To the Attribution of Symbols on a Slab found during Excavations of the Citadel of the Artezian Settlement in 2000

2021 ◽  
pp. 207-217
Author(s):  
Nikolai Vinokurov ◽  
◽  
Michael Choref ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Greek Language ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Made In

The object of our study is a lapidary monument, the so-called “encyclopedia” of signs containing not only pictograms, but also Greek-language monograms, as well as poorly readable individual letters of a multi-line inscription in ancient Greek. All signs on the slab made in different styles are combined into one complex. The names “Neoptolemus” and “Machares” are encrypted in the monograms. We are talking about the commander of Mithridates VI Eupator Dionysus, who defeated the barbarians in two battles on the Bosporus, as well as the son of this sovereign, his governor in the Northern Black Sea region. Tamgas on the slab are symbolic signatures of the leaders of the influential clans of the Northern Black Sea region and Taurica. These designations were placed on the plate at the time of the magical ritual that finalized the conclusion of an agreement on the alliance of barbarian associations with Neoptolemus acting on behalf of Mithridates VI Eupator Dionysus. Unfortunately, the text of the agreement, placed under the monograms and signs, has not survived. The monogram of Machares appeared on the slab later after his arrival in the Bosporus as the governor of the Pontic sovereign. Subsequently, the signs of the less influential Sarmatian clans that entered into an alliance with the participants in the signing of the agreement were placed on the plate. However, after the death of Machares, this union fell apart. It is not accidental that the slab lacks the monograms of Mithridates VI Eupator Dionysus and Pharnaces II.

scholarly journals Relation Database Covering Black Sea Region Prosopographical Studies of Italian Black Sea Trading Posts (13th - 15th cc.)

2021 ◽  
pp. 38-48
Author(s):  
Sergei Pavlovich Karpov ◽  
Vladimir Aleksandrovich Ilyashenko
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Relational Database ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Medieval Italy ◽  
Relation Database ◽  
Trading Posts ◽  
History Of ◽  
Multiple References ◽  
Considerable Body ◽  
Made In

The article discusses the process of database creation that covers notarial documents telling us about the history of an Italian trading post Tana (Azov). The material for the database has been collected over several years as part of a research addressing a set of documents about the history of medieval Italy. In the course of the research a considerable body of material has been collected. Its analysis was a hard task since data were arranged in a peculiar way. To achieve the goal a relational database consisting of sixteen tables which in turn contained several dozen fields has been created on the basis of DBMS Access. The article also describes the main goals and difficulties the database creation is accompanied by as well as those emerging when analysis by means of inquires is made. These are identification of names mentioned in the sources as well as identification and removal of multiple references to the same personalities. This database covers multilateral information about commercial transactions made in Tana in the 13th-15th centuries including places, dates and details of these transactions, detailed information about people involved as well as links to sources of this information.

scholarly journals Barrow 5 of the «Sluiceway» group on the left bank of the Lower Dniester and Scythian cenotaphs of the North-West Black Sea Region

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-144
Author(s):  
Vitalij Stepanovich Sinika ◽  
Nikolai Petrovich Telnov
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
West Black Sea ◽  
West Black Sea Region ◽  
Made In

The paper publishes and analyzes the Scythian barrow 5 of the Sluiceway group of barrows located near Glinoe village, Slobodzeya District, on the left bank of the Lower Dniester. The mound was erected at the turn of the 4th-3rd centuries BC and contained eight Scythian funeral structures, three of which were cenotaphs. Only 14 such symbolic graves are known in the North-West Black Sea region. In addition to the three graves published in the present work, there is Balabany 6/1, Semyonovka 20, Kochkovatoe 48/4, Volovarskata Mogila 1 and 2, Glinoe 40/1, Glinoe/Sluiceway 6/3, 6/4, 8/1 and 8/4, Glinoe/Garden 7/3. They were made in the second half of the 4th-2nd centuries BC. A significant number of childrens cenotaphs (8), allows us to assume that they were all made by settled Scythians. The use of some of the complexes (4 cases) as cenotaphs can be impugned. At the same time, there are no doubts about the existence of real cenotaphs (under-barrow complexes, with or without funeral structures) intended for symbolic internment of people (10 cases), whose bodies could not be betrayed to earth for any reasons.

