scholarly journals A Comparative Study of Google Translate Translations: An Error Analysis of English-to-Persian and Persian-to-English Translations

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hadis Ghasemi ◽  
Mahmood Hashemian
Keyword(s):  
Error Analysis ◽  
Machine Translation ◽  
English Translation ◽  
Statistical Machine Translation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Comparison Study ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Passive Voice ◽  
English Translations ◽  
Chi Square Test

<p>Both lack of time and the need to translate texts for numerous reasons brought about an increase in studying machine translation with a history spanning over 65 years. During the last decades, Google Translate, as a statistical machine translation (SMT), was in the center of attention for supporting 90 languages. Although there are many studies on Google Translate, few researchers have considered Persian-English translation pairs. This study used Keshavarzʼs (1999) model of error analysis to carry out a comparison study between the raw English-Persian translations and Persian-English translations from Google Translate. Based on the criteria presented in the model, 100 systematically selected sentences from an interpreter app called Motarjem Hamrah were translated by Google Translate and then evaluated and brought in different tables. Results of analyzing and tabulating the frequencies of the errors together with conducting a chi-square test showed no significant differences between the qualities of Google Translate from English to Persian and Persian to English. In addition, lexicosemantic and active/passive voice errors were the most and least frequent errors, respectively. Directions for future research are recognized in the paper for the improvements of the system.</p>

Evaluation of the Teaching Performance of Baghdad University and Salahaddin University From The Point of View of Their Department Heads ( Comparative Study )

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 398-432
Author(s):  
Shawbo Shamsaldeen Sulayman ◽  
Thiqa Ali Abdulwahid
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Faculty Members ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Teaching Staff ◽  
Teaching Performance ◽  
Department Heads ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test

The objective of the research was to evaluate the performance of the teaching staff of the Baghdad and Salahaddin University-Erbil from the point of view of the heads of their departments in a number of different colleges as a comparative study. The research community was (247) individuals from the heads of departments in the above universities, and a sample size was chosen randomly was(197) unit, and (134) individuals from the department heads at the University of Baghdad, and (63) unit from the department heads at Salahaddin University-Erbil. To achieve the research objectives, a (closed — open) questionnaire was prepared consisting of (49) paragraphs distributed into six specific fields of alternatives. To answer it and one open question in the questionnaire, the validity and reliability of the questionnaire was verified. The data was analyzed using the (weighted mean equation, the percentage weight equation and the chi-square test). The results showed there was no differences between the responses of department heads in evaluating the teaching performance of faculty members in the research sample in two universities. In addition, a number of proposals were presented to develop the performance of faculty members from the point of view of department heads in both universities. The two researchers made a number of recommendations as well, as well as a number of proposals to conduct future research for researchers in this field.

scholarly journals Correlation of Myopia with Physical Exercise and Sleep Habits among Suburban Adolescents

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Yuan Qu ◽  
Jianfeng Yu ◽  
Wei Xia ◽  
Huijuan Cai
Keyword(s):  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Sleep Habits ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Wake Time ◽  
Potential Association ◽  
Chi Square Test

Purpose. To analyse the correlation of myopia with physical exercise and sleep habits to explore the possible risk or protective factors of juvenile myopia. Methods. This study was a retrospective cross-sectional study. A total of 1831 students aged 11–18 years from five schools in Qingpu completed questionnaires from 2018 to 2019; the students were divided into the nonmyopia group and the myopia group, with students in the myopia group having myopia in at least one eye. Based on the chi-square test, the variables with statistical significance were selected for the logistic regression analysis. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were determined. Results. Myopia was positively associated with older age (OR = 2.216, 95% CI: 1.720–2.855), having a parent with myopia (father: OR = 2.463, 95% CI: 1.900–3.193; mother: OR = 2.853, 95% CI: 2.232–3.646), and a late bedtime during holidays (before 10 pm: p = 0.002; 10 pm-11 pm: OR = 1.516, 95% CI: 1.095–2.100; 11 pm-12 am: OR = 1.966, 95% CI: 1.383–2.795), but negatively correlated with male gender (OR = 0.693, 95% CI: 0.549–0.876), a late daily wake time (OR = 0.782, 95% CI: 0.621–0.985), and having more days per week of outdoor activities during the semester (OR = 0.764, 95% CI: 0.597–0.978). After adjustment for demographic characteristics, myopia was positively associated with a late bedtime during holidays (before 10 pm: p = 0.003; 10 pm-11 pm: OR = 1.570, 95% CI: 1.076–2.289; 11 pm-12 am: OR = 2.173, 95% CI: 1.451–3.253; after 12 am: OR = 1.786, 95% CI: 1.093–2.919), but negatively correlated with a late daily wake time during the semester (OR = 0.761, 95% CI: 0.581–0.997). Conclusion. The association of outdoor exercise with myopia among Chinese suburban adolescents does not seem to be as strong as that of sleep habits. Future research could seek to provide consistent evidence for a potential association between myopia and sleep habits.

