Geodetic reference frames in the Netherlands

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnoud de Bruijne ◽  
Joop van Buren ◽  
Anton Kösters ◽  
Hans van der Marel
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Reference System ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Reference Frames ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Geodetic Reference System ◽  
Geoid Model ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Definition Of

Unambiguous and homogeneous geodetic reference frames are essential to the proper determination of locations and heights. The reference frames used in the Netherlands are the Rijksdriehoekmeting (RD) for locations and the Normaal Amsterdamse Peil (NAP) for heights. The RD has traditionally been managed by the Kadaster; the NAP by Rijkswaterstaat. The emergence of satellite positioning has resulted in drastic changes to these geodetic reference frames. A surveyor is now offered one instrument, GPS (the Global Positioning System), capable of the simultaneous determination of locations and heights. This is possible by virtue of one three-dimensional geodetic reference system - the European Terrestrial Reference System (ETRS89) - which in the Netherlands is maintained in a collaborative arrangement between the Kadaster and Rijkswaterstaat. GPS has been advanced as a practical measurement technique by linking the definition of the RD grid to ETRS89. Nevertheless the introduction of GPS also revealed distortions in the RD grid, which are modelled in the RDNAPTRANSTM2004 transformation. Furthermore, the use of the geoid model has become essential to the use of GPS in determining the height in comparison to NAP. Subsidence that has disrupted the backbone of the NAP gave cause to the need for a large-scale adjustment of the heights of the underground benchmarks and, in so doing, of the grid. Consequently new NAP heights have been introduced at the beginning of 2005; a new definition of the RD grid that had already been introduced in 2000 was once again modified in 2004. During the past few years two NCG subcommissions have devoted a great deal of time to these modifications. This publication lays down ETRS89, the RD and the NAP, together with their mutual relationships. In addition to reviewing the history of the reference frames and the manner in which they are maintained (including, for example, the use of AGRS.NL as the basis for the Dutch geometric infrastructure), the publication also discusses the status of the frames as at 1 January 2005. This encompasses the realisation of ETRS89 via AGRS.NL, the revision and new definition of the RD grid in 2004, and the new NAP publication in 2005. The publication also describes the mutual relationships between the frames in the modernized RDNAPTRANSTM2004 transformation consisting of the new NLGEO2004 geoid model and a model for the distortions of the RD grid. In conclusion, the publication also devotes attention to the future maintenance of the ETRS89, RD and NAP. The continuity of the link between the traditional frames and the three-dimensional frames is of great importance, and ETRS89 will continue to fulfil this linking role. The GPS base network and AGRS.NL reference stations will increasingly assume the leading role in the maintenance of the RD frame. The maintenance of the NAP will continue to be necessary, although during the coming decades the the primary heights will not need revision. In so doing the high quality of the geodetic reference frames required for their use in actual practice will continue to be guaranteed.

Determination of Generalized Coordinates and Forces for Generation of the Three Dimensional Curves with Torsion by PKM (Parallel Kinematik Machines)

2010 ◽  
Vol 166-167 ◽  
pp. 15-26
Author(s):  
N.V. Orlandea
Keyword(s):  
High Precision ◽  
Reference System ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Control Parameters ◽  
Kinematic Control ◽  
Generalized Coordinates ◽  
Definition Of

The paper describes the definition of a set of generalized coordinates and forces (kinematic control parameters) necessary to satisfy a specific job. Specifically, the generation of a three dimensional curve with torsion described by a Frenet reference system. The method employed to accomplish this task is using the Original ADAMS program alias MCADA. The analysis results indicate that the method can be successfully applied when designing motion simulators; however, there are accuracy restrictions for high precision six axis machining.

