Keep On Moving: Rural University Graduates as Sales Workers in South and Central China

2021 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-283
Author(s):  
Willy Sier
Keyword(s):  
Service Sector ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Central China ◽  
University Graduates ◽  
Downward Mobility ◽  
Manual Labour ◽  
Status Mobility ◽  
White Collar Workers ◽  
One Year ◽  
High Level

Between 1978 and 2018 the percentage of the Chinese workforce in the service sector rose from 12.2 to 46.3. A large share of this workforce is in sales, selling products ranging from household goods, insurance, advertising space, and education, to various other services. The proliferation of salespeople in China is facilitated by the dramatic increase in the number of university graduates. Personnel in sales jobs, which are particularly popular among graduates from rural backgrounds with degrees from universities with indifferent reputations, experience an extraordinarily high level of mobility. They typically change jobs every few months, either because they are fired or they pursue better opportunities. Based on one year of fieldwork undertaken between 2015 and 2017, this article shows how the rapid expansion of China's higher education subjects students from rural backgrounds to new inequalities, which, in turn, reconfigure the rural-urban divide into multiple intersecting hierarchies. Building on the concept of complexed development, this article analyzes how salespeople experience contradictory mobilities in a web of intersecting hierarchies. It shows how they achieve upward status mobility by breaking away from agricultural and manual labour and becoming university graduates and white-collar workers; but also, how they sometimes experience downward mobility in terms of income in comparison to previous generations of migrants and their less-educated peers.

https://imsciences.edu.pk/files/journals/vol12_2/New%201%20MA.864.pdf

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Siddique ◽  
Shandana Shoaib ◽  
Zahoor Jan
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Performance ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Performance Outcomes ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Relational Coordination ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
And Performance ◽  
High Level

A key aspect of work processes in service sector firms is the interconnection between tasks and performance. Relational coordination can play an important role in addressing the issues of coordinating organizational activities due to high level of interdependence complexity in service sector firms. Research has primarily supported the aspect that well devised high performance work systems (HPWS) can intensify organizational performance. There is a growing debate, however, with regard to understanding the “mechanism” linking HPWS and performance outcomes. Using relational coordination theory, this study examines a model that examine the effects of subsets of HPWS, such as motivation, skills and opportunity enhancing HR practices on relational coordination among employees working in reciprocal interdependent job settings. Data were gathered from multiple sources including managers and employees at individual, functional and unit levels to know their understanding in relation to HPWS and relational coordination (RC) in 218 bank branches in Pakistan. Data analysis via structural equation modelling, results suggest that HPWS predicted RC among officers at the unit level. The findings of the study have contributions to both, theory and practice.

scholarly journals Maintaining Academic Standards and Integrity in Online Business Courses

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 248
Author(s):  
Delbert Goff ◽  
Jarrod Johnston ◽  
Bryan Bouboulis
Keyword(s):  
Online Courses ◽  
University Education ◽  
University Graduates ◽  
Online Classes ◽  
Business Courses ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Business Colleges ◽  
Online Business ◽  
Online Cheating ◽  
High Level

As the number of online courses being offered at universities has increased dramatically over the past several years, the level of oversight has lagged and created an environment ripe for cheating. We find that students admit to higher levels of cheating in online classes and believe other students also cheat more relative to face-to-face classes. This is likely due to the lack of tools to combat online cheating and the lack of policy from universities. We know from previous studies that business colleges have a comparatively high level of cheating and the amount of cheating at universities has been rising. These trends threaten to create an unfair system where cheaters are rewarded with higher grades than non-cheaters, thereby encouraging otherwise honest students to cheat. This may result in declining and erratic knowledge among university graduates, diminishing the value of a university education.

Determinants of Budget Deficit in Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Maimuna M Shehu ◽  
Ibrahim M Adamu
Keyword(s):  
Budget Deficit ◽  
Budget Deficits ◽  
Cointegrating Vector ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Johansen Cointegration ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Johansen Cointegration Test ◽  
The Government ◽  
One Year ◽  
High Level

This paper investigates the factors governing the determination of budget deficit in Nigeria from 1981q1 through 2016q4. Our methodology is based on Johansen cointegration and Vector Error Correction model (VECM) approach. The result from the Johansen cointegration test suggests one cointegrating vector, which indicates the existence of a long run cointegrating relationship. Evidence from the long run and short run parameters suggest that exchange rate, interest rate and one year lag of budget deficit are the major determinants of budget deficit. Therefore, to achieve a realistic fiscal surplus, the government should determine a high level of accountability in its fiscal operations. In addition, any fiscal surplus should be channeled into productive investments to diversify the economy and reduce the likelihood of potential budget deficits.