Vocational Rehabilitation Acceptance: A Tale of Two Races in a Large Midwestern State

1999 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith B. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Vocational Rehabilitation ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Test Statistic ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
European Americans ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Phi Coefficient ◽  
Criterion Variables

The purpose of this study was to examine whether Americans and European Americans disability would differ in vocational rehabilitation (VR) acceptance. The author used a Chi-square test of independence as the test statistic. Because the majority of previous studies of VR acceptance fail to use a relational statistic to test the practical significance among explanatory and criterion variables, the phi coefficient was utilized. Relational statistics are important because it shows how variables relate, either negatively or positively. Using this methodology, there was no statistically significant difference between African Americans and European Americans. Moreover, the strength of the association between variables proved slight, even in the presence of a relatively large sample. The author concludes by discussing limitations and future research.

scholarly journals Overcoming statistical machine translation limitations: error analysis and proposed solutions for the Catalan–Spanish language pair

2011 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mireia Farrús ◽  
Marta R. Costa-jussà ◽  
José B. Mariño ◽  
Marc Poch ◽  
Adolfo Hernández ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Error Analysis ◽  
Machine Translation ◽  
Statistical Machine Translation ◽  
Spanish Language ◽  
Language Pair

scholarly journals Impulsivity, Lack of Premeditation, and Debts in Online Gambling Disorder

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel López-Torres ◽  
Leticia León-Quismondo ◽  
Angela Ibáñez
Keyword(s):  
Gambling Disorder ◽  
Gambling Behavior ◽  
Sports Betting ◽  
Online Gambling ◽  
Treatment Seeking ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Anxiety Depression ◽  
Online Gamblers

Background and Objectives: Gambling disorder (GD) is a recurrent and persistent problematic gambling behavior that impairs multiple areas of an individual's life. GD can persist through two modes: online or offline. This study aims to compare sociodemographic, clinical, and psychological characteristics between treatment-seeking online and offline gamblers and analyze the effect of the gambling mode (online or offline) on anxiety, depression, impulsivity, and debts.Methods: Seventy-nine treatment-seeking gamblers (96.2% males), who were simultaneously receiving treatment at a specialized Pathological Gambling and Behavioral Addictions Unit, participated in this study. The sample was divided into two subsamples: online (n = 29, 100% males) and offline (n = 50, 94% males); the characteristics of these two groups were compared and analyzed using Chi-Square test (χ2), t-Test or Mann–Whitney U-test (p &lt; 0.05). Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to determine the effects of gambling mode on significant variables (lack of premeditation and debts).Results: The online sample with a mean age of 29.4 years mainly chose to engage in sports betting (45%, p &lt; 0.05) and showed a higher lack of premeditation levels (25.8 points, p &lt; 0.05) than the offline sample. In addition, the online sample was younger with respect to their onset to gambling (20.2 years, p &lt; 0.05) and the beginning of their gambling problems (25 years, p &lt; 0.05) compared to the offline sample. Online gambling increased the levels of lack of premeditation by an average of 5.43 points compared to offline gambling (p &lt; 0.05). Accumulated debts of the online sample were lower (€11,000) than those of the offline sample (€12,000). However, the interaction between age and gambling mode revealed that online gamblers increased their debt amounts with age at an average increase of €2,726.33 per year compared to offline gamblers (p &lt; 0.05). No significant influence of gambling mode was found on GD severity, anxiety, and depression levels.Conclusions: Gambling mode has a significant relationship with lack of premeditation—a component of impulsivity—and accumulation of debts in treatment-seeking people with GD; however, no relationship was found with the rest of the variables analyzed. Future research with larger samples is needed to confirm these findings.

scholarly journals Cultural entrepreneurship: a review of the literature

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nevena Dobreva ◽  
Stanislav Hristov Ivanov
Keyword(s):  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
English Language ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Creative Industries ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Gaps ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Qualitative Thematic Analysis ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Audience Development

This paper provides a comprehensive review of Scopus-indexed English language publications on entrepreneurship in cultural and creative industries and the arts, identifies research gaps, and gives directions for future research. The paper analyses 131 publications published in the period 1982 – 2019 through quantitative analysis of frequencies, cross-tables, and Chi-square test, and qualitative thematic analysis of the publications. Eight research domains were identified: 'Characteristics and motivation of entrepreneurs', 'Business models', 'Audience development', 'Use of information and communication technologies', 'Urban development', 'Public policy', 'Incubators and clusters' and 'Entrepreneurial education'. Findings show that two-thirds of the papers are based on empirical research, most of which is conducted in the U.K. From a managerial perspective, the conclusions are that cultural entrepreneur is gradually becoming a central figure in contemporary cultural processes that has the potential to fulfil market and audience needs, fill the emerging business niches, and contribute to the revitalisation of cities and regions. It identifies research gaps and formulates directions for future research.

scholarly journals Occupational exposures and utilisation of HIV postexposure prophylaxis amongst health workers of three hospitals in Tanzania’s Lake Zone

