,422 animals. The highest amount of water was abstracted from boreholes at nearly 197,720Litres/day (197.72m<sup>3</sup>/day) followed by earth dams and water pans at 91,960Litres/day (91.96m<sup>3</sup>/day), and the least was from shallow wells, springs and streams at about 38,000Litres/day (38m<sup>3</sup>/day). Daily water abstraction from all the water source types by humans and livestock was nearly 366,540Litres/day or 366.54m<sup>3</sup>/day. Twenty three sub-locations rely on water from the watershed and based on the 2009 population census, their projected water demand was approximately 182,238,520Litres/day (182,238.52 m<sup>3</sup>/day). Water demand by livestock was estimated at 12,172,600Litres/day (12,172.60m<sup>3</sup>/day) based on the 2013 population data. Overall water demand by humans and livestock in all the sub-locations was estimated at 194,411,120Litres/day (194,411.12 m<sup>3</sup>/day); and these findings demonstrate the critical role played by the watershed in sustaining locals livelihoods and pastoralism.</p>

scholarly journals Assessing the impacts of climate change on water resources in the Srepok watershed, Central Highland of Vietnam

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 524-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nguyen Thi Huyen ◽  
Le Hoang Tu ◽  
Vo Ngoc Quynh Tram ◽  
Duong Ngoc Minh ◽  
Nguyen Duy Liem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
The Third ◽  
Central Highland ◽  
Annual Water ◽  
Annual Water Discharge ◽  
Second Period

The Srepok watershed in the Central Highland of Vietnam plays an important role in the economic development of the region. Any harmful effects of climate change on natural resources may cause difficulties for social and economic development in this area. The present study aims to predict and evaluate changes of water resources in the Srepok watershed under the impact of climate change scenarios by using the soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) model. The study used observed weather data from 1990 to 2010 for the first period and climate change scenarios A1B and A2 from 2011 to 2039 for the second period and from 2040 to 2069 for the third period. According to the climate change scenarios of the studied watershed, future minimum and maximum daily average temperature will rise in all climate change scenarios and the amount of annual precipitation will fall in scenario A1B and go up in scenario A2. Based on the simulation results, the annual water discharge in scenario A1B decreased by 11.1% and 1.2% during the second and third periods, respectively, compared with the first. In scenario A2, annual water discharge increased by 2.4% during the second period but decreased by 1.8% during the third period.

scholarly journals Kondisi Saluran Drainase Candi Borobudur dan Konsep Penanganannya

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-40
Author(s):  
Leliek Agung Haldoko ◽  
Wahyudi Wahyudi ◽  
Basuki Rachmat ◽  
Al Widyo Purwoko
Keyword(s):  
Ground Water ◽  
Coming Out ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Drainage Channel ◽  
The Hill ◽  
The Temple ◽  
Filter Layer ◽  
Sand Sediments

