The Ethical – A Priori Metaphysics Versus Pragmatism

Diogenes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilinida Markova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Special Sciences ◽  
The Subject

This paper examines the constant aspiration of special sciences to appropriate abstract categorical concepts in order to break and mould them, so that they become suitable for their theories and analyses of the subject they study. Such pragmatism cannot be ignored as it inevitably accompanies the encounter with any knowledge. But to what extent does it develop such knowledge?!

Educación y valores

2014 ◽  
pp. 83
Author(s):  
Sabino de Juan López
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Problem Of The Criterion

RESUMEN En el artículo se ofrece una reflexión en torno a la educación y valores. Tras una referencia a los diferentes sentidos en que se puede plantear el problema en función de la forma como se puede entender la relación entre los dos sustantivos “educación” y “valores”, la reflexión se centra en algunos problemas relacionados con los valores en cuanto contenidos de la educación. Primeramente se refiere al problema del criterio en función del cual determinar los valores de la educación, concluyendo en que el criterio no podía ser ni de carácter a priori, ni empírico, sino “sintético”. A continuación, se afronta el problema del principio, de la fuente de los valores, o la concreción del criterio de los valores de la educación, entendiendo que éstos deberían ser determinados a partir del sujeto de la educación. Se concluye con la referencia a una exigencia de los valores de la educación, la configuración de una totalidad unitaria e interactiva. Palabras clave: educación, valores, fuente de valores, integración, cultura EDUCATION AND VALUES ABSTRACT The article offers a reflection on education and values. After a reference to the different senses in which one can pose the problem in terms of how you can understand the relationship between the two nouns “education” and “values”, reflection focuses on some problems related to the values in the contents of education. First, it concerns the problem of the criterion against which to determine the values of education, concluding that the criterion could be neither a priori in nature, not empirical, but “synthetic”. Herein, the problem of principle is faced, the source of values, or the realization of the criterion of the values of education, understanding that these should be determined from the subject of education. It concludes with the reference of a requirement of the values in education, setting up a unitary and interactive whole. Key Words: education, values , power values , integration, culture

Self and Selves

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph C.S. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Personal Identity ◽  
Moral Philosophy ◽  
A Priori ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Synthetic A Priori

Kant is committed to the reality of a subject self, outside time but active in forming experience. Timeless activity is problematic, but that can be dealt with. But he holds that the subject of experience is not an object of experience, so nothing can be known about it; this raises a problem about the status of his own theory. But he ought to allow that we can know of its existence and activity, as preconditions of experience: the Critique allows that synthetic a priori truths can be known in this way. However, its identity conditions remain unknowable. Kant’s unity of apperception shares much with Locke’s continuity of consciousness, but does not determine the identity of a thing. Personal identity is bodily identity. Only Kant’s moral philosophy justifies recognizing other selves; it could warrant ascribing a similar status to animals.

scholarly journals An application of the theory of probabilities to the study of a priori pathometry.—Part II

1917 ◽  
Vol 93 (650) ◽  
pp. 212-225 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Active Service ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Government Grant

Part I of this paper was published in the ‘Proceedings', A, vol. 92 (1916), having been read on November 11, 1915. In June last, the Royal Society was kind enough to give a Government Grant for providing me with assistance in order to complete the paper, and for carrying on further studies upon the subject; and Miss Hilda P. Hudson, M. A., Sc. D., was appointed for the work from May 1, 1916. The continuation of the paper has accordingly been written in conjunction with her; and I should like to take the opportunity to express my obligations to her for her valuable assistance, especially in regard to Part III—which is to appear shortly. I must apologise for the rather numerous small errors in Part I—due to the fact that the proofs were received by me when I was abroad on active service.

scholarly journals Empirical evidence reveals the phase diagram of patch patterns in Mediterranean drylands

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Meloni ◽  
Cristiano R. F. Granzotti ◽  
Alexandre S. Martinez
Keyword(s):  
Phase Diagram ◽  
Phase Transitions ◽  
Satellite Images ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Continuous Phase ◽  
Adequate Description ◽  
Scaling Exponents ◽  
Open Issue ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Ecological Functioning

