The Papacy, the Patriarchate of Constantinople and the Second Council of Lyon (1274)

Epohi ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Momchil Mladenov ◽  
◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
13Th Century ◽  
Present Information ◽  
History Of ◽  
Military Campaign ◽  
The Military ◽  
Significant Opportunity

The current publications present information about the history of church union negotiations in the second half of the 13th century. The mane goal of emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus is to stop the military campaign against Byzantium. At the Second Council of Lyons (6 July 1274) was declared a union between Catholics and Orthodox. This is the most significant opportunity for the unity of Christendom. But the union also became an occasion for final division. Then any attempt at rapprochement is doomed to failure.

scholarly journals Tourism Industry of Sudan: History and Peculiarities of its Development in the 20th and 21st Centuries

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 579-587
Author(s):  
Igor V. Gerasimov ◽  
◽  
Daniil Yu. Bogdanov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Nile Valley ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Tourism Sector ◽  
History Of ◽  
Local Companies ◽  
High Level ◽  
Military Campaign ◽  
The Military

The article considers the history of the tourism industry of one of the oldest states in the world — Sudan. The first attempts to organize sightseeing trips for Europeans to the Nile Valley were recorded after Napoleon’s expedition to Egypt in the early 19th century, but at that time Sudan was a little-known region. The military campaign of 1821 undertaken by the troops of Muhammad Ali resulted in the submission of Sudan and the establishment of the Egyptian-Turkish administration there. Since that time, the level of European intrusion into the country began to increase. The activities of travel companies only became notable in Sudan after the beginning of the colonial rule by England and Egypt in 1899. In the first decades of the twentieth century the first hotels were created, roads, including the railroad, were built, and cities were expanded as well as modernized. The hotel owners were predominantly foreigners. Tourism developed further after the country achieved independence in 1956. Since that time, national travel companies appeared, and travelers from Western countries and the Arab began to visit the country. Tourism has become an attractive sector for investment and capital raising, both local and international. At the same time, the economic and political problems observed in the period of 1980–2000 did not allow tourism to become a source of significant income for the state and prevented the sector from expanding. Currently, both high-level hotels and modest guesthouses, that mainly provide services for the domestic consumer, are built and operate in the capital of the country and in some cities of regional significance. The activity of travel companies remains at a low level and the number of foreign travelers is small. Local companies have attempted to cooperate with their Russian counterparts, but there are not enough prerequisites for initiating collaboration in this area. Sudanese researchers, economists, sociologists, historians, and marketing experts analyze the tourism sector and try to make recommendations for improving work in this area. This is reflected in a number of works in scientific journals that have been published in recent years.

scholarly journals O̅TA GYU̅ICHI. “SHINCHŌ-KŌ KI”. BOOK VI (COMMENTED RUSSIAN TRANSLATION). PART I

2020 ◽  
pp. 226-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Polkhov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Translation ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Pure Land ◽  
Power Struggle ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
Military Campaign ◽  
The Military

The article provides the first part of translation into Russian of the book VI of «Shincho̅-ko̅ ki», one of the major sources on the history of Japan of the 16th century. Book VI contains a copy of the 17 articles admonitions by Oda Nobunaga addressed to the sho̅gun Ashikaga Yoshiaki. In this document, Nobunaga reproached his master for self-will, selfishness and injustice. The appearance of the instructions testified to the intensification of the power struggle between the sho̅gun and Nobunaga. Book VI narrates about the sho̅gun’s open war against Nobunaga, who was in the ring of enemies in early 1573 — Takeda Shingen, the houses of Azai and Asakurа, the followers of the True Pure Land School, led by Honganji, and other opponents sought to coordinate their actions closely. In this situation, Nobunaga spared no effort to negotiate a peace with Yoshiaki. However, the truce was fragile; the shogun again challenged his powerful vassal, who moved the army to the capital, and then forced the suzerain, who was besieged in Makinoshima castle, to surrender, and sent him into exile. For O̅ta Gyu̅ichi, the author of the chronicle, the shogun after breaking up with Nobunaga turned into an “enemy of the realm”, his sympathy is definitely on the side of Nobunaga. In addition, scroll VI tells about the victorious end of the military campaign against the houses of Asakura and Azai, whose heads were forced to commit seppuku, as well as Nobunaga’s campaign in the north of Ise province with the aim of subjugating the local samurai clans, many of whom cooperated with the forces of Ikko̅-ikki.

