scholarly journals Foculi (fire pots) discovered at the legionary fortress of Potaissa. Case study: centuriae from praetentura sinistra

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 117-139
Author(s):  
Luciana Nedelea ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ceramic Material ◽  
Careful Analysis ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Heat Sources ◽  
Initial Number ◽  
Heating Systems ◽  
New Type ◽  
First Time ◽  
Ceramic Studies

Faced with a tumultuous end of the 2nd century and the harsh realities of the 3rd century AD, the Roman legionaries of Potaissa were forced to adapt to new living conditions and to overcome their daily needs by replacing and using the materials that were at hand or most convenient and easy to acquire at that time. One of the noteworthy observations here is the fact that almost no traces of heating systems have been identified. This situation raised different questions, as it is very hard to imagine how soldiers survived the harsh winters of Roman Dacia without heat sources. The answer came after a careful analysis of the ceramic material unearthed here. As a result, a new type of pottery has been identified, having bronze braziers as their precursor. It is for the first time that this type of pottery has been identified in Romania, as far as ceramic studies are concerned. In the praetentura sinistra, which will be the focus of this article, a total of 1621 wares were identified and analyzed, out of which 22% (218) are represented by this new type which we will call foculus/foculi. A number of approximately 1000 such earthen pots have been discovered in the entire Roman fortress, bearing in mind the fact that mostly rims and bases were kept during the archaeological campaigns throughout the years. We can estimate that their initial number was considerably higher.

Assessment for central heating systems with different heat sources: A case study

2012 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 168-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Chengmin ◽  
Zhang Yufeng ◽  
Ma Lijun
Keyword(s):  
Heat Sources ◽  
Heating Systems ◽  
Central Heating

scholarly journals Methods for optimal loading of the prosumer’s heat source during the heating period

2019 ◽  
Vol 102 ◽  
pp. 02006
Author(s):  
Ivan Postnikov ◽  
Andrey Penkovskii
Keyword(s):  
District Heating ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Test Scheme ◽  
Heat Sources ◽  
Heating Period ◽  
Heating Systems ◽  
Optimal Loading ◽  
Heat Loading ◽  
New Type ◽  
The One

The paper the one of current problem of transition of district heating systems (DHS) to the new type of intelligent and integrated systems. This problem is related to the implementation the technology of prosumer, which allows regulating its own heat loading ensuring the most efficiency heating modes by using its own heat sources (HS) and/or heat storages. The statement of considered problem is formulated as the search of the optimal loading relation between the own distributed HS of prosumer and the district HS of DHS, based on the criterion of minimal cost on heating to prosumer for each calculated time interval during the heating period. The practical researches based on calculating experiment using the test scheme of DHS is provided. The results of calculations are presented as diagram of prosumer’s and district HS loading for the considered DHS scheme, as well as the economic benefit when using distributed generation of prosumers.

scholarly journals Optimization of joint operation of district and distributed heat sources for effective and reliable heat supply to consumers

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 01014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Postnikov ◽  
Valery Stennikov ◽  
Andrey Penkovskii
Keyword(s):  
Organization Theory ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Heat Sources ◽  
Heating Systems ◽  
Optimal Load ◽  
Methodical Approach ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Industrial Organization Theory

The problem of optimal load distribution between district and distributed heat sources (heat sources of prosumers) in the district heating systems are considered. The methodical approach and mathematical model for solving this problem are proposed. They are based on methods of the theory of system energy researches, theory of industrial organization, theory of hydraulic circuits, and basic laws of cogeneration. The case study results obtained by using the developed methodology are presented. The potential economic effect of the prosumer adoption under specified conditions is demonstrated. The conclusions and directions for further research are formulated.

scholarly journals Jurchen Harvesting Equipment: A Case Study of the Walled Town of Shaiginskoe

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 66-77
Author(s):  
Nadezhda G. Artemieva ◽  
Victor S. Sorokin
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Agricultural Activity ◽  
Agricultural Equipment ◽  
New Type ◽  
The Military ◽  
First Time ◽  
The City

