scholarly journals Translating Culture-specific Elements in Names in Hong Lou Meng: A Comparison of The Story of the Stone and The Dream of Red Mansion

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Ting Wang ◽  
Jiafeng Liu
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Study ◽  
Original Work ◽  
Chinese Character ◽  
Chinese Family ◽  
Text Interpretation ◽  
Literal Translation ◽  
Semantic Translation ◽  
Hong Lou Meng ◽  
On Line ◽  
Different Levels

The names of the characters in Hong Lou Meng, crafted to indicate both the development of the storyline and the characteristics of the characters, contain abundant culture-specific elements, which make them difficult to render into English. On the basis of a systematic study on the original work and its two unabridged translations of Hong Lou Meng, the culture-specific elements in the original names are categorized into the following three: Chinese naming, Chinese family hierarchy and Chinese Character. Three strategies on compensation for the lost culture-specific elements are found to be employed at different levels in the two translations, including on-line compensation, off-line compensation and zero compensation. The strategy of on-line compensation involves semantic translation plus transliteration and annotation in text. Off-line compensation includes note of Chinese spelling, annotation out of text, interpretation of characters’ names in introduction, note ofcharacters’ names in appendix, introduction of characters in appendix and dendrogram of genealogy; Zero compensation includes transliteration, omission, transfer, substitution and literal translation.

On-Line Chinese Character Recognition Via a Representation of Spatial Relationships Between Strokes

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (03) ◽  
pp. 329-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ju-Wei Chen ◽  
Suh-Yin Lee
Keyword(s):  
Character Recognition ◽  
Chinese Character ◽  
Spatial Relationship ◽  
Spatial Relations ◽  
Chinese Characters ◽  
Spatial Relationships ◽  
Matching Problem ◽  
Structural Rules ◽  
Chinese Character Recognition ◽  
On Line

Chinese characters are constructed by basic strokes based on structural rules. In handwritten characters, the shapes of the strokes may vary to some extent, but the spatial relations and geometric configurations of the strokes are usually maintained. Therefore these spatial relations and configurations could be regarded as invariant features and could be used in the recognition of handwritten Chinese characters. In this paper, we investigate the structural knowledge in Chinese characters and propose the stroke spatial relationship representation (SSRR) to describe Chinese characters. An On-Line Chinese Character Recognition (OLCCR) method using the SSRR is also presented. With SSRR, each character is processed and is represented by an attribute graph. The process of character recognition is thereby transformed into a graph matching problem. After careful analysis, the basic spatial relationship between strokes can be characterized into five classes. A bitwise representation is adopted in the design of the data structure to reduce storage requirements and to speed up character matching. The strategy of hierarchical search in the preclassification improves the recognition speed. Basically, the attribute graph model is a generalized character representation that provides a useful and convenient representation for newly added characters in an OLCCR system with automatic learning capability. The significance of the structural approach of character recognition using spatial relationships is analyzed and is proved by experiments. Realistic testing is provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.

scholarly journals Manipulation Attacks in Local Differential Privacy

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert Cheu ◽  
Adam Smith ◽  
Jonathan Ullman
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Study ◽  
Differential Privacy ◽  
Domain Size ◽  
User Data ◽  
Large Systems ◽  
Cryptographic Techniques ◽  
Fundamental Limitation ◽  
Theoretical Results ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Privacy Level

Local differential privacy is a widely studied restriction on distributed algorithms that collect aggregates about sensitive user data, and is now deployed in several large systems. We initiate a systematic study of a fundamental limitation of locally differentially private protocols: they are highly vulnerable to adversarial manipulation. While any algorithm can be manipulated by adversaries who lie about their inputs, we show that any noninteractive locally differentially private protocol can be manipulated to a much greater extent---when the privacy level is high, or the domain size is large, a small fraction of users in the protocol can completely obscure the distribution of the honest users' input. We also construct protocols that are optimally robust to manipulation for a variety of common tasks in local differential privacy. Finally, we give simple experiments validating our  theoretical results, and demonstrating that protocols that are optimal without manipulation can have dramatically different levels of robustness to manipulation. Our results suggest caution when deploying local differential privacy and reinforce the importance of efficient cryptographic  techniques for the distributed emulation of centrally differentially private mechanisms.