scholarly journals French historiography of the Crimean war (1853-1856): main trends and tendencies

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 240-253
Author(s):  
Elena V. Linkova ◽  
Marc De Bollivier
Keyword(s):  
French History ◽  
Second Empire ◽  
Historical Anthropology ◽  
Crimean War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Military Campaign ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Military

This article is devoted to the study of the French historiographical tradition of studying the Crimean war. Due to the fact that the French historiography of the Crimean campaign has diff erences from the Russian or Anglo-Saxon, it is interesting to turn to the study of the features that are characteristic for the works of French historians. One of the key theses of this article is the statement of the following situation in French historical science: since the second half of the 19th century the Crimean war was studied in the framework of studies on the history of the Second Empire. In the late twentieth century the scientifi c tradition has undergone certain changes, as a result of which the events of 1853-1856 became the subject of separate studies on the military history of France and historical anthropology. This feature infl uenced the perception of the war in French public opinion and the scientifi c community and led to the diff erentiation of certain problems and subjects directly related to the history of the Crimean war. The study of French historiography allows us to determine the themes that prevailed in the scientifi c thought of France during the second half of the 19th - 20th centuries, as well as those trends that are currently key in discussing the prerequisites, the nature, the results of the military campaign of 1853-1856. The authors conclude that the scientifi c and possibly public interest in the Crimean war in France is much lower than in Russia. The events of 1853-1856, largely overshadowed by the discussions and memory of the First World war, gradually turn into a little-known period of French history. However, the jubilee years associated with the Crimean war and the siege of Sevastopol are an important point that allows us to revisit the study of both the military campaign and diplomacy, and in general the history of Russian-French relations.

scholarly journals Ōta Gyūichi. “Shinchō-kō ki”. Book XI (part 1)

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 1312-1341
Author(s):  
S. A. Polkhov
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Scholarly Literature ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
Military Campaign ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Middle Ages

This publication is a continuation in the series of academic translations of the books of Shinchō-kō ki chronicle into Russian. Shinchō-kō ki is a biography of the “unifier of Japan” Oda Nobunaga (1534–1582). One of the most important sources on the history of Japan (the end of the Middle Ages – the beginning of the Early Modern period), it was finally formed at the turn of the 16th–17th centuries. The author of the chronicle is Nobunaga’s vassal called O̅ta Gyu̅ichi (1527–1613?). The book 11 mainly provides accounts about the military campaign of other vassals of Nobunaga against powerful Mo̅ri house and its allies. The latter was joined by Bessho Nagaharu, one of the influential lords of Harima province. The first academic translation of Shinchō- kō ki into Russian is supplied with a detailed commentary. In this commentary, the records as found in the chronicle are compared against other sources. Besides, in the commentary, the author of the translation offers his interpretation of the complicated passages from Shinchō-kō ki along with their traditional interpretations as found in the scholarly literature.

Palestinian Campaign of the Egyptian Pharaoh Susakim in the Bible and Extra-Biblical Sources

2020 ◽  
pp. 138-174
Author(s):  
Сергий Акимов
Keyword(s):  
Historical Events ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Ancient Egyptian ◽  
History Of ◽  
Military Campaign ◽  
The Military ◽  
Biblical Sources ◽  
Infor Mation