Purpose. The article is dedicated to the research of harvesting tools that were excavated on the territory of the Shaiginskoe site. For the first time, the full statistics of the material are given, its new classification has been developed, and the data reveal the role of agriculture in life in the military-agricultural settlements of the State of East Xia. The Jurchens’ walled towns dating back to the period of the Eastern Xia State are qualified as military and agricultural settlements. Fortification structures of the sites imply their military functions, whereas findings of agricultural equipment affirm respective activities of the citizens. The agricultural implements excavated on the site of Shaiginskoe include hand-held tools typically used by the Jurchen people for harvesting cereal crops or cutting grass for hay. The article covers a complete statistic of the archaeological findings, provides a new type of their classification and demonstrates the scientists’ efforts to determine the specific features of social relations in military and agricultural settlements. Results. A total of 113 items have been found in the Shayginskoe settlement, which can be attributed to tools for harvesting. According to morphological features, they can be divided into species A – sickles and species B – scythes. Having analyzed the unearthed material, the authors conclude that the tools had a cross-purpose and their functions were not clearly separated. The Jurchens’ sickle appeared to be similar to the sickle-scythe used by the Manchus. They correspond to each other in size, shape and functionality. The only difference lies in a manner of fastening the blade to the handle. Conclusion. Judging by the number of agricultural equipment found in almost one in three dwellings of The Shaiginskoe fortification, it can be concluded that many residents of the city, to varying degrees, engaged in agriculture, supplemented by fishing and hunting, providing themselves with food, however agriculture played an important role in the economy of medieval fortifications of Primorye, and formed the basis of agricultural activity of the Jurchen.

scholarly journals Case Study: Measuring the Thermal Insulation of Heated Protective Gloves on a Thermal Hand Model

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (1(139)) ◽  
pp. 58-64
Author(s):  
Emilia Irzmańska ◽  
Anna Bacciarelli-Ulacha
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Insulation ◽  
Heat Sources ◽  
Cold Environment ◽  
Protective Gloves ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Active Systems ◽  
Heating Systems ◽  
Additional Heat ◽  
Hand Model

This paper presents a study on the thermal insulation of commercial protective gloves with passive and active heating systems considering different simulated temperatures (-15 °C, -10 °C, 0 °C and +5 °C). The insulation parameter was determined on a thermal hand model for two heated gloves supplied with different heat sources (active and passive) according to an originally developed procedure. The results confirmed that the use of an additional heat source (active or passive) makes it possible to obtain higher values of thermal insulation, expressed by a change in the performance level. In addition, the results indicate that active systems are more effective than the passive heat sources tested. The procedure shows how to evaluate the performance of heated products. It was found that active and passive systems differentially follow temperature changes, and thus differ in the levels of thermal insulation provided in the workplace. Depending on the degree of exposure of the worker to a cold environment, it is advisable to wear gloves additionally equipped with passive or active heat sources.

Islamic and Jewish Religious Feminists Tackle Islamic and Jewish Oral Law: Maintenance and Rebellion of Wives

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-63
Author(s):  
Ruth Roded
Keyword(s):  
State Policy ◽  
Political System ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
The State ◽  
The Political ◽  
Jewish Law ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Parallel Case ◽  
First Time

Beginning in the early 1970s, Jewish and Muslim feminists, tackled “oral law”—Mishna and Talmud, in Judaism, and the parallel Hadith and Fiqh in Islam, and several analogous methodologies were devised. A parallel case study of maintenance and rebellion of wives —mezonoteha, moredet al ba?ala; nafaqa al-mar?a and nush?z—in classical Jewish and Islamic oral law demonstrates similarities in content and discourse. Differences between the two, however, were found in the application of oral law to daily life, as reflected in “responsa”—piskei halacha and fatwas. In modern times, as the state became more involved in regulating maintenance and disobedience, and Jewish law was backed for the first time in history by a state, state policy and implementation were influenced by the political system and socioeconomic circumstances of the country. Despite their similar origin in oral law, maintenance and rebellion have divergent relevance to modern Jews and Muslims.

