scholarly journals Loanwords in Welsh: Frequency Analysis on the Basis of Cronfa Electronaeg o Gymraeg

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 183-194
Author(s):  
Elena Parina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Analysis ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
British Isles ◽  
Main Work ◽  
Welsh Language ◽  
Celtic Languages ◽  
French And English ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Norman French ◽  
Prevailing View

The Welsh language adopted words from several languages, the most important being Latin, Norman French and English. As noted by Prof. Hildegard Tristram, the issues of English influence on the Insular Celtic languages did not receive due attention because of political undercurrents of the British Isles [Tristram 2002: 258]. The research of T.H. Parry-Williams [Parry-Williams 1924] still remains the main work on the subject. The prevailing view of the Welsh-speaking community on this topic can be seen in the name of a series of articles in the Mabon journal during the 1970s: Sut i beidio ag ysgrifennu Saesneg yn Gymraeg (How not to write English in Welsh) (e.g. [Roberts 1973]). This prescriptivism is avoided mainly in dialectal and code-switching studies, which cannot be prescriptive by definition, but still there are many issues awaiting description. In our paper we would like to present the result of our research, in which we analyse loanwords in two Welsh corpora. The first should be more precisely called a text massive, as only a part of it is available electronically yet. It consists of the 11 texts of the Mabinogi in the broader, Lady Charlotte Guest’s, sense and represents a classical sample of the Middle Welsh prose language. The second is the Bangor corpus of the Modern Welsh language. Selecting the loanwords in the top 1000 of the most frequent words in both corpora and comparing those two lists provides ideas on the English/Latin loanwords ratio in the language, their place in the whole vocabulary, and the correlation between Middle and Modern Welsh. Taking into account the less frequent loanwords allows refining the results.

scholarly journals III.—Phases of the Living Greek Language

1892 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-55
Author(s):  
Blackie
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Political Life ◽  
British Isles ◽  
Greek Language ◽  
Public Mind ◽  
The Public ◽  
Radical Reform ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Mediterranean

I will commence by stating that three reasons have moved me to bring this subject before the Society—(1) Because I found everywhere loose and even altogether false ideas possessing the public mind on the subject; (2) because I much fear that we, the academical teachers of the Greek language, are chiefly to blame for the currency of these false ideas; and (3) because, if Greek is a living and uncorrupted language, and dominating large districts of Europe and the Mediterranean, as influentially as French on the banks of the Seine and German on the Rhine, it follows that a radical reform must take place in our received methods of teaching this noble and most useful language. Now that the current language of the Greeks in Athens and elsewhere is not, in any sense, a new or a corrupt language, as Italian is a melodious and French a glittering corruption of Latin, may be gathered even a priori; for languages are slow to die, and the time that elapsed from the taking of Constantinople by the Turks in 1453 and the establishment of the Venetian power in the Morea in 1204, to the resurrection of Greek political life in 1822, was not long enough to cause such a fusion of contrary elements as produced the English language from the permanent occupation of the British Isles by the Normans.

scholarly journals Preface: The Historical Geography of the Hungarian Nation

1996 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-376
Author(s):  
Andrew Ludanyi
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
World War ◽  
East Central Europe ◽  
East Central ◽  
East European ◽  
The Past ◽  
French And English ◽  
The Subject

The fate of Hungarian minorities in East Central Europe has been one of the most neglected subjects in the Western scholarly world. For the past fifty years the subject—at least prior to the late 1980s—was taboo in the successor states (except Yugoslavia), while in Hungary itself relatively few scholars dared to publish anything about this issue till the early 1980s. In the West, it was just not faddish, since most East European and Russian Area studies centers at American, French and English universities tended to think of the territorial status quo as “politically correct.” The Hungarian minorities, on the other hand, were a frustrating reminder that indeed the Entente after World War I, and the Allies after World War II, made major mistakes and significantly contributed to the pain and anguish of the peoples living in this region of the “shatter zone.”