В статье рассматривается проблема сопоставления библейских данных о походе фараона Сусакима на Иерусалим при иудейском царе Ровоаме с древнеегипетскими сведениями о военном походе в Палестину фараона Шешонка. Решение данной проблемы имеет особое значение, поскольку поход в Палестину Сусакима является первой библейской историей, которая может иметь прямое соответствие во внебиблейских источниках. В статье анализируются особенности библейского сообщения о данном походе, свидетельства Иосифа Флавия, рассматриваются различные подходы современных западных учёных к реконструкции истории похода фараона Шешонка, описанного на портале Бубастидов в Карнакском храме. Изучение библейских и внебиблейских данных о военном походе Шешонка поднимает принципиальный вопрос о том, как следует относиться к историческим событиям, описанным в Библии. The article discusses the problem of comparing the biblical data on the campaign of Pharaoh Susakim to Jerusalem under the Jewish king Rehoboam and ancient Egyptian infor mation about the military campaign in Palestine of Pharaoh Sheshonk. The solution to this prob lem is of particular importance, since a Susakim’s campaign to Palestine is the first history of the Bible, which can be directly correlated in extrabiblical sources. The article analyzes the features of the biblical message about this campaign, the testimony of Josephus Flavius, discusses vari ous approaches of modern Western scholars to reconstructing the history of the campaign of the Pharaoh Sheshonok, described on the Bubastid portal in the Karnak Temple. A study of the bibli cal and extrabiblical data on the military campaign of Sheshonka raises the fundamental ques tion of how to perceive the historical events described in the Bible.

THE STRUGGLE BETWEEN KHWAREZM AND THE GHURID STATE ACCORDING TO ARAB-PERSIAN SOURCES

2020 ◽  
pp. 96-108
Author(s):  
Dmitriy M. Timokhin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Political Influence ◽  
Academic Community ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Land Resources ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Northern India ◽  
Favorable Environment ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Military

Сollapse and disintegration of the Eastern part of the Seljuk state created favorable environment for the strengthening of local dynasties, which used it in order to build up their own military and land resources. The death of Sultan Sanjar in 1157 finally removed even formal dependence on the Seljuk house and provoked struggle between various actors for the supremacy in Khorasan. The most powerful rivals in this case proved to be the rulers of Khwarezm, belonging to the Anushteginid dynasty, and the Sultan of the Ghur region, who were able to extend their influence on the territory of Afghanistan and Northern India. From the military capabilities and political influence point of view, the latter posed as a favorite in this struggle, but at the beginning of the 13th century, the Ghurids were defeated, and all their possessions were absorbed in the Khwarezm state. In this article we would like not so much as to explore this confrontation, but rather to pay attention to its description in the Arab-Persian sources. Special attention will be paid to the written monuments of the 13th century, many authors of which were eyewitnesses of this struggle and included valuable information on the subject in their descriptions. We will also note the contradictions in the description of the struggle between Khwarezm and Ghur in the Arab-Persian historical works, the authors’ evaluation characteristics and their own explanations of why the Khwarezm-Shahs managed to win against such a powerful rival. We hope to uphold the interest of the academic community in the history of these state entities and the struggle between them.

scholarly journals Food supply service of the Russian army in the Seven Years' War (1756–1763)

2021 ◽  
pp. 69-80
Author(s):  
Il'ya Yur'evich Tkachenko
Keyword(s):  
Food Supply ◽  
Food Service ◽  
Military Capability ◽  
Russian Army ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
Regular Army ◽  
History Of ◽  
Military Campaign ◽  
The Military

This article discusses the events of the Seven Years' War from the perspective of supplying the troops of the Russian army with food and adapting it to the European military campaign. An overview is given to the key battles of the Seven Years' War, reflecting the nutrition of troops and activity of certain individuals on maintaining military capability of the army. The author also touches upon the fate of A. V. Suvorov and the beginning of his service as a supply officer, which left an imprint on his future career. The article is based mostly on archival materials of the Russian State Archive of the Ancient Acts, as well as literary sources of scientific nature. The article describes the time of the dawn of the absolutist Russian State, being a powerful international force. The history of food service on the example of the Seven Years’ War of 1756– 1763 is dedicated to the history of food supply of the Russian army and population throughout the Seven Years' War (1756–1763), the main type of supply changed depending on the financial situation of the state. The history of food service in Russia is one of the most remarkable pages in military history. Food service, which established with the advent of the Russian regular army, has been one of the main vectors of activity of the military department for centuries.

scholarly journals Caliph Al-Mu‘tasim’s Expedition against Amorion in 838 AD: The Chronology Reconsidered

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 74-95
Author(s):  
Pavel V. Kuzenkov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ninth Century ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Religious Conflict ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Comprehensive Database ◽  
History Of ◽  
Native Place ◽  
Military Campaign ◽  
The Military