AbstractDrylands are ecosystems with limited water resources, often subjected to desertification. Conservation and restoration efforts towards these ecosystems depend on the interplay between ecological functioning and spatial patterns formed by local vegetation. Despite recent advances on the subject, an adequate description of phase transitions between the various vegetated phases remains an open issue. Here, we gather vegetation data of drylands from Southern Spain using satellite images. Our findings support three vegetated phases, separated by two distinct phase transitions, including a continuous phase transition, with new relations between scaling exponents of ecological variables. The phase diagram is obtained without a priori assumption about underlying ecological dynamics. We apply our analysis to a different dryland system in the Western United States and verify a compatible critical behavior, in agreement with the universality hypothesis.

Nationalism and Ethnic Demands: Some Speculations on a Congenial Note

1977 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 375-389
Author(s):  
Robert Drummond
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Political System ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
A Priori ◽  
The Political ◽  
Type Model ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Empirical Tests ◽  
Selection Of

In an interesting and insightful article published in 1969, James Lightbody has attempted an improvement of the theoretical basis for the study of nationalism among political scientists. He suggests that the historical perspective which has characterized most previous treatments of the subject should be abandoned, and that its replacement should be a model which perceives nationalism as the result of ethnic group demands upon a functioning political system. Lightbody argues that the adoption of this sort of model would permit political scientists to determine the characteristics which distinguish “nationalist” movements from similarly configured “non-nationalist” groups. Further-more one could look beyond the “collective enumeration of the various demands that have been made by various nation-seeking groups and their self-appointed spokesmen” which serve as the focus of concern for those who see nationalism as ideology. One could examine ethnic group demands without rejecting them a priori as unnaturally disruptive, and one could make comparisons between majority and minority expressions of nationalist views. The model is an “ideal-type” model, bordering on formalism, since it abstracts the demands of ethnic groups from other similar group demands made on the political system, but it has been constructed with a view to the selection of data which could provide empirical tests of its usefulness.

The Profile of a Jetstream

1971 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 353-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Danielsson
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Electromagnetic Forces ◽  
Vast Number ◽  
The Subject

The Jetstream concept was introduced by Alfvén in 1969. Since then, the subject has been studied from various aspects by Danielsson (1969), Arnold (1969), Alfvén and Arrhenius (1970), Lindblad and Southworth, and Trulsen. In an attempt to define a Jetstream, we may say that it is a group of objects moving in space with almost identical orbits. The largest objects in the Jetstream may have any size, but the group must include a vast number of very small objects and their density must be large enough for the objects to interact. This means that collisions between the particles give rise to viscosity in the stream. Other interactions (e.g., by electromagnetic forces) are not excluded a priori.

scholarly journals The German “Verständigung” and Consensual Elements in German Criminal Trials

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 1134-1148
Author(s):  
Matthias Jahn ◽  
Charlotte Schmitt-Leonardy
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
German Law ◽  
Criminal Procedure ◽  
Criminal Proceedings ◽  
Criminal Trials ◽  
Legal Doctrine ◽  
Negotiated Agreements ◽  
Traditional Sense ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Individual

AbstractNegotiated agreements in criminal proceedings have often been regarded as the embodiment of a negative wider trend towards the informalization of the criminal procedure, and have—especially in Germany—long been the subject of vivid controversies. A criminal proceeding in the traditional sense aims to establish the truth ex officio, which is achieved by means of a comprehensive inquiry into the facts conducted by the court during the trial, followed by a sentence that appropriately reflects the individual guilt of the defendant, which can then, in turn, achieve the procedural objective of “justice.” A streamlining of the extensive inquiry into the facts that the court would normally have to conduct via the consensual process of negotiation does not, a priori, fit the mold of a criminal procedure in the aforementioned sense. At the same time, the consensual termination of criminal proceedings—which also includes other forms of termination of the proceeding besides the concept of Verständigung, which occur by means of a preferment of public charges—is, in fact, more prevalent in practice these days than judgments rendered in adversarial trials are. Our Article focuses on the reasons why this stark contrast between legal doctrine and reality came to pass and which aspects of the implementation of the concept of consensus into the German law of criminal procedure still seem problematic.

