scholarly journals Ecology of aquatic organisms in Ainkurunuru

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 21-25
Author(s):  
Muthulakshmi T ◽  
Mallika S
Keyword(s):  
Food Chain ◽  
Natural Law ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Living Organism ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Loss Of Life ◽  
Law Of Nature ◽  
Industrial Work ◽  
Human Use ◽  
And Storage

No living organism can live on earth without water. Today, 70 percent of water is used for agriculture, 20 percent for industrial work and 10 percent for human consumption worldwide. Fish, crocodile, crab, shrimp etc. were found as aquatic organisms during the Sangam period. They describe the nature of the environment in the manner of food chain, spread, space protection, food collection and storage, and coexistence with the law of nature. In 500, news of aquatic organisms and their spreading into a food chain, compliance with the natural law, food conservation, human use methods and environmental contacts have been explored. This article shows that aquatic organisms lived without any pollution and without loss of life during the Sangam period.

scholarly journals Does aquatic sediment pollution result in contaminated food sources?

2021 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 453-464
Author(s):  
Josef Václavík ◽  
Pavla Sehonová ◽  
Zdeňka Svobodová
Keyword(s):  
Food Chain ◽  
Aquatic Environment ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Sediment Pollution ◽  
Anthropogenic Activity ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Aquatic Food ◽  
Fish And Shellfish

The sediment pollution of the aquatic environment by waste due to anthropogenic activity is of an increasing concern. The contaminants coming from the aquatic environment can enter the aquatic food chain and accumulate in the tissues of fish and shellfish used for human consumption. The aim of this study was to sum up the current level of knowledge concerning the pollution of aquatic sediments and its transfer to aquatic foods as well as to indicate whether such contamination has the potential to affect the health and welfare of aquatic organisms as well as the quality and safety of the species intended for human consumption. Based on the results of scientific studies, the European Food Safety Authority, and the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed, contamination of fish and seafood occurs predominantly through their diet and the levels of bioaccumulative contaminants are higher in fish which rank higher in the food chain. Contamination of aquatic habitats can not only significantly affect behavior, development, and welfare of aquatic organisms, but it can also affect the safety of fish and seafood for human consumption.

scholarly journals Unsafe “crossover-use” of chloramphenicol in Uganda: importance of a One Health approach in antimicrobial resistance policy and regulatory action

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kayley D. McCubbin ◽  
John W. Ramatowski ◽  
Esther Buregyeya ◽  
Eleanor Hutchinson ◽  
Harparkash Kaur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Focus Group ◽  
Low Income ◽  
One Health ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Regulatory Action ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Drug Shop ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Human Use

AbstractSince the introduction of antibiotics into mainstream health care, resistance to these drugs has become a widespread issue that continues to increase worldwide. Policy decisions to mitigate the development of antimicrobial resistance are hampered by the current lack of surveillance data on antibiotic product availability and use in low-income countries. This study collected data on the antibiotics stocked in human (42) and veterinary (21) drug shops in five sub-counties in Luwero district of Uganda. Focus group discussions with drug shop vendors were also employed to explore antibiotic use practices in the community. Focus group participants reported that farmers used human-intended antibiotics for their livestock, and community members obtain animal-intended antibiotics for their own personal human use. Specifically, chloramphenicol products licensed for human use were being administered to Ugandan poultry. Human consumption of chloramphenicol residues through local animal products represents a serious public health concern. By limiting the health sector scope of antimicrobial resistance research to either human or animal antibiotic use, results can falsely inform policy and intervention strategies. Therefore, a One Health approach is required to understand the wider impact of community antibiotic use and improve overall effectiveness of intervention policy and regulatory action.

scholarly journals An Integrated Approach to a Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) Indicator for the Food Production–Consumption Chain

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 925 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Erisman ◽  
Allison Leach ◽  
Albert Bleeker ◽  
Brooke Atwell ◽  
Lia Cattaneo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Chain ◽  
Nitrogen Use Efficiency ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Food Systems ◽  
Food System ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
National Scale ◽  
Nitrogen Use ◽  
Use Efficiency

Reducing nitrogen pollution across the food chain requires the use of clear and comprehensive indicators to track and manage losses. The challenge is to derive an easy-to-use robust nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) indicator for entire food systems to help support policy development, monitor progress and inform consumers. Based on a comparison of four approaches to NUE (life cycle analysis, nitrogen footprint, nitrogen budget, and environmental impact assessment), we propose an indicator for broader application at the national scale: The whole food chain (NUEFC), which is defined as the ratio of the protein (expressed as nitrogen) available for human consumption to the (newly fixed and imported) nitrogen input to the food system. The NUEFC was calculated for a set of European countries between 1980 and 2011. A large variation in NUEFC was observed within countries in Europe, ranging from 10% in Ireland to 40% in Italy in 2008. The NUEFC can be used to identify factors that influence it (e.g., the share of biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) in new nitrogen, the imported and exported products and the consumption), which can be used to propose potential improvements on the national scale.