scholarly journals Scythian Barrow of the Second Half of the 5th Century BC in the Lower Dniester Region

2019 ◽  
pp. 6-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitaliy Sinika ◽  
Sergey Lysenko ◽  
Nikolay Telnov ◽  
Sergey Razumov
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Stone Slab ◽  
The Moment ◽  
West Black Sea Region ◽  
Made In

Introduction. The article publishes and analyses the materials obtained during excavations of Scythian barrow 9 of the group Vodovod near the Glinoe village, Slobodzeysk district, on the left bank of the Lower Dniester. The barrow was surrounded by a ring ditch and contained two burials of medieval nomads - the main one, the Scythian, and the secondary, the inlet one. Methods. The mound was excavated by the method of parallel trenches, leaving stratigraphic profiles. When analyzing the materials obtained, a comparatively typological method was applied. Analysis. The main burial was made in a catacomb of unusual construction. The entrance well of the catacomb was filled with stone slabs and boulders characterized with utmost accuracy of production. Despite this, in antiquity the burial was robbed three times: through the entrance well, through the roof of the funeral chamber and through the robbery mine, which went to the burial chamber from the north-eastern floor of the mound. The preserved grave goods are represented with a handmade pot, an iron knife, an iron needle and an awl, a lead finial, a stone slab, a burned pebble, a piece of mineral paint, a wooden kneader, a bronze horse harness and golden pendants. The stone slab was made very carefully, and the wooden kneader is the second such find in the North-West Black Sea region. Bronze items of horse harness have no analogues in the Scythian burial complexes of the North Black Sea region. The construction of barrow 9 of the group Vodovod dates back to the second half of the 5th century BC and is determined on the basis of gold pendants, which analogies are known only in the Malyy Chertomlyk barrow in the Lower Dnieper region. Results.The most important is the fact that the studied barrow was found in the microzone (near the Glinoe village of the Slobodzeya district), where at the moment not only the Scythian burial sites of the 5th - 2nd centuries BC are known, but also a settlement of that time. This testifies to the continual dwelling of the Scythians on the left bank of the Lower Dniester River during this period.

scholarly journals BRONZE CROSS-SHAPED PLAQUES AS A CHRONOLOGY INDICATOR OF SKYTHIAN KURGANS OF THE NORTH PONTIC REGION OF THE SECOND — THIRD QUARTER OF THE 4th CENTURY BC

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-170
Author(s):  
S. V. Polin ◽  
М. N. Daragan
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
Main Zone ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
The North ◽  
Made In

In the Scythian kurgans of the IVth century BC in the Northern Black Sea region, 31 bronze cruciform plaques were found. Such plaques are found mainly in male graves and much less often in female ones. These plaques were used as quiver buckles and for attaching the quiver to the belt. The main zone of concentration of cross-shaped plaques finds covers is the territory of the Lower Dnieper region, directly to the Dnieper. Apparently, this indicates that they were made in this region, where their place of manufacture could be only Kamenskoe hillfort, which was the center of metallurgy and metalworking in Steppe Scythia. From here they diverged south-east to Sivash within the present-day Kherson region, and much further north to the forest-steppe within the present-day right-bank Cherkasy and left-bank Kiev regions. Cross-shaped plaques are indicators of the advance of the steppe Scythians from the Lower Dnieper region to the north in the Ukrainian forest-steppe, to the west as far as the Lower Danube and very close to the south-east to Sivash. The latter direction, apparently, corresponds to migrations to winter pastures. More than half of all finds of cross-shaped plaques reliably date from within the second to third quarters of the IVth century BC, which gives every reason to assume the same dating for the complexes, where there are no own dating materials. In general, such bronze cross-shaped plaques are a reliable chronological indicator Scythian burials of the Northern Black Sea region of the second — third quarter of the IVth century BC, and also partly ethnic.

scholarly journals Specifics of Trade-Economic Relations Within the North-Western Black Sea Region in the Antiquity

Archaeology ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 5-11
Author(s):  
Ihor Bruiako
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The North ◽  
Roman Time ◽  
North Western

In the article the specifics of coins circulation and the role of money in the trade-economic relations in the North-Western Black Sea Region in the antiquity are analyzed. Some coins distinctions in the ancient Greek period and Roman time are noted.

