scholarly journals FATTY ACIDS AS BIOCOMPOUNDS: THEIR ROLE IN HUMAN METABOLISM, HEALTH AND DISEASE - A REVIEW. PART 1: CLASSIFICATION, DIETARY SOURCES AND BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS

2011 ◽  
Vol 155 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Tvrzicka ◽  
Lefkothea-Stella Kremmyda ◽  
Barbora Stankova ◽  
Ales Zak
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Human Metabolism ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Health And Disease

scholarly journals Lipid Transport and Metabolism at the Blood-Brain Interface: Implications in Health and Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabien Pifferi ◽  
Benoit Laurent ◽  
Mélanie Plourde
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Lipid Transport ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Blood Brain ◽  
Brain Interface ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
The Brain

Many prospective studies have shown that a diet enriched in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) can improve cognitive function during normal aging and prevent the development of neurocognitive diseases. However, researchers have not elucidated how n-3 PUFAs are transferred from the blood to the brain or how they relate to cognitive scores. Transport into and out of the central nervous system depends on two main sets of barriers: the blood-brain barrier (BBB) between peripheral blood and brain tissue and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier (BCSFB) between the blood and the CSF. In this review, the current knowledge of how lipids cross these barriers to reach the CNS is presented and discussed. Implications of these processes in health and disease, particularly during aging and neurodegenerative diseases, are also addressed. An assessment provided here is that the current knowledge of how lipids cross these barriers in humans is limited, which hence potentially restrains our capacity to intervene in and prevent neurodegenerative diseases.

scholarly journals Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Impact on Health and Disease Status

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Samina Akbar ◽  
Muhammad Zeeshan Bhatti ◽  
Rida Fatima Saeed ◽  
Asma Saleem Qazi
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Disease Status ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Lipid Lowering ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Omega 6 ◽  
Health And Disease

Over the last decades, the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been largely explored not only for their nutritional value but also for the numerous biological functions and therapeutic effects. The serum and erythrocyte levels of PUFAs depend on the genetic control of metabolism as well as the dietary intake and are considered to reflect the health and disease status of an individual. Two families of PUFAs, omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6), have gained much attention because of their involvement in the production of bioactive lipid mediators and therefore, a balanced omega-6/omega-3 ratio is crucial in maintaining the overall health of an individual. Omega-3 PUFAs, notably eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) have been shown to exert beneficial effects, possibly due to their lipid-lowering, anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertensive and cardioprotective effects, whereas omega-6 fatty acids such as arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6) exhibit the opposite properties. Even though, numerous epidemiological studies and clinical interventions have clearly established the effectiveness of omega-3 PUFAs in various pathological conditions including dyslipidemia, obesity, diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, some controversies do exist about the beneficial effects of omega-3 PUFAs and need to be clarified. Larger clinical trials with extended follow-up periods are required along with a careful dose selection, in order to confirm the clinical significance and efficacy of omega-3 PUFAs as therapeutic agents.

scholarly journals Associations between %AA (20:4 n6) and Relative Amounts of Other Body Fatty Acids

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 01-12
Author(s):  
Arne Høstmark
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Concentration Distribution ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Chicken Breast ◽  
Random Numbers ◽  
Regulatory Principle ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Group 1

Body fatty acids are important in health and disease. Previously, we reported a positive association between % AA (20:4 n6) and relative amounts of EPA (20:5 n3) and of some other fatty acids. We now study positive and negative correlations in general between %AA and percentages of other fatty acids, as observed in chicken breast muscle. Two groups of fatty acids were identified: Group 1) with relative amounts correlating negatively with %AA, and Group 2) with relative amounts correlating positively with %AA. With the positive correlations, but not with the negative ones, we obtained similar scatterplots using true and random numbers. This apparent discrepancy is probably related to differences in skewness of the concentration distribution of some fatty acids. Most of Group 2 fatty acids are eicosanoid or docosanoid precursors. The overall correlation outcome may be largely explained by the particular concentration ranges of the fatty acids. We therefore suggest Distribution Dependent Correlations to be an evolutionary regulatory principle, possibly ensuring balance between various eicosanoids and docosanoids.

scholarly journals Mitochondrial Iron in Human Health and Disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 453-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane M. Ward ◽  
Suzanne M. Cloonan
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Mitochondrial Homeostasis ◽  
Innate Immune Signaling ◽  
Mitochondrial Iron ◽  
Health And Disease