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND SOME HEAVY METALS CONCENTRATION ANALYSES ON THREE COMMON SPECIES OF FISH IN TUNGAN KAWO RESERVOIR KONTAGORA, NIGER STATE, NIGERIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 223-232
Author(s):  
Mohammed Jr. Kinta ◽  
A. V. Ayanwale ◽  
U. N. Keke ◽  
Y. I. Auta ◽  
B. S. Adama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Aquatic Life ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Fish Samples

Developing countries like Nigeria are faced with increased in generation of domestic, industrial and agricultural wastes, with a large percentage moving. This study evaluates the physico-chemical and some heavy metals concentration in three common species of fish from Tungan Kawo reservoir Kontagora, Nigeria; using standard methods between (July 2018 – February 2019); at four different sampling stations of human activities on the water. Five heavy metals were evaluated (Lead, Copper, Manganese, Iron and Chromium) in the fish samples. Phosphate (0.4 – 2.5) mg/L, Nitrate (3.2 – 7.5) mg/L, Temperature (27 – 32.4) 0C, Dissolved Oxygen (2.4 – 5.2 mg/L), Conductivity (81 – 125 µS/cm), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (1.9 – 4.4 mg/L), Alkalinity (mg/L) and Total Dissolved Solids (117 – 198) ppm were within the standard for drinking water and survival of fish.  However, the pH (6.3 – 9.8) was above the standard for NIS and WHO drinking water but can support aquatic life. Iron (0.64 ± 0.072 mg/kg) was the most highly concentrated in Synodontis clarias while lead (0.01 ± 0.013 mg/kg) was the lowest in Oreochromis niloticus and Coptidon zillii (formerly Tilapia zillii. This current finding indicates that the water is safe for both aquatic life and domestic purpose but not suitable for direct human consumption without being properly treated. However, there is the need for regular monitoring of the heavy metals load in this water body and the aquatic organisms because of the long term effects

Natural Law in Early Modern Legal Thought

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Ibbetson
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Natural Law ◽  
Roman Law ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Human Reason ◽  
God's Will ◽  
Law Of Nature ◽  
Legal Thought ◽  
Greco Roman ◽  
Hugo Grotius

Natural law thinking in the early modern world had two principal roots: Greco-Roman moral philosophy and Roman law. These two strands came together in sixteenth-century Spain, from where they influenced the Dutchman Hugo Grotius. Grotius can be seen as the channel through which this thinking reached a pan-European audience. His works, and the works of his followers, came to have an enormous influence on the development of legal thought and practice after the seventeenth century. Ideas of natural law were no longer regarded as dependent on God’s will. A rational structure could be derived from self-evident premises in the law of nature and identification of concrete rules of natural law was regarded as the work of human reason. These features, coupled with its seeming moral objectivity, allowed natural law to provide a template for positive legal systems, and fuelled the move towards codification of law in eighteenth-century Europe.

Standard Food Safety Practices From Receiving to Cleaning in the Restaurant

2022 ◽  
pp. 123-150
Author(s):  
Suzita Ramli ◽  
Jun Xian Wong
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Food Safety ◽  
Food Supply ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Food Storage ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Cross Contamination ◽  
Food Supply Chain ◽  
Safety Practices ◽  
And Storage

Transmission of hazardous materials could be aggravated by inappropriate handling and storage practices. This results in cross-contamination to foodstuff or cooking utensils. The introduced hazards in the food supply chain might lead to client and reputation loss. The implementation of food safety is necessary to secure safety concerns. All employees should take initiative to be aware and have good attitudes regarding proper hygiene and sanitary practices to assure their product integrity and safety for human consumption. Therefore, this chapter delivered the appropriate and standard food safety protocols to all individuals involved in food storage, preparation, and serving. The scope was structured into (1) identification of hazardous ingredients, (2) purchasing and receiving raw materials, (3) transporting and storage, (4) cooking and reheating, (5) food serving and displaying, (6) leftover storage, and (7) cleaning and sanitation.