Candi Borobudur merupakan salah satu warisan budaya Indonesia yang juga telah diakui sebagai salah satu warisan budaya dunia. Pada pemugaran kedua (1973-1983) telah dibuat sistem drainase untuk menyalurkan air melalui pipa-pipa yang berada dalam tubuh candi hingga ke bak kontrol dan berakhir pada sumur peresapan. Kondisi sistem drainase Candi Borobudur tentunya akan mengalami penurunan fungsi seiring berjalannya waktu. Hasil kajian menunjukkan saluran filter layer terdapat banyak endapan tanah/pasir yang menghambat aliran air keluarnya air dari dalam bukit Candi Borobudur. Akan tetapi endapan material pada saluran filter layer bukan berasal dari tanah bukit tetapi dari endapan pada saluran drainase bawah lantai yang terbawa masuk. Selain itu sebagian besar filter layer dalam kondisi rusak dan beberapa yang lain belum dapat diidentifikasi kondisinya. Meskipun filter layer dalam kondisi rusak tetapi fungsinya sebagai lapisan penyaring masih bekerja baik. Endapan tanah/pasir pada saluran drainase bawah lantai akan mengganggu kelancaran aliran air pada saluran ini yang dikarenakan posisi dasar saluran drainase menjadi lebih tinggi dan membuat dasar saluran menjadi rata/ kemiringannya berkurang. Pada saluran drainase halaman-lereng, tidak adanya aliran air yang terukur pada saluran drainase Selatan 2 (S2) dan Timur (T) mengindikasikan adanya permasalahan pada kedua saluran drainase tersebut yaitu terjadinya kebocoran saluran. Untuk mengoptimalkan monitoring geohidrologi dilakukan perubahan metode monitoring filter layer dari yang sebelumnya dengan mengukur debit dan kekeruhan air yang keluar dari bukit dan melewati filter layer, menjadi monitoring menggunakan videoscope untuk mengamati gambaran visual filter layer. Selain itu menghentikan monitoring muka air tanah melalui pipa inklinometer karena sebagian besar pipa inklinometer memiliki ujung bawah pipa tertutup sehingga data yang didapatkan tidak valid. Pada akhirnya dari data-data yang didapatkan, kecil kemungkinan airtanah bukit Candi Borobudur akan meluap dan menekan struktur Candi Borobudur.    Borobudur Temple is one of Indonesia’s cultural heritage site that has been enlisted as World Heritage. In its second restoration (1973-1983), new drainage system was installed  to flow water using concrete pipes inside the temple structure to control tank, to be directed to infiltration well. Over time, the efficiency of this system is decreasing. The study shows that filter layer channels contain much soil/sand sediments that clog the water running outside from the temple structure. The sediments come not from hill soil, but was carried to the channel from under the temple floor. Some filter layers are confirmed to be damaged, while others are still unidentified. However, the damaged filter layers still function well. The soil/sand sediments on drainage channel under the floor would disturb the flow of the water because the elevation for water to be able to run off would be compromised. In the courtyard-slope drainage channel, no water volume can be calculated in channel South 2 (S2) and East (T); indicating that there is a leakage in the channel. To optimize the geohydrology monitoring in Borobudur Temple, a change in monitoring methodology is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of filter layers from assessing the water discharge and turbidity of water coming out from the hill to controlling the condition of filter layer channels using videoscope through visual imagery. Measurement of ground water level using inclinometer pipe is not valid because most of the pipes are closed off at their far end. From the data gathered, it is less possible for the ground water in the hill of Borobudur Temple to overflow and push the structure of Borobudur Temple.

scholarly journals SOURCES OF UNCERTAINTY AND PROBLEMS OF INCREASING THE ACCURACY OF FLOW ASSESMENT FOR THE TRANSBOUNDARY NARVA RIVER

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 84-90
Author(s):  
Artem Iukhno ◽  
Tatiana Yakovleva ◽  
Yaroslav Kobears
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Water Regime ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Sources Of Uncertainty ◽  
Seasonal Factors ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Annual Water ◽  
Annual Water Discharge

The water regime of the transboundary Narva River has always been constantly addressed by the hydrometeorological community. For many years, at the interstate level (the Russian Federation and the Republic of Estonia), there has been a discussion about the accuracy of flow assessment and the correctness of the methods applicable for these purposes. In some years, the discrepancies between the estimates of the average annual water discharge obtained by the Estonian and Russian sides reach values of 20-27%. Sustainable, reliable water use requires updating approaches and achieving greater unambiguity in the flow assessment. In the presented article, various sources of uncertainty in the Narva river flow assessment as hydrodynamic, seasonal factors and imperfection of existing methods are considered. 

scholarly journals Short communication: Field data reveal that the transport probability of clasts in Peruvian and Swiss streams mainly depends on the sorting of the grains

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 717-728
Author(s):  
Fritz Schlunegger ◽  
Romain Delunel ◽  
Philippos Garefalakis
Keyword(s):  
Water Discharge ◽  
Swiss Alps ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Shear Stresses ◽  
Material Transport ◽  
Peruvian Andes ◽  
Annual Water ◽  
Annual Water Discharge ◽  
Bed Material ◽  
Annual Discharge

Abstract. We present field observations from coarse-grained streams in the Swiss Alps and the Peruvian Andes to explore the controls on the probability of material entrainment. We calculate shear stress that is expected for a mean annual water discharge and compare these estimates with grain-specific critical shear stresses that we use as thresholds. We find that the probability of material transport largely depends on the sorting of the bed material, expressed by the D96∕D50 ratio, and the reach gradient but not on mean annual discharge. The results of regression analyses additionally suggest that among these variables, the sorting exerts the largest control on the transport probability of grains. Furthermore, because the sorting is significantly correlated neither to reach gradient nor to water discharge, we propose that the granulometric composition of the material represents an independent, yet important control on the motion of clasts in coarse-grained streams.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document