scholarly journals «Siftlikom msg f tel opostitha hna rj3 l history»: mescolanze di codice nella comunicazione mediale in Marocco

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Tamburini ◽  
Gabriele Iannàccaro
Keyword(s):  
English Teachers ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
The Real ◽  
Standard Arabic ◽  
French And English ◽  
Self Assessments ◽  
Dialectal Arabic

Based on first-hand collected data, the article analyses a number of code-switching occurrences in multilingual chats among a community of English teachers in the Fes-Meknes region of Morocco. The data are compared with the results of a perceptual questionnaire on linguistic self-assessments and also take into account the orthographic aspect of the messages. The complex sociolinguistic framework of the area vividly emerges, as well as the real and perceived status of the varieties and the relationships between codes. The result is a coherent combination of Standard Arabic, dialectal Arabic, French and English.

scholarly journals On the seasonal variation of atmospheric temperature in the British Isles and its relation to wind-direction, with a note on the effect of sea temperature on the seasonal variation of air temperature

1902 ◽  
Vol 69 (451-458) ◽  
pp. 61-85 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Wind Direction ◽  
Atmospheric Temperature ◽  
British Isles ◽  
Sea Temperature ◽  
The Subject

The following paper is mainly concerned with the analysis of the seasonal variation of temperature of the British Islands into a series of simple harmonic curves. The variation of temperature is so irregular that the use of this method of analysis for the investigation of the subject may seem to he arbitrary and inappropriate, and a few words of introduction are accordingly necessary to indicate the circumstances under which this mode of dealing with the subject showed itself to be specially adapted for the purpose.

Bilingualism and Musicality in Samuel Beckett’s Textes pour rien / Texts for Nothing

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-19
Author(s):  
Llewellyn Brown
Keyword(s):  
Literary Work ◽  
French And English ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Beckett’s bilingual work brings to light a non-negotiable dimension inherent in language. The two versions of the ‘same’ literary work prove to be substantially different as regards the effect produced. Their musicality involves the impact of language on the subject, and is apparent in the specific qualities inherent in French and English. While the French reveals ‘weaker’ rhythms, and more fluid and allusive language, the English reinforces the substance of words. The two languages are thus not equivalent but maintain their radical difference in relation to each other.

A Bibliography of the Tectonics of England and Wales

1932 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 233-237
Author(s):  
R. H. Rastall
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
British Isles ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
The Third ◽  
Tectonic History ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject

FOR more than twenty-five years the compiler of this bibliography has been deeply interested in the tectonic history of the British Isles: for the greater part of this time he has also been struck by the absence of any adequate and annotated treatment of the subject, since the appearance of the third edition of Jukes-Browne's Building of the British Isles, 1911. (The so-called 4th edition of this work, dated 1922, appears to be merely an unrevised reprint of the 3rd edition.) In 1929 this want was in part supplied by the publication of The Physiographical Evolution of Britain, by Dr. L. J. Wills. Even in this admirable work, however, the stress is on physiography rather than on tectonics, and many of the more important writings on this side of the subject are not referred to. In the Handbook of the Geology of Great Britain, which appeared in the same year, the exiguous section on “Morphology” includes no bibliography, while the whole scheme of treatment is in the main palaeontological, and little help on the tectonic aspect is to be obtained from the text of most of the sections. The present publication may in a sense be regarded as a supplement to that work.