This research offers a detailed reconstruction of one of the most famous episodes of Byzantine-Arab relations in the ninth century, the victorious campaign of the Abbasid army led by Caliph al-Mu‘tasim deep into the territory of Byzantium in 838 AD, which ended with the defeat of the army of Emperor Theophilos and the destruction of two most important fortresses in Asia Minor, Ankyra and Amorion, the native place of the ruling dynasty. The accounts of the circumstances and the route of this expedition kept by Arab, Syrian, and Greek sources make it possible to build a detailed chronological map of this military campaign with the use of new methodology created for the project of the comprehensive database of events of Byzantine history. The bringing together chronological and topographic indications of all available sources made it possible not only to make a complete reconstruction of the military operations, but also to revise the date of one of the most important events in the ninth-century history of Byzantium, the battle of Anzen at Dazimon plain, when the Arab-Turkic-Armenian army commanded by Afshin inflicted a crushing defeat on the Byzantine army of Emperor Theophilus, which included the Persian detachments of the ex-Khurramites of Babek. Taking the data in possession into account, there are reasons to date the battle to July 4th, 838 AD. It is proposed to correlate the previously accepted date indicated by at-Tabari, July 22nd, with another key event of the 838 campaign, the destruction of Ankyra. In addition, a comprehensive analysis of the sources makes it possible to clarify the chronology and circumstances of the fall of Amorion, which surrender to the Arabs was resulted by an ethno-religious conflict.

A Short Modern History of Studying Sacrobosco’s De sphaera

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (Special Issue) ◽  
pp. 23-33
Author(s):  
Alin Constantin Corfu
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Modern History ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of ◽  
University Of Paris ◽  
The University

"A Short Modern History of Studying Sacrobosco’s De sphaera. The treatise generally known as De sphaera offered at the beginning of the 13th century a general image of the structure of the cosmos. In this paper I’m first trying to present a triple stake with which this treaty of Johannes de Sacrobosco (c. 1195 - c. 1256). This effort is intended to draw a context upon the treaty on which I will present in the second part of this paper namely, a short modern history of studying this treaty starting from the beginning of the 20th century up to this day. The first stake consists in the well-known episode of translation of the XI-XII centuries in the Latin milieu of the Greek and Arabic treaties. The treatise De sphaera taking over, assimilating and comparing some of the new translations of the texts dedicated to astronomy. The second Consists in the fact that Sacrobosco`s work can be considered a response to a need of renewal of the curriculum dedicated to astronomy at the University of Paris. And the third consists in the novelty and the need to use the De sphaera treatise in the Parisian University’s curriculum of the 13th century. Keywords: astronomy, translation, university, 13th Century, Sacrobosco, Paris, curriculum"

From the history of the military past of composer and conductor Boris Galaev

2020 ◽  
pp. 39-44
Author(s):  
Felix S. Kireev
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
Musical Activity ◽  
Russian State ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Military ◽  
First Time ◽  
First World

Boris Alexandrovich Galaev is known as an outstanding composer, folklorist, conductor, educator, musical and public figure. He has a great merit in the development of musical culture in South Ossetia. All the musical activity of B.A. Galaev is studied and analyzed in detail. In most of the biographies of B.A. Galaev about his participation in the First World War, there is only one proposal that he served in the army and was a bandmaster. For the first time in historiography the participation of B.A. Galaev is analyzed, and it is found out what positions he held, what awards he received, in which battles he participated. Based on the identified documentary sources, for the first time in historiography, it occured that B.A. Galaev was an active participant in the First World War on the Caucasian Front. He went on attacks, both on foot and horse formation, was in reconnaissance, maintained communication between units, received military awards. During this period, he did not have time to study his favorite music, since, according to the documents, he was constantly at the front, in the battle formations of the advanced units. He had to forget all this heroic past and tried not to mention it ever after. Therefore, this period of his life was not studied by the researchers of his biography. For writing this work, the author uses the Highest Orders on the Ranks of the Military and the materials of the Russian State Military Historical Archive (RSMHA).

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