Antibacterial Activities and Phytochemical Screening of Crude Extracts from Kenyan Macaranga Species Towards MDR Phenotypes Expressing Efflux Pumps

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-126
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Hashim ◽  
Leonidah Kerubo Omosa ◽  
Vaderament-Alexe Nchiozem-Ngnitedem ◽  
John Mmari Onyari ◽  
Shital Mahindra Maru ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Efflux Pumps ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Crude Extracts

scholarly journals Antibacterial activities and phytochemical screening of crude extract of Carica papaya leaf against selected pathogens

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-170
Author(s):  
A.E. Ajiboye ◽  
R.A. Olawoyin
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Carica Papaya ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Zone Of Inhibition ◽  
Crude Extracts ◽  
Test Organisms

Carica papaya commonly known as paw paw belongs to the family of Curcubitaceae and commonly grown in tropical regions. It possesses  antimicrobial, antihelmintic and antioxidant properties. The study assessed the antibacterial potency of Carica papaya against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus. Acetone and aqueous extracts of the leaves of Carica papaya were obtained using standard methods. The antibacterial activity of the extracts was done using agar well diffusion methods. The Minimum inhibitory and Minimum bactericidal concentrations were done using standard procedures. The antibacterial activities of the crude extracts of Carica papaya against the test organisms revealed that acetone extract showed maximum zone of inhibition on Staphylococcus aureus with a diameter of 17.90±0.10mm at 500 mg/ml and the lowest inhibitory effect on Klebsiella pneumoniae with a zone of 6.50±0.50mm at 100 mg/ml, the aqueous extract showed maximum zone of  inhibition on Staphylococcus aureus with a diameter of 15.50±0.50mm at 500 mg/ml and the lowest zone of inhibition was on Staphylococcus aureus with a diameter of 6.50±0.50mm at 100 g/ml. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of acetone and aqueous extract was 40 mg/ml and 50mg/ml against Klebsiella pneumoniae respectively. The Minimum Bactericidal Concentration of the extracts ranges from 40-60mg/ml. The qualitative  phytochemical screening result revealed the presence of tannins, saponnin, alkaloids and steroid. The quantitative phytochemicals revealed 0.70%  of flavonoids, 0.48% of alkaloids, 1.02% of tannin, 0.11% of steroids and 1.08% of glycoside. The result obtained revealed that crude extracts of Carica papaya leaves has antibacterial activities against the test organisms. Keywords: Carica papaya, Phytochemical screening, Pathogens, Antibacterial  activity

scholarly journals Phytochemical screening and in vitro evaluation of antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Teucrium trifidum crude extracts

Heliyon ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. e04395
Author(s):  
Irene Rumbidzai Mazhangara ◽  
Emrobowansan Monday Idamokoro ◽  
Eliton Chivandi ◽  
Anthony Jide Afolayan
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
In Vitro Evaluation ◽  
Crude Extracts

scholarly journals Antibacterial and Phytochemical Screening of Crude Extracts of Leaves and Seeds of Datura stramonium

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
O. O. Julius ◽  
V. O. Oluwasusi ◽  
M. F. Ibiyemi
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Datura Stramonium ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Plant Sample ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Crude Extracts

Datura stramonium, known by the common name Jimson weed, belongs to nightshade family; its origin can be traced back to Mexico, it has also been grown in other regions including Nigeria. This plant possesses antimicrobial agents which aid in its efficacy for treatment of ailments. Hence, this study investigated the antibacterial activities and phytochemical screening of aqueous and methanol extract of leaves and seeds of Datura stramonium. Leaves and seeds of the plant sample were processed to obtain fractions of crude extracts which were used against bacterial isolates such as, E. coli, S. aureus, S. typhi and P. aeruginosa. Phytochemical screening of the samples was also done to detect the presence of alkaloid, saponins, flavonoids, glycosides, tannin, terpenoids, sterol and phenols. Results obtained showed the susceptibility pattern against the bacterial isolates at concentrations ranging from 0.5 – 2.5 mg/mL. The methanol extract of leaves of the plant sample showed high susceptibility pattern against E. coli and S. typhi. The study shows that crude extracts of leaves and seed of the plant sample were effective against the test organisms. The phytochemicals constituents were also present except sterol which is lacking in the seed sample due to the solvent used such as ethanol but may be present if other solvent is used. Antibacterial activity of crude extracts of D. stramonium leaves and seeds were as a result of presence of phytochemical constituents because they are fundamental biomedicals, which are considered biologically to be active compounds.