scholarly journals Inventory of microbial species with a rationale: a comparison of the IDF/EFFCA inventory of microbial food cultures with the EFSA Biohazard Panel qualified presumption of safety

2019 ◽  
Vol 366 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. i83-i88
Author(s):  
F Bourdichon ◽  
S Laulund ◽  
P Tenning
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Food Safety ◽  
Food Chain ◽  
European Food Safety Authority ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Microbial Species ◽  
Food Cultures ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Microbial Strains ◽  
International Dairy Federation

ABSTRACT In order to provide a harmonised preassessment to support risk assessment performed by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), the Biohazard Panel in 2007 published guidelines for evaluation of the safety of a strain included in the food chain, the Qualified Presumption of Safety (QPS). Since 2008, the Biohazard Panel has published on a regular basis an update of the microbial strains submitted for approval and extends the list of species which have been granted QPS status. The International Dairy Federation (IDF) and the European Food and Feed Cultures Association (EFFCA) have, since 2002, been conducting a project on the safety demonstration of microbial food cultures (MFCs). Following the publication of IDF Bulletin 377–2002, an inventory of MFCs was published in IDF Bulletin 455–2012 and updated most recently in IDF Bulletin 495–2018. These two lists developed by EFSA (QPS) and IDF/EFFCA both propose as an outcome an inventory of microbial species that are safe for human consumption. To avoid confusion when these two inventories are compared, this review attempts to explain the rationale that was used to develop them and explain how the two lists should be understood.

scholarly journals Drying Techniques and Storage: Do They Affect the Nutritional Value of Bee-Collected Pollen?

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (21) ◽  
pp. 4925
Author(s):  
Antonella Castagna ◽  
Giovanni Benelli ◽  
Giuseppe Conte ◽  
Cristina Sgherri ◽  
Francesca Signorini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Hot Air Drying ◽  
Hot Air ◽  
Drying Techniques ◽  
Related Quality ◽  
And Storage

In this study, the effect of different drying processes (freeze-drying (FD), microwave-assisted drying (MWD) and classic hot air drying (HAD)) on the polyphenols, flavonoids, and amino acids content was investigated on bee-collected chestnut, willow and ivy pollen for human consumption. Furthermore, the pollen chemical properties were monitored after three and six months of storage, and then analyzed using a multivariate approach. Chestnut pollen was the richest source of polyphenols, flavonoids, and rutin, while ivy pollen contained the highest amount of total and free amino acids, and total and free proline. Drying and storage affected pollen chemical composition with species-dependent effects. MWD allowed the best retention of flavonoids in chestnut pollen for up to six months of storage. All drying techniques led to a depletion of flavonoids in willow pollen; however, MWD ensured the highest flavonoids content after six months. FD and MWD did not lead to flavonoids depletion in ivy pollen during storage. Additionally, storage did not affect the rutin content, which was highest in FD willow samples after six months. Notably, both FD and MWD techniques are efficient in preserving amino acids-related quality of bee pollen up to six months of storage.

A computer model of cadmium metabolism in the sheep with regard to the human food chain

1999 ◽  
Vol 1999 ◽  
pp. 15-15
Author(s):  
S.H. Prankel
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Food Chain ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Kidney Cortex ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Toxic Heavy Metal ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Human Food ◽  
Human Food Chain

Cadmium (Cd) is a non-essential toxic heavy metal which is added to soil in phosphorous fertilizers and sewage sludge. Cd enters the human food chain via animals fed on crops from these soils, food of vegetable origin and smoking. In chronic exposure situations Cd accumulates in the liver and kidney of animals and man. Intake resulting in a Cd concentration of over 200μg/g wet weight in the kidney cortex results in kidney damage in humans (Friberg et al., 1974). With the prohibition of disposal of sewage sludge at sea in 1998, it is likely that more Cd will be deposited on soils. Current limits for Cd in animal feed are intended to prevent food from animal origin from exceeding legal Cd limits. This work examines the behaviour of Cd in the ovine body and models organ Cd from given intakes to investigate whether current limits in feed are safe and result in animal products fit for human consumption.

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