Détermination du géoïde astro-gravimétrique par la méthode de collocation par moindres carrés

1974 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 559-567
Author(s):  
Gérard Lachapelle
Keyword(s):  
Least Squares ◽  
Satellite Data ◽  
Reference System ◽  
Reference Ellipsoid ◽  
Geodetic Reference System ◽  
Least Squares Collocation ◽  
Method Of Least Squares ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Optimum Solution

The method of least squares collocation is briefly outlined. Its application to the determination of the astrogravimetric geoid (in fact, satellite data can be used as well) and the difficulties encountered are discussed. By the use of this method, it is possible to combine all types of geodetic data available in order to obtain an optimum solution for the geoid. It is also possible to determine consistent geodetic parameters necessary for the definition of a geodetic reference system. These parameters include the position of the existing astrogeodetic reference ellipsoid with respect to the geocenter to which the gravimetric and satellite data are referred.

Bottlenecks in the Implementation of On-Site Wastewater Treatment Plants on a Large Scale in The Netherlands

1990 ◽  
Vol 22 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 291-298
Author(s):  
Frits A. Fastenau ◽  
Jaap H. J. M. van der Graaf ◽  
Gerard Martijnse
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Housing Stock ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Definition Of

More than 95 % of the total housing stock in the Netherlands is connected to central sewerage systems and in most cases the wastewater is treated biologically. As connection to central sewerage systems has reached its economic limits, interest in on-site treatment of the domestic wastewater of the remaining premises is increasing. A large scale research programme into on-site wastewater treatment up to population equivalents of 200 persons has therefore been initiated by the Dutch Ministry of Housing, Physical Planning and Environment. Intensive field-research work did establish that the technological features of most on-site biological treatment systems were satisfactory. A large scale implementation of these systems is however obstructed in different extents by problems of an organisational, financial and/or juridical nature and management difficulties. At present research is carried out to identify these bottlenecks and to analyse possible solutions. Some preliminary results are given which involve the following ‘bottlenecks':-legislation: absence of co-ordination and absence of a definition of ‘surface water';-absence of subsidies;-ownership: divisions in task-setting of Municipalities and Waterboards; divisions involved with cost-sharing;-inspection; operational control and maintenance; organisation of management;-discharge permits;-pollution levy;-sludge disposal. Final decisions and practical elaboration of policies towards on-site treatment will have to be formulated in a broad discussion with all the authorities and interest groups involved.

scholarly journals Selective Fiscal Measures and the Definition of the Relevant Reference Framework in the Light of Cases C‑106/09 P, Commission v Gibraltar and C‑203/16 P, Heitkamp BauHolding v Commission

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 64-75
Author(s):  
Hanna-Mari Immonen
Keyword(s):  
Reference System ◽  
European Court Of Justice ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Reference Framework ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
European Court ◽  
Relevant Reference ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
State Aids

This article examines fiscal State aids and the selectivity condition. Assessing the selectivity is relatively complex in tax matters since it involves the analysis of the general tax system in which the regime under review applies. The focus of this article is on the selectivity analysis and the analysis of the general tax system i.e. the determination of the relevant reference framework. The definition of the relevant reference framework is still open to various interpretations despite the fact that the European Court of Justice has examined selectivity issues in several cases in the 2000s. The Gibraltar judgement has materially broadened the interpretation of the selectivity condition and the application of Article 107(1) TFEU. The Heitkamp BauHolding judgment confirms the interpretation adopted in the Gibraltar judgement, but also defines the scope of Article 107(1) TFEU in more detail. Yet the offset of the selectivity assessment i.e. the determination of the relevant reference system is still receptive to various interpretations.

scholarly journals A Terrestrial Reference System Consistent with WGRS

1991 ◽  
Vol 127 ◽  
pp. 211-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Boucher ◽  
Z. Altamimi
Keyword(s):  
Reference System ◽  
Terrestrial Reference Frame ◽  
Reference Systems ◽  
International Earth Rotation Service ◽  
Earth Orientation Parameters ◽  
Terrestrial Reference System ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Orientation Parameters ◽  
Evolution With Time

AbstractThe IAU and IUGG has jointly established in 1988 an International Earth Rotation Service (IERS) which is in charge of the realization of conventional celestial and terrestrial reference systems, together with the determination of earth orientation parameters which connect them.The theoretical definition of the terrestrial reference system which is realized by IERS through a conventional terrestrial reference frame formed by SLR, LLR, VLBI and GPS stations is presented. In particular its origin, scale, orientation and evolution with time are reviewed, taking into account relativistic and deformation effects.