scholarly journals Antibacterial and Phytochemical Screening of Leaf and Seed Extract of Ficus exasperata

2020 ◽  
pp. 47-55
Author(s):  
O. O. Julius ◽  
V. O. Oluwasusi ◽  
M. F. Ibiyemi
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Plant Sample ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Crude Extracts ◽  
Shigella Spp

Ficus exasperata belongs to the family Moraceae, and is commonly called forest sand paper tree/plant, widely spread in all eco-regions of Nigeria. This plant possesses antimicrobial agents and pharmacological compounds which aid in its efficacy for treatment of ailments. Hence, this study investigated the antibacterial activities and phytochemical screening of aqueous and ethanolic extract of leaves and seeds of Ficus exasperata. Leaves and seeds of the plant sample were processed to obtain fractions of crude extracts which were used against bacterial isolates such as, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella aerogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Shigella spp. Phytochemical screening of the samples was also done to detect the presence of alkaloid, saponins, flavonoids, glycosides, tannin, terpenoids, sterol and phenols. Results obtained showed the susceptibility pattern against the bacterial isolates at concentrations ranging from 0.20 – 1.00 mg/mL. The ethanol extract of leaves of the plant sample showed high susceptibility pattern against P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, E. coli and K. aerogenes. The study shows that crude extracts of leaves and seeds of the plant sample were effective against the test organisms. The phytochemicals constituents were also present except sterol which is lacking in the seed sample due to the solvent used such as ethanol but may be present if other solvent is used. Antibacterial activity of crude extracts of F. exasperata leaves and seeds were as a result of presence of phytochemical constituents because they are fundamental biomedicals, which are considered biologically to be active compounds. This study provides an insight to the usefulness of extracts from F. exasperata leaves and seeds to be potential treatment against common clinical diseases.

scholarly journals ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ACTINOMYCETES FROM SOIL OF AD-DAWADMI, SAUDI ARABIA AND SCREENING THEIR ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gouse Basha Sheik ◽  
Muazzam Sheriff Maqbul ◽  
Gokul Shankar S. ◽  
Ranjith M S
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Streptomyces Sp ◽  
Crude Extracts ◽  
Test Organisms ◽  
Inhibition Zones

Objective: To isolate and characterize novel actinomycetes and to evaluate their antibacterial activity against drug-resistant pathogenic bacteriaMethods: In the present study, 19 soil samples were collected from different localities of Ad-Dawadmi, Saudi Arabia. Actinomycetes were isolated from these samples using serial dilution and plating method on Actinomycetes isolation agar supplemented with nalidixic acid and actidione to inhibit bacteria and fungi. Crude extracts of potential actinomycetes were produced by submerged fermentation. The antimicrobial activity of crude extracts of actinomycetes was tested against different bacteria using the agar well diffusion method. Characterization of the isolates was done by morphological, physiological and biochemical methods.Results: A total of 9 (47%) isolates of actinomycetes were isolated from 19 different soil samples tested. Among them, 4 (44%) isolates confirmed as Streptomyces sp. showed potential antimicrobial activity against one or more test organisms. Crude extracts were made from these 4 actinomycetes isolates(DOM1, DOM3, DP3, DP4)and tested for their antibacterial activities against 4 different clinical bacterial strains (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus). Crude extract from DP3 isolate showed highest antibacterial activity against all the four test organisms (28 mm, 21 mm, 20 mm and 18 mm) respectively and DP4 showed lowest antibacterial activity against all the four test organisms (14 mm, 12 mm, 0 mm, 6 mm) respectively. The highest zone of inhibition was shown by DP3 against Staphylococcus aureus (28 mm) and Escherichia coli was resistant for DP4. Most of the Inhibition zones produced by crude extracts showed significant differences when compared with control, tested against test organisms (P<0.05). Inhibition zones produced by DP3 and DOM1 against Staphylococcus aureus were 28 mm and 23 mm, respectively which were strong active when compared with control Ciprofloxacin (18 mm).Conclusion: Further studies for purification of bioactive metabolites and molecular characterization analysis of isolated Streptomyces sp. are in progress which would be helpful in discovering novel compounds of commercial value.

scholarly journals Pharmacological studies of Mangifera indica leaf extract

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 073-079
Author(s):  
Agrawal RC
Keyword(s):  
Hydroxyl Radical ◽  
Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Test Organisms ◽  
Almost All

