scholarly journals Impact of Snow Storms on Habitat and Death of Yunnan Snub-Nosed Monkeys in the Baimaxueshan Nature Reserve, Yunnan, China

ISRN Zoology ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dayong Li ◽  
Baoping Ren ◽  
Jie Hu ◽  
Yongsheng Shen ◽  
Xinming He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Pinus Yunnanensis ◽  
Ecological Aspects ◽  
Fallback Food ◽  
Heavy Snow ◽  
Habitat Damage ◽  
Large Groups ◽  
Snow Storms

Natural disasters such as snow storms have far-reaching effects on variations in the habitat structure and ecological aspects of non-human primates. Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) inhabit high-altitude forest and endure harsh winters. The effect of heavy snow-storms (January 19 to February 6, 2008) on two large groups of R. bieti (Gehuaqing group and Xiangguqing group) inhabiting Samage Forest in the Baimaxueshan Nature Reserve were assessed. Data on habitat damage were collected between March and May 2008 via field line sampling. The snow storms destroyed 237 big trees in the Samage Forest. The destroyed trees were mostly located along the mountain ridge and valley including Abies georgei, Tsuga dumosa, Pinus yunnanensis and Cyclobalanopsis oxyodon. These trees were important for R. bieti as they provide a dietary source of lichen that is a critical winter fallback food for this primate species, and consequently food availability for R. bieti was reduced. Our results also showed that two juveniles in the Gehuaqing group and three juveniles in the Xiangguqing group were found deceased following the storms. The fact indicates that R. bieti is well adapted to high altitude and strongly seasonal habitat might explain its resilience to heavy snow storms.

Heavy Snowstorms at Blue Hill (Boston), Mass.*

1950 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 163-167
Author(s):  
Charles F. Brooks ◽  
Irving I. Schell
Keyword(s):  
Wind Velocity ◽  
The North ◽  
Heavy Snow ◽  
Snow Storms ◽  
Northwesterly Wind

During the 24 hours before the all-snow storms (of which there were 12), the pressure on Mt. Washington (elevation 6,288 ft. and 142 miles to the north) rises, the usually prevailing strong northwesterly wind drops sharply, and the temperature mostly shows a rise from a low value. Before heavy snow mixed or alternating with rain (4 storms), the pressure on Mt. Washington starts high and falls, the temperature is moderate, and the wind velocity is comparatively low, frequently with southerly or easterly components.

scholarly journals Interação planta-inseto: Aspectos biológicos e ecológicos do mutualismo Cecropia-Azteca

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-90
Author(s):  
Gabriela Vasconcelos de Oliveira ◽  
Michele Martins Correa ◽  
Jacques Hubert Delabie
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Selection Pressure ◽  
Habitat Type ◽  
Specific Interactions ◽  
As Species ◽  
Ecological Aspects ◽  
Molecular Studies ◽  
Insect Interactions

Uma associação bem conhecida dentre as interações ecológicas é o mutualismo entre plantas do gênero Cecropia e formigas, na maioria das vezes pertencentes ao gênero Azteca. Nesta interação, as formigas nidificam nas domáceas presentes no tronco oco das mirmecófitas e se alimentam de recursos alimentares fornecidos pela planta, conhecidos como corpúsculos mullerianos. Em compensação, as formigas protegem a planta hospedeira contra o ataque de herbívoros e a invasão por trepadeiras, e nutrem-na através de resíduos abandonados no tronco. Entretanto, a efetividade desta associação pode variar em função de vários fatores, como por exemplo, a espécie de formiga associada e o tipo de habitat da planta mirmecófita. Cerca de 10% das espécies de Cecropia perderam suas características atrativas, como por exemplo, espécies que habitam ilhas e altas altitudes. Aspectos como a riqueza de formigas associadas e estudos moleculares evidenciam que a colonização destas plantas ocorreu diversas vezes e independentemente por alguns gêneros de formigas. A pressão de seleção exercida por algumas espécies de formigas pode ter sido um dos fatores decisivos para o desenvolvimento dos traços atrativos para as formigas em Cecropia. Com a evolução destas características as formigas puderam se tornar um parceiro efetivo da planta, facilitando a co-evolução de interações mais específicas.Plant-Insect Interactions: Biological and Ecological Aspects of Cecropia-Azteca MutualismAbstract. A well-known association is the mutualism between plants is between plant species of the genus Cecropia and ants, mostly belonging to the genus Azteca. In this association, the ants nest in domatia present in the hollow trunk of this myrmecophytes and feed on food bodies provided by the plant, known as mullerian bodies. In return, the ants protect the host plant against herbivore attacks and invasion by vines, and nourish it through waste laid in the trunk. However, the effectiveness of this association may vary with several factors, such as the associated ant species and the habitat type of the myrmecophyte. About 10% of Cecropia species lost their attractive characteristics, such as species living in high altitude and inhabit islands. Aspects like associated ant richness and molecular studies show that the colonization of these plants by ants occurred several times and independently by different genera. The selection pressure exerted by some species of ants may have been one of the decisive factors for the development of attractive traits for ants in Cecropia. With the evolution of these features ants might become an effective partner of the plant, facilitating the co-evolution of specific interactions.