Deformation detection through the realization of reference frames

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-148
Author(s):  
Nestoras Papadopoulos ◽  
Melissinos Paraskevas ◽  
Ioannis Katsafados ◽  
Georgios Nikolaidis ◽  
Euagelos Anagnostou
Keyword(s):  
Reference Frame ◽  
Reference System ◽  
Reference Frames ◽  
Satellite System ◽  
Geodetic Reference System ◽  
Deformation Model ◽  
Navigation Systems ◽  
International Gnss Service ◽  
Tectonically Active ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite

AbstractHellenic Military Geographical Service (HMGS) has established and measured various networks in Greece which constitute the geodetic infrastructure of the country. One of them is the triangulation network consisting of about 26.000 pillars all over Greece. Classical geodetic measurements that held by the Hellenic Military Geographic Service (HMGS) through the years have been used after adjustment for the state reference frame which materializes the current Hellenic Geodetic Reference System of 1987 (HGRS87). The aforementioned Reference System (RS) is a static one and is in use since 1990. Through the years especially in the era of satellite navigation systems many Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) networks have been established. The latest such network materialized by HMGS is ongoing and covers until now more than the 2/3 of the country. It is referenced by International GNSS Service (IGS) permanent stations and consists a local densification IGS08 Reference Frame. Firstly, this gives the opportunity to calculate transformation parameters between the two systems and a statistical analysis of the residuals leads to intermediate conclusions. After that and in conjunction with existing past transformations, tectonic deformations and their directions are concluded. Moreover past GPS observations on the same pillars in compare to the newer ones give also a sense of tectonic displacements. Greece is one of the most tectonically active countries in Europe and the adoption of a modern kinematic or semi-kinematic geodetic datum is a necessity as it should incorporate a deformation model like 3d velocities on the reference frame realization. The detection of geodynamic changes is a continuous need and should be taken into consideration at each epoch.

scholarly journals Vector Products As A Tool For The Investigation Of The Isometric Transformation Of Objects

2015 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-71
Author(s):  
Ryszard Józef Grabowski
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Vector Product ◽  
Isometric Transformation ◽  
Check Points ◽  
Normal Vectors ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Three Dimensional Space

Abstract The identification of isometric displacements of studied objects with utilization of the vector product is the aim of the analysis conducted in this paper. Isometric transformations involve translation and rotation. The behaviour of distances between check points on the object in the first and second measurements is a necessary condition for the determination of such displacements. For every three check points about the measured coordinate, one can determine the vector orthogonal to the two neighbouring sides of the triangle that are treated as vectors, using the definition of the vector product in three-dimensional space. If vectors for these points in the first and second measurements are parallel to the studied object has not changed its position or experienced translation. If the termini of vectors formed from vector products treated as the vectors are orthogonal to certain axis, then the object has experienced rotation. The determination of planes symmetric to these vectors allows the axis of rotation of the object and the angle of rotation to be found. The changes of the value of the angle between the normal vectors obtained from the first and second measurements, by exclusion of the isometric transformation, are connected to the size of the changes of the coordinates of check points, that is, deformation of the object. This paper focuses mainly on the description of the procedure for determining the translation and rotation. The main attention was paid to the rotation, due to the new and unusual way in which it is determined. Mean errors of the determined parameters are often treated briefly, and this subject requires separate consideration.