The present study was undertaken to explore the phytochemical screening, anti-bacterial and anti-oxidant activities of the hydro-methanolic leaves extract of Mangifera indica using standard screening methods such as disc diffusion and DPPH methods. In phytochemical screening, Mangifera indicaextract showed presence of secondary metabolites such as carbohydrate, phenols, tanins and proteins whereas Saponins were absent. It also showed antibacterial activities against almost all the test organisms. The extracts possessed potent hydroxyl radical scavenging activity against the positive control standard Ascorbic acid. Results denote the presence of hydroxyl radical scavenging principles in the extracts.

scholarly journals Phytochemical Screening, Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Cinnamon verum Bark

2020 ◽  
pp. 36-43
Author(s):  
Hamza Mohamed Ahmed ◽  
Ashraf Mahmoud Ramadhani ◽  
Ibrahim Yaagoub Erwa ◽  
Omer Adam Omer Ishag ◽  
Mohamed Bosharh Saeed
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Standard Methods ◽  
Crude Extracts ◽  
Acetone Extracts

cinnamon dating from 1000 AD when it was firstly recorded in English due to its important as aroma and as herbs. The aim of this study was to investigate phytochemicals constitutes, chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of commercial samples of Cinnamon verum bark. The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation, while the crude extracts were prepared by three different solvents methanol (70%), acetone and aqueous. Phytochemical screening of crude extracts was performed using standard methods. The essential oil was subjected to GC-MS analysis and tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Eschericchia coli and Candida albicans. The obtained results indicated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, coumarin, tannins, terpenoids, saponin, glycoside, anthrocyanin and phenolic compounds in the methanolic, aqoueous and acetone extracts of C. verum bark; while the major components of the extracted essential oil of C. verum bark were cinnamaldehyde (85.50%), stigmasterol (3.69%), Cadinene (1.37%), (E)-cinnamaldehyde (1.35%), alpha-amorphene (1.33%), hydrocinnamaldehyde (1.28%), alpha-cubebene (1.25) and ergosterol (1.09%) respectively. The antimicrobial activity result indicated the high activity of the extracted essential oil against all tested microorganisms at high concentration; except in S. typhimurium and C. albicans at concentrations of 25% and 12.5% no activity was noticed. Based in our obtained results the essential oil of C. verum bark had high potential as antimicrobial agent, therefore, recommended for more advanced studies to be conducted on this abundant plant as natural source of antibiotics.

scholarly journals In-vitro Antimicrobial Activities and Phytochemical Screening of Selected Plant Extracts against Some Medically and Agriculturally Important Pathogens

2020 ◽  
pp. 167-189
Author(s):  
Yirgashewa Asfere ◽  
Ameha Kebede ◽  
Dejene Zinabu
Keyword(s):  
Stem Bark ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Antibacterial And Antifungal Activities ◽  
Ruta Chalepensis ◽  
Crude Extracts ◽  
Growth Inhibitory ◽  
Scientific Justification

In Ethiopia, many plants are used for medicinal drive-by old-style naturopaths without any scientific justification for their therapeutic values. The principal aim of this study were to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities of the leaf, root and stem bark extracts of Rhamnus prinioides (gesho), Justicia schimperiana (sensel) and Ruta chalepensis (Tena adam) against some common pathogenic species of bacteria and fungi. The results of this study shown that the crude extracts of ethanol, methanol, hexane and water crude extracts had antimicrobial activities on most bacterial and fungi species of some solvent extracts. Ethanol and methanol crude extracts had the highest growth inhibitory effects as compared with those of the aqueous and hexane crude extracts. But, the four solvent crude extracts had fewer antimicrobial activities than commercially available drug(chloramphenicol and clotrimazole). Campylobacter jejuni and Staphylococcus aureus were found to be the most vulnerable microbes to the crude ethanol (99.5%). The growth-inhibitory events of the crude extracts were found to be significantly dissimilar for both concentrations (30 and 60 mg/ml) in all plant parts (p < 0.05). In general, this study did not only indicate that the antibacterial activities of R. prinioides (gesho), J. schimperiana (sensel) and R. chalepensis (Tena adam). It also accesses a scientific justification for its old-style use against some diseases.

scholarly journals Efflux Pumps of Burkholderia thailandensis Control the Permeability Barrier of the Outer Membrane