Mixed embeddedness of Brazilian entrepreneurs in Toronto

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Pessoa de Queiroz Falcão ◽  
Michel Mott Machado ◽  
Eduardo Picanço Cruz ◽  
Caroline Shenaz Hossein
Keyword(s):  
Service Sector ◽  
The Body ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Immigrant Entrepreneurship ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Brazilian Government ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
Multi Method Approach ◽  
High Level ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activities

PurposeThe purpose of this article is to investigate how social integration, immigrant networks and barriers to ventureing affect the entrepreneurial activities of Brazilians in Canada, indicating how mixed embeddedness takes place in that context.Design/methodology/approachData were collected in Toronto, through the application of a survey with 74 Brazilian entrepreneur respondents and 42 semi-structured interviews with selected subjects, thus representing a multi-method approach. The analysis included descriptive statistics from the survey data and a qualitative analysis of the trajectories and life stories of Brazilian immigrants.FindingsOur sample comprises respondents with a high level of education and proficiency in English, coming predominantly from the southeast of Brazil, white, aged from 30 to 49. The majority of businesses are small and related to the service sector. The article contributes to the literature by discussing the elements related to mixed embeddedness, including the need for cultural adaptation and for the creation of networks as a crucial element for business venturing.Research limitations/implicationsThe study focuses on entrepreneurs regardless of their businesses sector or formality/informality status. It could be used as an instrument to support Canadian public policies for welcoming Brazilians and for the Brazilian government to prevent the evasion of potential entrepreneurs.Originality/valueThe article contributes to the body of knowledge of immigrant entrepreneurship in Canada and of Brazilian entrepreneurship overseas. The results suggest factors that may be relevant to the expansion of their business, such as social networking, cultural embeddedness and adaptation of the products/services to a wider range of target customers.

scholarly journals Does Mobile Phone Penetration Affect Divorce Rate? Evidence from China

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 3701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiaping Zhang ◽  
Mingwang Cheng ◽  
Xinyu Wei ◽  
Xiaomei Gong
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Divorce Rate ◽  
Central China ◽  
Western China ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Lag Times ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Impact

Marital happiness is an important symbol of social harmony and can help promote sustainable economic and social development. In recent years, the rapid rise of the divorce rate in China, a country where the divorce rate had previously been low, has attracted wide attention. However, few articles have focused on the popularization of information and communication technology's impact on China’s rising divorce rate in recent years. As a first attempt, the provincial panel data during the period 2001–2016 is applied to study quantitatively the relationship between mobile phone penetration and the divorce rate. In order to get more reliable estimation results, this paper uses two indicators to measure the divorce rate, and quantile regression is applied for further analysis. Additionally, one-year to five-year lag times of the mobile phone penetration are used as the core explanatory variables in order to analyse the lagging effect of mobile phone penetration on divorce rate. The result shows that the correlation between the mobile phone penetration and the divorce rate was statistically positive significant in China during the period 2001–2016. Furthermore, the paper also finds that mobile phone penetration had the greatest impact on divorce rate in central China, followed by eastern China, but it was not obvious in western China during this period. From a technological perspective, this paper provides some possible explanations for the rising divorce rate in China in recent years, and further enriches the relevant research on the impact of the development of information and communication technology on societal changes.

scholarly journals Citrullinemia Type I - A Case Report

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-100
Author(s):  
Fauzia Mohsin ◽  
Sharmin Mahbuba ◽  
Tahmina Begum ◽  
Narayan Chandra Saha ◽  
Kishwar Azad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urea Cycle ◽  
Female Child ◽  
Amino Acid Profile ◽  
Dramatic Improvement ◽  
Type I ◽  
Frequent Vomiting ◽  
Cycle Disorders ◽  
One Year ◽  
High Level ◽  
Citrullinemia Type I

Citrullinemia type I (CTLN1) is an inherited urea cycle disorder where the enzyme argininosuccinate synthetase is deficient. It can lead to recurrent hyperammonemic crisis that may result in permanent neurological sequelae, even death. Vomiting in patients with urea cycle disorders may either be the result or cause of acute hyperammonemia, particularly if due to an illness that leads to catabolism. Therefore, age-appropriate common etiologies of vomiting must be considered when evaluating these patients. We present a case of a 2 year 5 month old female child with CTLN1 who had a history of frequent vomiting after the age of one year and some recent neurological manifestations like excessive crying and lethargy and one episode of unconsciousness. Investigations revealed high level of ammonia. Amino acid profile using tandem mass spectrometry showed markedly increased plasma level of citrulline. After administration of sodium benzoate and protein restricted diet there was dramatic improvement of all the symptoms.J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2015; 33(2): 98-100

scholarly journals GRAIN FROM MEDJYBIZH

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 176-183
Author(s):  
S. A. Gorbanenko ◽  
Yu. I. Tolkachov
Keyword(s):  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Claviceps Purpurea ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Arable Fields ◽  
Winter Crops ◽  
One Year ◽  
High Level ◽  
Brome Grass ◽  
Brome Grasses