scholarly journals Aegean Enigma: The Rise and Fall of Vineyards during Antiquity

Electrum ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 33-43
Author(s):  
Paulina Komar
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Commercial Activities ◽  
Greek Economy ◽  
New Evidence

This paper argues that the rise and fall of north and central Aegean wine exportations was caused by economic factors, such as changes in wine supply. It demonstrates that these wines disappeared from southern Gaul and central Tyrrhenian Italy when these areas started to locally produce their own wine. At the same time, north and central Aegean wines were also ousted from the Black Sea region by both local products and cheaper imports from the southern Aegean. This shows that supply and demand governed commercial activities during the Classical and Hellenistic periods, which provides new evidence regarding the nature of the ancient Greek economy.

Littoral invertebrates in waders’ nutrition at migratory stopover sites in the Azov and Black Sea region

2014 ◽  
Vol 25 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 69-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. P. Kharchenko ◽  
I. A. Lykova
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Biochemical Markers ◽  
Artemia Salina ◽  
Total Lipids ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Stopover Sites ◽  
Littoral Invertebrates ◽  
Migratory Stopover

Seasonal migration for birds – distant migrants are the most energy intensive. Fat reserves accumulated in the bird’s body before migration and during migratory stopovers determine success of the long-distance flight. Lipids play a vital role both as a source of energy and as structural components of cell membranes. For most migrants to the speed and quality processes fat accumulation affects the feed ration in the field of migration stops. Fodder saturation with essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) is of great importance. Being paramount for physiological processes, these acids cannot be synthesized in the bird’s body. The proposed article is dedicated to the study of waders’ trophic relationships with their prey items, and the use of PUFAs as biochemical markers. This approach is based on the specificity of the fatty acids contained in the lipids of invertebrate to be used as food bird species studied. Significant amount NPZHK waders obtained from forage that can be considered PUFAs as biochemical markers to determine the range and diversity of food producing birds PUFAs ways, and also to study the food chain in ecosystems. A fatty acid spectrum (FAS) of the lipids common for nine littoral invertebrate species (Gammarus aequicauda, Idotea balthica, Artemia salina, Nerеis sp., Nerеis zonata, Theodoxces astrachanicus, Hydrobia acuta, Chironomus salinarius, Chironomus plumosus), which constitute the main component of waders’ diet at the migratory stopover sites in the Azov and Black Sea region, has been studied. Found that the largest amount of total lipids contained in Nereis zonata (4,6 %) and Artemia salina (4,4 %), the lowest amount of total lipids was observed in Chironomus (1,5–1,8 %), which implies that polychaete worms and Artemia salina, as a source of fat, are the most productive for waders. Our research has found that mollusks, polychaete worms, and Artemia salina are the most effective waders’ fodder in the PUFAs content. Mollusks contain the largest amount of PUFAs, their spectrum is ω3 and ω6 PUFAs, especially arаchidonic acid C20:4. Polychate worms are also characterized by a high PUFAs level; they serve for birds as a source of linolenic and linoleic acid groups. Artemia salina contains a large amount of eicosapentaenoic С20:5ω3 and docosahexaenoic С22:6ω3 acids, which getting to an organism of birds, participating in the formation of cell membranes, act as thermal stabilizer lipid bilayers, enhance stamina during long-distance flight. A high abundance of Artemia salina in the feeding areas permit tundra waders to use them as a prey item, which can fulfill the bird’s body with a required amount of fatty acids in a short time. We have established an influence of some environmental factors, as water temperature and salinity, on the lipids FAS of littoral invertebrates. Spectrum analysis of polyene fatty acids in the lipids closely related species of invertebrates living in different salinity water showed that the content of PUFAs in the lipid depend on their food spectrum, and the environmental conditions. Therefore, anthropogenic pressure and changes of water hydrological regime may affect PUFAs content in the lipids of littoral invertebrates. In its turn, this factor may change alimentary behavior and migratory strategy of the birds, which use migratory stopover sites in the region in question. Shallow waters of the Azov-Black Sea region are characterized by different climatic characteristics and a large reserve of phytoplankton. This explains the mass character species studied of invertebrates to feeding areas and their use as basic prey items, many species of waders.

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