Naturalism and Kantianism

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-123
Author(s):  
Valentin A. Bazhanov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Research ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Long Term Results ◽  
External Data ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Brain

An article by T. Rockmore, published in the journal “Epistemology and Philosophy of Science” in 2009 (Vol. XXII. No. 4, pp. 14‒29), claim that naturalism is by its nature an example of anti-Kantianism, for it treats philosophy as a continuation science and recognizes science as a legitimate source of knowledge, does not allow a priori, relies on an a posteriori approach, empiricism in the pre-Kantian sense, and insists on the possibility of revising the knowledge acquired. This article has a goal to show that T. Rockmore point of view should be revised due to the progress of modern cognitive research and, first of all, neuroscience, in which all the features of the naturalistic approach are implemented and in which the “Kantian program” of brain research is developed. In the context of this program, the existence on the ontological level (i.e., in the brain) of certain neural structures that make it possible and play a crucial role in the cognitive activity of a person is recognized. Those concepts that Kant treated as components of cognitive activity in modern neuroscience acquired ontological status in the form of the activity of certain neural structures, which turn out to be prerequisites and components of this activity. We claim that in the context of the Kantian research program in neuroscience, the metaphor “Kantian brain” naturally entered the vocabulary of neuroscientists, and certain specific operations and functions of the brain began to be associated with individual elements of Kant's ideas. It is in this context attempts are made to comprehend the mechanisms of the brain in the “stimulus – activity” mode, when an external effect leads to the excitation of certain neural structures. The brain is capable to anticipate the long-term results of certain actions of the subject. In the case of foresight, the brain generates “internal” models and uses for their correction external data that constantly provided from reality across the subject. At the same time, some kind of self-correcting mechanisms implements, which from a formal point of view described by the Bayes theorem, using a priori evaluations of upcoming events and changes in these evaluations as result of experience. Thus, naturalism and Kantianism understood in the context of the progress of modern science, despite T. Rockmore idea, are completely compatible.

Martin Heidegger’s Phenomenology of Boredom and Zen Practice

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-224
Author(s):  
Tomas Sodeika ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Feature ◽  
Special Sciences ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Subject And Object ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Classical Philosophy

In this article, Martin Heidegger’s phenomenology of boredom is compared with some aspects of Zen practice. Heidegger is primarily interested in boredom as a “fundamental mood,” which takes us beyond the opposition of the subject and object. Thus, boredom reveals the existence more initially than those forms of cognition that are the basis of classical philosophy and special sciences. As an essential feature of the experience of boredom, Heidegger singles out that being in this state we feel that our attention is held by something in which we find nothing but emptiness. In the article, this emptiness is compared with the Buddhist concept of shunyata, and various forms of experiencing boredom are paralleled with the different types of concentration achieved in Zen practice (samadhi). Besides, the question is discussed how the Buddhist perception of emptiness corresponds to Heidegger’s “openness.”

The Subject’s Life and the Life of Manifestation: Towards a Privative Biology

2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renaud Barbaras
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Phenomenological Approach ◽  
Exact Nature ◽  
Rigorous Analysis ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference

Abstract The universal a priori of the correlation between transcendental being and its subjective modes of givenness constitutes the minimal framework for any phenomenological approach. The proper object of phenomenology is then to characterize both the exact nature of the correlation and the sense of being of the terms in relation, that is to say, of subject and world. It involves demonstrating that a rigorous analysis of the correlation unfolds necessarily on three levels and that phenomenology is thus destined to move beyond itself towards a cosmology and metaphysics. The phenomenological correlation that we will establish is essentially a relation between a subject that is desire and a world that is pure transcendence and assumes their common belonging to a φύσίς whose description stems from a cosmology. But the difference of the subject, without which there is no correlation, refers itself to a more originary split that affects the very process of the manifestation and opens the space of metaphysics.

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