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rogatus Kabyemera ◽  
Albino Kalolo ◽  
Geethika Fernando ◽  
Susan Bergson
Keyword(s):  
Health Workers ◽  
Occupational Exposures ◽  
Worker Safety ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Needle Sticks

Occupational exposures predispose health workers (HWs) to a risk of HIV infection. When properly used, HIV Post Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) can significantly reduce this risk. Th purpose of this study was to determine the extent and types of occupational exposures, availability of PEP guidelines, and utilisation of PEP amongst HWs. A cross-sectional mixed methods baseline study was conducted between March and May 2014 using a structured questionnaire administered to 236 HWs from Shinyanga, Sengerema and Musoma hospitals in Tanzania. Relationships between variables were determined using the chi-square test. Qualitative data was gathered during interviews with key informants and walkthrough observations in the hospital wards, and analysed using the framework method. Majority of respondents were nurses (53%), over 40 years old (61%) with more than 20 years (40%) of hospital experience. Needle stick and sharp injuries were experienced by 31% of respondents whilst 26% experienced splashes. Only 28% of splashes were reported compared to 80% and 68% of needle sticks and sharp injuries, respectively. Those who experienced needle sticks were more likely to report the incident (p < 0.001), receive testing (p < 0.003) or PEP (p = 0.005). Although 66% reported the availability of PEP guidelines, only 39% of exposed HWs received PEP. Occupational exposures are common in these hospitals. HWs under-report and suboptimally use PEP services. Health worker safety programmes should establish functional systems for reporting and adherence to PEP procedures. Future research should establish factors that determine compliance with PEP procedures.

scholarly journals The influence of paramedic qualification level on the administration of analgesia in the prehospital setting

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bill Lord ◽  
Toby Keene ◽  
Cassie Luck
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Predictor Variables ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Sample Population ◽  
Practice Setting ◽  
Patient Records ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
The Impact

<p><strong>Background</strong></p><p>Undertreatment of pain has been reported in the paramedic literature, and reasons for these disparities are not well understood.</p><p><strong>Aims</strong></p><p>As the qualification level of the paramedic may affect analgesia administration, the primary aim of this study was to determine the impact of paramedic qualification on the provision of any analgesia for patients reporting pain.</p><p><strong>Methods</strong></p><p>Retrospective study of de-identified patient care records from one Australian ambulance service over a period of 6 months. Inclusion criteria were age was &gt; 17 years, initial pain severity score was &gt; 3/10 and Glasgow Coma Score &gt;13. Data were descriptively analysed for analgesia administration and type of analgesic by predictor variables: age, sex, pain score and case nature. Pearson’s chi-square test was used to test for associations between the outcome of interest and predictor variables. Adjusted logged odds of patients receiving analgesia was tested with binomial logistic regression.</p><p><strong>Findings</strong></p><p>3173 patient records met the inclusion criteria. ICP treated 86% of the sample population. Of those treated by an AP, 76.2% (n=340) received analgesia, whereas 71.6% (n=1952) of patients treated by an ICP received analgesia (p=0.042). Methoxyflurane was the most frequently administered analgesic, with 39.9% of the patients (n=1,264) receiving this agent; 31.1% of patients (n=988) received morphine, and 14.2% (n=452) received fentanyl. The unadjusted regression model found that AP have higher odds of administering analgesia than ICP paramedics (OR 1.264, p &lt;0.05). However, once other covariates are included in the logistic regression, the significance no longer exists.</p><p><strong>Conclusion</strong></p><p>Paramedic qualification is not associated with the administration of analgesia in this setting. This study contributes to the gap in knowledge regarding disparities in analgesia for adults experiencing pain and may inform future research that aims to identify and reduce barriers to appropriate pain management in the paramedic practice setting.</p>

Employee Empowerment in Non-Government Organizations

2005 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 372-380
Author(s):  
S. F. Chandra Sekhar ◽  
P. Anjaiah
Keyword(s):  
Employee Empowerment ◽  
Work Place ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Twin Cities ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Government Organizations ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Chi Square Test

Empowerment as a managerial approach for motivating employees to the work in an immediate work place on one hand and an inducing technique for long term commitment among them on the other hand is being studied in this paper with the help of a descriptive research design. One hundred and twelve members of 20 select NGOs in the twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad were administered as a structured questionnaire to elicit their responses to the degree of empowerment perceived to be experiencing in their jobs. Chi-square test results revealed that employee empowerment varied according to age, gender, designation than according to education, income and years of service. Implications are drawn for future research and practice considerations.

scholarly journals Czech Machine Translation in the project CzechMate

2014 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ondřej Bojar ◽  
Daniel Zeman
Keyword(s):  
Error Analysis ◽  
Machine Translation ◽  
Statistical Machine Translation ◽  
Individual Source ◽  
The Individual

Abstract We present various achievements in statistical machine translation from English, German, Spanish and French into Czech. We discuss specific properties of the individual source languages and describe techniques that exploit these properties and address language-specific errors. Besides the translation proper, we also present our contribution to error analysis.

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