PLANETARY SELF-ORGANIZATION

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-282
Author(s):  
OLEG IVANOV
Keyword(s):  
Dynamical System ◽  
Heat Source ◽  
Mantle Convection ◽  
Plate Tectonics ◽  
Rotation Speed ◽  
Self Organization ◽  
Heat Sources ◽  
Kinematic Parameters ◽  
The Earth ◽  
New Type

The general characteristics of planetary systems are described. Well-known heat sources of evolution are considered. A new type of heat source, variations of kinematic parameters in a dynamical system, is proposed. The inconsistency of the perovskite-post-perovskite heat model is proved. Calculations of inertia moments relative to the D boundary on the Earth are given. The 9 times difference allows us to claim that the sliding of the upper layers at the Earth's rotation speed variations emit heat by viscous friction.This heat is the basis of mantle convection and lithospheric plate tectonics.

Evaluation of Socio-Economic Conditions of Coldwater Fish Farmers: A Case Study of Sikkim

2020 ◽  
pp. 62-71
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Good Condition ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Gini Coefficients ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
The People

ABSTRACT The study analyses the socio-economic status, degree of income inequality and perceived socio-economic conditions of the fish farmers of the four districts of Sikkim. A total sample size of 200 fish farmers was selected from the four districts depending upon the presence of the number of farmers in each district. Purposive random sampling method was used and the results were analysed from descriptive statistics such as frequency count and percentages. The degree of income inequality was analysed through Gini coefficients. The factors that determined the perceived socio-economic living conditions were analysed with a logistic regression model. The socio-economic status of the people was found to be in good condition and there were not many variations among the fish farmers of different districts. Most of the respondents had pucca houses with the combination of firewood and LPG as a source of cooking fuel and also had access to basic amenities like electricity, drinking water and sanitation facilities in the households. The study also found that income inequality was not so severe amongst the fish farmers of the three districts except for the East district which had the strongest income inequality. The per capita income, housing condition and ratio of above primary education to total members had a significant impact on the perceived living conditions of the fish farmers. Keywords

A Relationship Between the Factor Indivisibility and the Output Elasticity of the Indivisible Factor

2021 ◽  
pp. 232102222098516
Author(s):  
Dipankar Das
Keyword(s):  
Production Function ◽  
Limit Point ◽  
Mathematical Proof ◽  
Wage Equation ◽  
Marginal Value ◽  
Output Elasticity ◽  
New Type ◽  
First Time ◽  
Jel Classifications

The paper puts forth a notion and derives a special type of production function where labour is an indivisible factor and is in the integer space. Thus, Newtonian calculus is not an appropriate method of deriving the marginal value because limit point does not exist. This shows that indivisibility determines the output elasticity. In the first part, the paper propounds a notion regarding how indivisibility determines curvature of the production function. In the second part, the paper incorporates the findings within a production function and derives a new type accordingly. Moreover, it formally derives the standard wage equation considering all the entitlements of labour, namely (a) normal wages, (b) interest and (c) rent of ability. So far, no such mathematical proof is there to support this wage composition. This paper, for the first time, derives this wage equation considering indivisibility of labour. JEL Classifications: J23, J24, J31, D24, C61, E24, L8

Deep learning and complex network theory based analysis on socialized manufacturing resources utilisations and an application case study

2021 ◽  
pp. 1063293X2110031
Author(s):  
Maolin Yang ◽  
Auwal H Abubakar ◽  
Pingyu Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Complex Network ◽  
Network Models ◽  
Neural Network Models ◽  
Complex Network Theory ◽  
New Type ◽  
Manufacturing Resource ◽  
Manufacturing Resources ◽  
Resource Characteristics

Social manufacturing is characterized by its capability of utilizing socialized manufacturing resources to achieve value adding. Recently, a new type of social manufacturing pattern emerges and shows potential for core factories to improve their limited manufacturing capabilities by utilizing the resources from outside socialized manufacturing resource communities. However, the core factories need to analyze the resource characteristics of the socialized resource communities before making operation plans, and this is challenging due to the unaffiliated and self-driven characteristics of the resource providers in socialized resource communities. In this paper, a deep learning and complex network based approach is established to address this challenge by using socialized designer community for demonstration. Firstly, convolutional neural network models are trained to identify the design resource characteristics of each socialized designer in designer community according to the interaction texts posted by the socialized designer on internet platforms. During the process, an iterative dataset labelling method is established to reduce the time cost for training set labelling. Secondly, complex networks are used to model the design resource characteristics of the community according to the resource characteristics of all the socialized designers in the community. Two real communities from RepRap 3D printer project are used as case study.

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