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ganesh Krishnamoorthy ◽  
Jon W. Weeks ◽  
Zhen Zhang ◽  
Courtney E. Chandler ◽  
Haotian Xue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Outer Membrane ◽  
Lipid A ◽  
Efflux Pumps ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Permeability Barrier ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Burkholderia Thailandensis ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Active Efflux

ABSTRACT Burkholderia comprises species that are significant biothreat agents and common contaminants of pharmaceutical production facilities. Their extreme antibiotic resistance affects all classes of antibiotics, including polycationic polymyxins and aminoglycosides. The major underlying mechanism is the presence of two permeability barriers, the outer membrane with modified lipid A moieties and active drug efflux pumps. The two barriers are thought to be mechanistically independent and act synergistically to reduce the intracellular concentrations of antibiotics. In this study, we analyzed the interplay between active efflux pumps and the permeability barrier of the outer membrane in Burkholderia thailandensis. We found that three efflux pumps, AmrAB-OprA, BpeEF-OprC, and BpeAB-OprB, of B. thailandensis are expressed under standard laboratory conditions and provide protection against multiple antibiotics, including polycationic polymyxins. Our results further suggest that the inactivation of AmrAB-OprA or BpeAB-OprB potentiates the antibacterial activities of antibiotics not only by reducing their efflux, but also by increasing their uptake into cells. Mass spectrometry analyses showed that in efflux-deficient B. thailandensis cells, lipid A species modified with 4-amino-4-deoxy-l-aminoarabinose are significantly less abundant than in the parent strain. Taken together, our results suggest that changes in the outer membrane permeability due to alterations in lipid A structure could be contributing factors in antibiotic hypersusceptibilities of B. thailandensis cells lacking AmrAB-OprA and BpeAB-OprB efflux pumps.

scholarly journals Chemical composition, antibacterial activity and related mechanism of valonia and shell from Quercus variabilis Blume (Fagaceae) against Salmonella paratyphi a and Staphylococcus aureus

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Zhou ◽  
Ze-Hua Liu ◽  
Dong-Mei Wang ◽  
Deng-Wu Li ◽  
Li-Na Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Antibacterial Mechanism ◽  
Natural Antimicrobials ◽  
Butanol Fraction ◽  
Quercus Variabilis ◽  
Crude Extracts

Abstract Background Plant secondary metabolites and phytochemicals that exhibit strong bioactivities have potential to be developed as safe and efficient natural antimicrobials against food contamination and addressing antimicrobial resistance caused by the overuse of chemical synthetic preservative. In this study, the chemical composition, antibacterial activities and related mechanism of the extracts of the valonia and the shell of Quercus variabilis Blume were studied to determine its potential as a safe and efficient natural antimicrobial. Methods The phenolic compositions of valonia and shell extracts were determined by folin-ciocalteau colourimetric method, sodium borohydride/chloranil-based assay and the aluminium chloride method and then further identified by the reverse-phase HPLC analysis. The antibacterial activities of valonia and shell extracts were evaluated by the agar disk diffusion method and agar dilution method. The related antibacterial mechanism was explored successively by the membrane of pathogens effect, phosphorous metabolism, whole-cell proteins and the microbial morphology under scanning electron microscopy. Results The n-butanol fraction and water fraction of valonia along with n-butanol fraction of the shell contains enrich phenolics including ellagic acid, theophylline, caffeic acid and tannin acid. The n-butanol fraction and ethanol crude extracts of valonia exhibited strong antibacterial activities against Salmonella paratyphi A (S. paratyphi A) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) with the DIZ values ranged from 10.89 ± 0.12 to 15.92 ± 0.44, which were greater than that of the Punica granatum (DIZ: 10.22 ± 0.18 and 10.30 ± 0.21). The MIC values of the n-butanol fraction and ethanol crude extracts of valonia against S. paratyphi A and S. aureus were 1.25 mg/ml and 0.625 mg/ml. The related antibacterial mechanism of n-butanol fraction and ethanol crude extracts of valonia may be attributed to their strong impact on membrane permeability and cellular metabolism. Those extracts exhibited strong antibacterial activity according to inhibit the synthesis of bacterial proteins and seriously change morphological structure of bacterial cells. Conclusions The n-butanol fraction and ethanol crude extracts of valonia had reasonably good antibacterial activities against S. paratyphi A and S. aureus. This study suggests possible application of valonia and shell as natural antimicrobials or preservatives for food and medical application.

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