Mitochondria are an iconic distinguishing feature of eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria encompass an active organellar network that fuses, divides, and directs a myriad of vital biological functions, including energy metabolism, cell death regulation, and innate immune signaling in different tissues. Another crucial and often underappreciated function of these dynamic organelles is their central role in the metabolism of the most abundant and biologically versatile transition metals in mammalian cells, iron. In recent years, cellular and animal models of mitochondrial iron dysfunction have provided vital information in identifying new proteins that have elucidated the pathways involved in mitochondrial homeostasis and iron metabolism. Specific signatures of mitochondrial iron dysregulation that are associated with disease pathogenesis and/or progression are becoming increasingly important. Understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating mitochondrial iron pathways will help better define the role of this important metal in mitochondrial function and in human health and disease.

scholarly journals Overcoming the Bitter Taste of Oils Enriched in Fatty Acids to Obtain Their Effects on the Heart in Health and Disease

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1179
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Stamenkovic ◽  
Riya Ganguly ◽  
Michel Aliani ◽  
Amir Ravandi ◽  
Grant N. Pierce
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Role Changes ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Health And Disease

Fatty acids come in a variety of structures and, because of this, create a variety of functions for these lipids. Some fatty acids have a role to play in energy metabolism, some help in lipid storage, cell structure, the physical state of the lipid, and even in food stability. Fatty acid metabolism plays a particularly important role in meeting the energy demands of the heart. It is the primary source of myocardial energy in control conditions. Its role changes dramatically in disease states in the heart, but the pathologic role these fatty acids play depends upon the type of cardiovascular disease and the type of fatty acid. However, no matter how good a food is for one’s health, its taste will ultimately become a deciding factor in its influence on human health. No food will provide health benefits if it is not ingested. This review discusses the taste characteristics of culinary oils that contain fatty acids and how these fatty acids affect the performance of the heart during healthy and diseased conditions. The contrasting contributions that different fatty acid molecules have in either promoting cardiac pathologies or protecting the heart from cardiovascular disease is also highlighted in this article.

Fluorine in human metabolism, health and disease

2020 ◽  
pp. 153-162
Author(s):  
Nour Mahmoud ◽  
Sean A. Mutchnick ◽  
Peter F. Svider ◽  
Thomas M. McLeod ◽  
Andrew M. Fribley
Keyword(s):  
Human Metabolism ◽  
Health And Disease

scholarly journals Applying mass spectrometry-based assays to explore gut microbial metabolism and associations with disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 719-732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liam M. Heaney
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Dietary Fibers ◽  
Clinical Tool ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Research Populations ◽  
The Impact ◽  
By Products

AbstractThe workings of the gut microbiome have gained increasing interest in recent years through the mounting evidence that the microbiota plays an influential role in human health and disease. A principal focus of this research seeks to further understand the production of metabolic by-products produced by bacteria resident in the gut, and the subsequent interaction of these metabolites on host physiology and pathophysiology of disease. Gut bacterial metabolites of interest are predominately formed via metabolic breakdown of dietary compounds including choline and ʟ-carnitine (trimethylamine N-oxide), amino acids (phenol- and indole-containing uremic toxins) and non-digestible dietary fibers (short-chain fatty acids). Investigations have been accelerated through the application of mass spectrometry (MS)-based assays to quantitatively assess the concentration of these metabolites in laboratory- and animal-based experiments, as well as for direct circulating measurements in clinical research populations. This review seeks to explore the impact of these metabolites on disease, as well as to introduce the application of MS for those less accustomed to its use as a clinical tool, highlighting pertinent research related to its use for measurements of gut bacteria-mediated metabolites to further understand their associations with disease.

scholarly journals Fatty Acyl Esters of Hydroxy Fatty Acid (FAHFA) Lipid Families

Metabolites ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 512
Author(s):  
Paul L. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Hydroxy Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acyl ◽  
Hydroxy Fatty Acids ◽  
Wax Esters ◽  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Branched Chain

Fatty Acyl esters of Hydroxy Fatty Acids (FAHFA) encompass three different lipid families which have incorrectly been classified as wax esters. These families include (i) Branched-chain FAHFAs, involved in the regulation of glucose metabolism and inflammation, with acylation of an internal branched-chain hydroxy-palmitic or -stearic acid; (ii) ω-FAHFAs, which function as biosurfactants in a number of biofluids, are formed via acylation of the ω-hydroxyl group of very-long-chain fatty acids (these lipids have also been designated as o-acyl hydroxy fatty acids; OAHFA); and (iii) Ornithine-FAHFAs are bacterial lipids formed by the acylation of short-chain 3-hydroxy fatty acids and the addition of ornithine to the free carboxy group of the hydroxy fatty acid. The differences in biosynthetic pathways and cellular functions of these lipid families will be reviewed and compared to wax esters, which are formed by the acylation of a fatty alcohol, not a hydroxy fatty acid. In summary, FAHFA lipid families are both unique and complex in their biosynthesis and their biological actions. We have only evaluated the tip of the iceberg and much more exciting research is required to understand these lipids in health and disease.

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