During the archaeological research of the Medjybizh fortress (fig. 1), palaeoethnobotanical materials were found three times in its yard: in 1991, 2013 and 2015. The first definition was made by G. O. Pashkevich. Mostly rye was identified as well as bromus, sorrel and an ergot fungus claviceps purpurea. From materials ща 2015 about 30 ml of grain were provided, mostly rye, which is approximately 1800—2000 grains. This is a sample of the harvest of one year. Single kernels of hulled barley (5); emmer (2) and soft wheat (1) were identified. Weeds are represented by 3 species, they are convolvulus (19), brome grasses (11) and cleavers (7) (figs. 2—4). Identified weeds are concomitant for cultivated cereals and real anthropochores; they may be useful for therapeutic purposes. Brome grass is a winter plant that pollutes crops of winter rye and wheat. Fields pollution indicates a use of old arable fields: the population lived in this place continuously from the eleventh century. Consequently, the fields exploded about 2—3 centuries. Winter crops also show the use of old arable fields. According to the aggregate of weeds, these fields were located on high places with droughty soils. According to the analysis of topography and soil, these fields were in the western sector on the elevated plateau (supposedly the places of Dolzhok and Pereimska Dacha). Find of the rye also indirectly indicates a high level of development of agriculture. While plowing tools from Medzhybizh are unknown, we should assume the use of plow, which is the most progressive form of them.

scholarly journals Strategic Management Capabilities in Child Identity Card (Kartu Identitas Anak) Program in Civil Registry Service Office of Depok City

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 98
Author(s):  
Cindy Ni Nyoman Sadvaraz ◽  
Zuliansyah Putra Zulkarnain
Keyword(s):  
Strategic Management ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
City Government ◽  
Service Agency ◽  
Identity Card ◽  
Common Goals ◽  
One Year ◽  
High Level ◽  
Management Capabilities

This article aims to analyze the strategic management capabilities of Population and Civil Registry Service Agency/PCRSA (Dinas Kependudukan dan Catatan Sipil/Dukcapil) of Depok City in administering the Child Identity Card/CIC National Program. Considering the scope and the high level of complexity, the Ministry of Home Affairs/MoHA picked several local governments as pilot project, and one of them is the Depok Government. This selection is inseparable from the Depok City priority program, namely Child Friendly City which has been launched one year before the CIC Program was started by MoHA in 2017. However, the CIC program could not meet the target set. To analyze these problems, this article employs the strategic management capabilities dimension. By using PCRSA of Depok City as the case study, this article explains the presence of the following strategic management capabilities: (a) the ability to manage authority indicates that the hierarchical based authority practice is not based on development of ideas and knowledge; (b) integration of system and structure is not yet achieved thoroughly across organizations of Depok City Government, instead, it is limited to PCRSA; (c) networking between PCRSA and private sector tend to be passive and is not built upon common goals and exchange of resources between actora; and (d) changes in ideas and strategic plans are still sporadic mainly due to COVID-19 pandemic, even though the need for change has appeared before the pandemic, such as the application of electronic-based services.

scholarly journals Changes in the mobility of obese people under the influence of a physical therapy program

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.G. Aravitska
Keyword(s):  
Physical Therapy ◽  
Rehabilitation Program ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Functional Movement Screen ◽  
Obese Patients ◽  
Functional Movement ◽  
Therapy Program ◽  
Physical Therapy Program ◽  
One Year ◽  
High Level

<p><strong>Objective:</strong> to determine the effectiveness of a physical therapy program for patients with obesity by the indicators of Functional Movement Screen test exercises.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods</strong>. A total of 114 people of the second adulthood with alimentary-constitutional obesity of the I-III degrees were examined. They were divided according to the level of compliance into two groups. The comparison group consisted of individuals with a low level of compliance; they did not go through a rehabilitation program, but were informed about the risks of obesity; acquainted with the basic principles of hypocaloric nutrition and physical activity. The main group consisted of individuals with a high level of compliance; they underwent a developed program for correcting body weight using measures to maintain a high level of compliance, nutrition modification, increased physical activity, lymphatic drainage procedures, and elements of behavioral psychocorrection. The control group consisted of 60 people with no signs of obesity. A survey of the test exercises Functional Movement Screen was conducted in dynamics before and after the one-year period of implementation of the rehabilitation program.</p><p><strong>Results.</strong> During the initial examination in obese patients, all the obtained parameters of the Functional Movement Screen exercises were statistically significantly worse than in individuals with normal body weight (p &lt;0.05). Re-examination of patients with low compliance showed that no statistically significant positive changes occurred in any test test (p&gt; 0.05). When analyzing the results of test exercises of patients with a high level of compliance under the influence of a physical therapy program, a statistically significant improvement was achieved in all studied parameters relative to the initial level (p &lt;0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Diagnostics of mobility based on test exercises Functional Movement Screen in physical therapy programs for obese patients is a modern, simple and affordable method of rehabilitation examination. To achieve the target level of the control group for the studied parameters by patients of II-III degree of obesity, the rehabilitation program should be long for one year.</p>

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