scholarly journals Radio Edu-webs: Spanish Experiences of Media Education

Comunicar ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 17 (33) ◽  
pp. 107-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan José Perona-Páez
Keyword(s):  
Digital Age ◽  
Media Education ◽  
Vertical Position ◽  
Radio Communication ◽  
On Line ◽  
Different Levels

The possibilities offered by Internet, but especially its interactive potential, have helped to the emergence of real on-line audiovisual platforms whose fundamental aim is media education. This article analyzes the edu-webs that have arisen in Spain within the field of radio communication, and points out their benefits at the different levels of education. Furthermore, this text revises the different educational modalities of a medium which, in the digital age, enriches its offer with complementary multimedia spaces and incorporates the necessary tools for a constant sender-receiver interaction that neutralizes the sequential character, the fleetingness and the vertical position of analogue broadcasting. Las posibilidades que brinda Internet, pero muy especialmente su potencial interactivo, están favoreciendo la emergencia de auténticas plataformas audiovisuales en línea cuyo objetivo fundamental es la educación en medios. Este artículo analiza las edu-webs surgidas en España en el terreno de la comunicación radiofónica y apunta sus beneficios en los distintos niveles de enseñanza. Además, el texto revisa las diferentes modalidades educativas de un medio que, en plena era digital, enriquece su oferta con espacios multimedia complementarios e incorpora herramientas que posibilitan una constante interacción emisor-receptor que neutraliza el carácter secuencial, la fugacidad y la verticalidad propia de la radiodifusión analógica.

On-Line Monitoring of Sequential Blood Flow Reduction during Splenic Embolization

1989 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. Link ◽  
J. A. Seibert ◽  
J. Gould ◽  
B. M. T. Lantz
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Clinical Results ◽  
Dilution Technique ◽  
Embolic Material ◽  
Flow Reduction ◽  
Blood Flow Reduction ◽  
Splenic Embolization ◽  
Predetermined Level ◽  
On Line ◽  
Different Levels

Partial embolization of the spleen has been well established for the treatment of hypersplenism. A weakness of the technique is the lack of an objective method to quantitate the flow reduction during the procedure. The video dilution technique (VDT) has earlier been used to measure blood flow in regional arteries using video cassette replay. By adapting the VDT concept of relative flow to digital subtraction angiography, it is possible to calculate the flow reduction instantly following each injection of embolic material. We present a case of partial splenic embolization where the flow in the splenic artery was reduced to a predetermined level of 50 per cent of baseline flow. The clinical results were excellent. By observing the clinical results of partial embolization, terminated at different levels of flow reduction, it will be possible to optimize the results and prevent overembolization.

Segmentation and Recognition of Continuous Handwriting Chinese Text

1998 ◽  
Vol 12 (02) ◽  
pp. 223-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Hong ◽  
Gareth Loudon ◽  
Yimin Wu ◽  
Ruslana Zitserman
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Text ◽  
Chinese Character ◽  
Minimum Variance ◽  
Segmentation Method ◽  
Input System ◽  
On Line ◽  
Promising Solution ◽  
Line Test ◽  
Pen Input ◽  
Character Sequence

This article introduces the basic segmentation problems in Chinese handwriting and also several prior work to solve these problems. A new segmentation method is proposed, which is applicable to both on-line and off-line systems for free-format handwritten Chinese character sentences. This method performs basic segmentation and fine segmentation based on the varying spacing thresholds and the minimum variance criteria. The five most probable ways of segmentation are derived from this stage and all the possible segments are extracted and recognized. A lattice is created from all the segments and searched using a viterbi based algorithm to find the most likely character sequence. The algorithm presented in this paper provides large flexibility and robustness to handle free-format continuous Chinese handwriting and is a promising solution for a natural and fast Chinese pen input system. The character accuracy is 85.0% for on-line and 77.4% for the off-line test data.

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