scholarly journals Linen Most Useful: Perspectives on Structure, Chemistry, and Enzymes for Retting Flax

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danny E. Akin
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Type ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Short History ◽  
Waste Streams ◽  
Bast Fiber ◽  
Commercial Practice ◽  
Different Types ◽  
History Of ◽  
Fiber Processing

The components of flax (Linum usitatissimum) stems are described and illustrated, with reference to the anatomy and chemical makeup and to applications in processing and products. Bast fiber, which is a major economic product of flax along with linseed and linseed oil, is described with particular reference to its application in textiles, composites, and specialty papers. A short history of retting methods, which is the separation of bast fiber from nonfiber components, is presented with emphasis on water retting, field retting (dew retting), and experimental methods. Past research on enzyme retting, particularly by the use of pectinases as a potential replacement for the current commercial practice of field retting, is reviewed. The importance and mechanism of Ca2+ chelators with pectinases in retting are described. Protocols are provided for retting of both fiber-type and linseed-type flax stems with different types of pectinases. Current and future applications are listed for use of a wide array of enzymes to improve processed fibers and blended yarns. Finally, potential lipid and aromatic coproducts derived from the dust and shive waste streams of fiber processing are indicated.

Prosody in Automatic Speech Processing

2020 ◽  
pp. 632-645
Author(s):  
Anton Batliner ◽  
Bernd Möbius
Keyword(s):  
Speech Processing ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Short History ◽  
Word Level ◽  
Dialogue Acts ◽  
Semantics And Pragmatics ◽  
Different Types ◽  
History Of

Automatic speech processing (ASP) is understood as covering word recognition, the processing of higher linguistic components (syntax, semantics, and pragmatics), and the processing of computational paralinguistics (CP), which deals with speaker states and traits. This chapter attempts to track the role of prosody in ASP from the word level up to CP. A short history of the field from 1980 to 2020 distinguishes the early years (until 2000)—when the prosodic contribution to the modelling of linguistic phenomena, such as accents, boundaries, syntax, semantics, and dialogue acts, was the focus—from the later years, when the focus shifted to paralinguistics; prosody ceased to be visible. Different types of predictor variables are addressed, among them high-performance power features as well as leverage features, which can also be employed in teaching and therapy.

scholarly journals Development trends in artillery ammunition propellants

2020 ◽  
pp. 5-16
Author(s):  
Mateusz Szala
Keyword(s):  
Foreseeable Future ◽  
Short History ◽  
Single Base ◽  
Rocket Propellants ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Synthetic Rubber ◽  
Different Types ◽  
History Of ◽  
Double Base

A short history of nitrocellulose (NC) use in propellants is discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of NC as a semi-synthetic component of powders and rocket propellants are presented. Based on the conventional classification of propellants, the options of eliminating nitrocellulose in different types of powders and rocket propellants are discussed in detail. The analysis shows that in the foreseeable future, the elimination of NC in single-base and double-base propellants is highly unlikely. The observed trends in triple-base propellant development also does not show any tendencies in the elimination of NC, only the replacement of nitroguanidine with cyclic nitroamines. However, the elimination of NC in LOVA composite propellants is probable. Synthetic, rubber-based solid composite rocket propellants, with ammonium perchlorate as the oxidizer, are the only ones not dependent on NC.

AIRBORNE ELECTROMAGNETICS IN REVIEW

Geophysics ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 691-713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger H. Pemberton
Keyword(s):  
World Wide ◽  
Short History ◽  
The Past ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Em Method ◽  
History Of ◽  
Exploration Tool ◽  
Airborne Em ◽  
Airborne Electromagnetics

The art of prospecting by electromagnetic (EM) methods has progressed so rapidly in the last decade that it would seem timely for the publication of a review on this field of activity. Airborne EM surveys have been conducted on a world‐wide basis for quite a number of years, and they are now accepted as a standard and proven exploration tool. Unlike, however, the field of airborne magnetics which has received a great deal of attention in publications in many technical journals, the airborne EM method has scarecely been touched upon, publication‐wise. A few papers have been presented in the past on specific types of EM prospecting instruments and methods, but to the writer’s knowledge, no attempt as yet has been made to incorporate all the various techniques and EM instruments in one article. This review is therefore primarily an attempt to set down for the reader a short history of airborne EM development, along with some details on each of the different types of EM systems or instruments which have flown in the past or are presently flying today.

A Legal Capacity View of China’s Social Organizations

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-34
Author(s):  
Xiang Yu ◽  
Wei Li ◽  
Na Li
Keyword(s):  
Public Service ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Short History ◽  
Social Organizations ◽  
History Of Development ◽  
Different Types ◽  
History Of ◽  
Legal Guidelines ◽  
Social Management

Chinese social organizations are influenced by a variety of factors, including their relatively short history of development, the complex environment in which they grow, and their daunting mission of innovation. Viewing them from different perspectives leads to different conclusions. This paper examines the legal status of social organizations, exploring what they ought to be, could be, and are not. It finds that today, Chinese social organizations already have a certain capacity for behaving autonomously, the capacity for endorsement, and the capacity for public service. At the same time, there are imbalances in the development of the capacities of different types of social organizations. To build social organizations, there should be a full range of diagnostics regarding their capacities, relevant legal guidelines, concentration of resources to optimize their capacity structures, enlargement of their capacity reserves, and the endeavor to propel social organizations to play a greater role in social development and social management.

scholarly journals El arma sagrada: el combate con arco y flecha en Irán

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Manouchehr Moshtagh Khorasani
Keyword(s):  
Short History ◽  
The Third ◽  
Bow And Arrow ◽  
Different Types ◽  
History Of ◽  
Materials Used

<p class="AMresumen">The following article presents the development of the bow and arrow, and its important role in the history of Iran. The bow always played an important role not only on the battlefield, but also in hunting. It was also considered as a sacred weapon and additionally a royal symbol. Bow and arrow were considered as a superior weapon in comparison with other types of weapons because one could fight with them at a safer distance as one offered by swords, maces and axes. The first part of the article presents a short history of the bow in Iran. Based on historical Persian manuscripts, the next part explains the structure of the composite bow and the materials used for making it. The third part describes some types of bows based on the material, place of production, the usage, and bow type based on the length of the bow and the arrows. The following part talks about different types of arrows based on morphology of arrowheads, the type of plume/feather, the material of the shaft, the material of the arrowhead, the length of arrows, the target of arrows, the place of production of arrowheads and terms for describing its different features of an arrowhead. Then, the article talks about different types of thumb rings, bowstrings, quivers and bow cases and arrow guides for shooting short arrows. The next part discusses different principles of archery as explained in Persian manuscripts. Finally the article describes different archery targets.</p>

A Short History of Bridge Building

1892 ◽  
Vol 34 (866supp) ◽  
pp. 13832-13832
Author(s):  
C. R. Manners
Keyword(s):  
Short History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Bridge Building
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