Fractal Dimensionalities

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 33-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Л. Жихарев ◽  
L. Zhikharev
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Fractal Sets ◽  
Three Dimensional Modeling ◽  
3D Space ◽  
Wolfram Mathematica ◽  
Dimensional Modeling ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Fractal Parameters ◽  
Definition Of

One of the most important characteristics of a fractal is its dimensionality. In general, there are several options for mathematical definition of this value, but usually under the object dimensionality is understood the degree of space filling by it. It is necessary to distinguish the dimensionality of space and the dimension of multitude. Segment, square and cube are objects with dimensionality 1, 2 and 3, which can be in respective spaces: on a straight line, plane or in a 3D space. Fractals can have a fractional dimensionality. By definition, proposed by Bernois Mandelbrot, this fractional dimensionality should be less than the fractal’s topological dimension. Abram Samoilovich Bezikovich (1891–1970) was the author of first mathematical conclusions based on Felix Hausdorff (1868–1942) arguments and allowing determine the fractional dimensionality of multitudes. Bezikovich – Hausdorff dimensionality is determined through the multitude covering by unity elements. In practice, it is more convenient to use Minkowsky dimensionality for determining the fractional dimensionalities of fractals. There are also numerical methods for Minkowsky dimensionality calculation. In this study various approaches for fractional dimensionality determining are tested, dimensionalities of new fractals are defined. A broader view on the concept of dimensionality is proposed, its dependence on fractal parameters and interpretation of fractal sets’ structure are determined. An attempt for generalization of experimental dependences and determination of general regularities for fractals structure influence on their dimensionality is realized. For visualization of three-dimensional geometrical constructions, and plain evidence of empirical hypotheses were used computer models developed in the software for three-dimensional modeling (COMPASS, Inventor and SolidWorks), calculations were carried out in mathematical packages such as Wolfram Mathematica.

scholarly journals Automatic Three-Dimensional Measurement of Large-Scale Structure Based on Vision Metrology

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhaokun Zhu ◽  
Banglei Guan ◽  
Xiaohu Zhang ◽  
Daokui Li ◽  
Qifeng Yu
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Large Scale Structure ◽  
Scale Structure ◽  
Blob Detection ◽  
Three Dimensional Measurement ◽  
Fully Automatic ◽  
Voting Strategy ◽  
Key Techniques

All relevant key techniques involved in photogrammetric vision metrology for fully automatic 3D measurement of large-scale structure are studied. A new kind of coded target consisting of circular retroreflective discs is designed, and corresponding detection and recognition algorithms based on blob detection and clustering are presented. Then a three-stage strategy starting with view clustering is proposed to achieve automatic network orientation. As for matching of noncoded targets, the concept of matching path is proposed, and matches for each noncoded target are found by determination of the optimal matching path, based on a novel voting strategy, among all possible ones. Experiments on a fixed keel of airship have been conducted to verify the effectiveness and measuring accuracy of the proposed methods.

scholarly journals ENGIN-X: a third-generation neutron strain scanner

2006 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 812-825 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Santisteban ◽  
M. R. Daymond ◽  
J. A. James ◽  
L. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Instrument ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Absolute Number ◽  
Simple Expression ◽  
Neutron Diffractometer ◽  
Accurate Definition ◽  
Gauge Volume ◽  
Computer Representation ◽  
Definition Of

ENGIN-X, a new time-of-flight (TOF) neutron diffractometer optimized to measure elastic strains at precise locations in bulky specimens recently commissioned at the ISIS Facility in the Rutherford Laboratory, UK, is described. Fast counting times, together with a flexible and accurate definition of the instrumental gauge volume are the main requirements of neutron strain scanning and have been addressed on ENGIN-X through the design of a novel TOF diffractometer with a tuneable resolution and interchangeable radial collimators. Further, the routine operation of the instrument has been optimized by creating a virtual instrument,i.e.a three-dimensional computer representation of the diffractometer and samples, which assists in the planning and execution of experiments. On comparing ENGIN-X with its predecessor ENGIN, a 25× gain in performance is found, which has allowed the determination of stresses up to 60 mm deep in steel specimens. For comparison with constant-wavelength diffractometers, special attention has been paid to the absolute number of counts recorded during the experiments. A simple expression is presented for the estimation of counting times in TOF neutron strain scanning experiments.

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