English and Welsh in Contact

2020 ◽  
pp. 349-373
Author(s):  
Clive G. Grey
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
First Language ◽  
Grammatical Gender ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Time Code ◽  
Syntactic Change ◽  
Welsh Language ◽  
Social Domains ◽  
Morphological System ◽  
Over Time

Welsh and English have been in contact for centuries. This chapter looks at the long-standing influence of the English language upon Welsh and its changing nature. Welsh is interesting for what it tells us about how English has itself changed phonetically over time. Modern Welsh and English, unlike German, share well-developed progressive verbal systems. Linguistic contact was not always unidirectional across the Welsh border. The chapter assesses some patterns of morphological and syntactic change in Welsh emerging in the 1970s as pressure from Anglicization westwards across Wales. Anglicization can be mapped in the distribution of loanwords as recorded in major dialect surveys of the period. Explaining the distribution of English loanwords across Wales, the assignment of grammatical gender to them, and their accommodation into the Welsh morphological system turns out to be unusually complex, not just dependent on how far the border is away from Welsh speakers, but also on how much Welsh is spoken as a first language in that area but also linked to local attitudes toward the Welsh language itself, and the perception of threats to it from the use and spread of English across most social domains at that time. Code-switching and borrowing is closely linked to unstable bilingualism, and attitudes toward Anglicization.

Playing ‘follow my leader’ in Anglo-Norman studies

1996 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Rothwell
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
English Language ◽  
Important Phenomenon ◽  
Anglo Norman ◽  
French And English ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject

AbstractThroughout the present century the nature of Anglo-Norman and its role in the history of both French and English has been misunderstood and misrepresented by the endless repetition at second hand of views that have their origin in the nineteenth–century ‘reconstructionist’ movement in French philology. Evidence readily available from original sources of many kinds shows that the French used in England between the Conquest and the end of the fourteenth century is at once a more complex and far more important phenomenon than current writing on the subject would suggest, especially as regards the history of the English language.

Code-switching at the auxiliary-VP boundary

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Giancaspro
Keyword(s):  
Research Program ◽  
Implicit Knowledge ◽  
Judgment Task ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Spanish Speakers ◽  
Syntactic Knowledge ◽  
Heritage Spanish Speakers ◽  
The Subject ◽  
L2 Spanish ◽  
Auxiliary Verb

While early code-switching research (i.e., Poplack, 1980) focused on the possibility of universal constraints on switching, MacSwan’s (2010, 2014) “Constraint-Free” research program centers on the notion that code-switching is only constrained by the interaction of a bilingual’s two grammars. In following with this proposal, the current study examines whether two types of Spanish-English bilinguals are equally sensitive to the (un)grammaticality of Spanish-English code-switching at the subject-predicate and auxiliary-verb phrase boundaries. Twenty-five heritage Spanish speakers and forty-four L2 Spanish learners completed an Audio Naturalness Judgment Task in which they judged grammatical and ungrammatical Spanish-English code-switching at these two syntactic junctions. Results indicate that the L2 Spanish speakers and the heritage bilinguals, regardless of their self-reported exposure to code-switching, correctly differentiated between grammatical and ungrammatical switches, suggesting that they have implicit knowledge of code-switching grammaticality which falls out from syntactic knowledge of the two languages.

Intensive Contact and the Copying of Paradigms: An Éven Dialect in Contact with Sakha (Yakut)

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brigitte Pakendorf
Keyword(s):  
Vital Role ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Verbal Morphology ◽  
Linguistic Identity ◽  
Verb Morphology ◽  
Unique Structure ◽  
Northeastern Siberia ◽  
Heated Debate ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Village

AbstractThe development of the unique structure of Copper Island Aleut, which displays a combination of Russian finite verb morphology and Aleut nominal and non-finite verbal morphology as well as lexicon has been the subject of heated debate. In the absence of other examples of similar inflectional paradigm copying, the processes leading to this development are hard to elucidate. This paper discusses examples of paradigms copied from the Siberian Turkic language Sakha (Yakut) into a dialect of the Northern Tungusic language Éven spoken in the village of Sebjan-Küöl in northeastern Siberia. These data demonstrate that paradigm copying can take place in a situation of widespread bilingualism, with code-switching playing a vital role. Furthermore, they provide evidence that such mixed forms have the potential of serving as conduits for further copying of grammatical forms, and that they play an important role in the linguistic identity of the speakers, as has been suggested previously for mixed languages such as Copper Island Aleut.

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