scholarly journals Ecological aspects and genetic diversity of Shorea balangeran in two forest types of Muara Kendawangan Nature Reserve, West Kalimantan, Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 482-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
FITRI INDRIANI ◽  
ULFAH J SIREGAR ◽  
DEDEN D MATRA ◽  
ISKANDAR Z SIREGAR
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Forest Restoration ◽  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Forest Types ◽  
Dry Land ◽  
West Kalimantan ◽  
Ecological Aspects ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract. Indriani F, Siregar U, Matra DD, Siregar IZ. 2019. Ecological aspects and genetic diversity of Shorea balangeran in two forest types of Muara Kendawang Nature Reserve, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 482-488. Shorea balangeran (balangeran) belongs to the Dipterocarpaceae family that is distributed naturally in Indonesia with a wide range of ecological conditions including peat swamp and heath forests. Good adaptability of S. balangeran remains unknown concerning molecular (genetic) responses that are important to provide scientific knowledge for supporting forest restoration, especially for peatland restoration efforts. The main objective of this research was to analyze the ecological aspects and genetic diversity of S. balangeran in two types of forests, namely: peat forests (wetland) and heath forests (dry land). Field research was conducted in Muara Kendawangan Nature Reserve, West Kalimantan following standard vegetation analysis by establishing purposively sample plots (50 m x 50 m). Genetic diversity was assessed by RAPD analysis using ten random polymorphic primers. Results showed that both in heath and peat forests, S. balangeran was dominant, but only at pole and tree stages indicating that poor regeneration capacity of S. balangeran. This finding also confirmed the critically endangered status of S. balangeran as listed in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Genetic analysis using RAPD did not show a clustering of S. balangeran between peat forest and heath forest populations, indicating that S. balangeran has good adaptability to grow in both forest types.

scholarly journals Priority Primate Areas in Tanzania

Oryx ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim R.B. Davenport ◽  
Katarzyna Nowak ◽  
Andrew Perkin
Keyword(s):  
National Parks ◽  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Conservation Score ◽  
Iucn Red List ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Regional Assessment ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Conservation Area ◽  
Forest Reserves ◽  
Iucn Red List Criteria

AbstractPriority Primate Areas are identified in Tanzania, mainland Africa's most important country for conservation of primates, on the basis of occupancy by globally rare, Red-Listed and range-restricted primate species and subspecies. We provide a comprehensive list and regional assessment of Tanzania's primate taxa, using IUCN Red List criteria, as well as the first national inventory of primates for 62 sites. The Priority Primate Areas, encompassing 102,513 km2, include nine national parks, one conservation area, seven game reserves, six nature reserves, 34 forest reserves and five areas with no official protection status. Primate species were evaluated and ranked on the basis of irreplaceability and vulnerability, using a combination of established and original criteria, resulting in a primate Taxon Conservation Score. Sites were ranked on the basis of summed primate scores. The majority (71%) of Priority Primate Areas are also Important Bird Areas (IBAs), or part of an IBA. Critical subsets of sites were derived through complementarity analyses. Adequate protection of just nine sites, including six national parks (Kilimanjaro, Kitulo, Mahale, Saadani, Udzungwa and Jozani-Chwaka Bay), one nature reserve (Kilombero) and two forest reserves (Minziro and Mgambo), totalling 8,679 km2, would protect all 27 of Tanzania's primate species. The addition of three forest reserves (Rondo, Kilulu Hill and Ngezi) and two game reserves (Grumeti and Biharamulo), results in a list of 14 Priority Primate Areas covering 10,561 km2 (1.1% of Tanzania's total land area), whose conservation would ensure the protection of all 43 of Tanzania's species and subspecies of primates.

scholarly journals Trophic migrations of the brown bear in the forest landscapes of the Vostochny Nature Reserve on Sakhalin Island

2021 ◽  
Vol 946 (1) ◽  
pp. 012042
Author(s):  
I V Nikulina ◽  
R N Sabirov
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Brown Bear ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Plant Food ◽  
Summer Period ◽  
Active Life ◽  
Coastal Marine ◽  
Different Seasons

Abstract The article deals with trophic migrations of the brown bear in the characteristic forest landscapes of the Vostochny Nature Reserve. Active life of a bear in the reserve begins after hibernation and is directly related to foraging in different seasons of the year. In the spring-early summer period, bears concentrate in valley forest complexes and coastal-marine landscapes, where, along with plant food, they obtain various products of animal origin thrown out of the sea. During the summer period, from the beginning of the course of salmon and until the end of their spawning, the animals mainly live in the mouths of rivers, and as the fish move, they go upstream and are distributed among their numerous tributaries. During the autumn period, bears concentrate mainly in mountainous forest landscapes and high-altitude natural complexes of the reserve, where they eat ripe berries and pine nuts, their trophic migrations are significantly reduced.

scholarly journals Food Abundance Is the Main Determinant of High-Altitude Range Use in Snub-Nosed Monkeys

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cyril C. Grueter ◽  
Dayong Li ◽  
Baoping Ren ◽  
Zuofu Xiang ◽  
Ming Li
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
High Altitudes ◽  
Main Determinant ◽  
Range Use ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Positive Energy Balance ◽  
Fallback Food ◽  
Evergreen Conifers

High-altitude dwelling primates have to optimize navigating a space that contains both a vertical and horizontal component. Black-and-white or Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) are extreme by primate standards in inhabiting relatively cold subalpine temperate forests at very high altitudes where large seasonal variation in climate and food availability is expected to profoundly modulate their ranging strategies so as to ensure a positive energy balance. A “semi-nomadic” group ofR. bietiwas followed for 20 months in the montane Samage Forest, Baimaxueshan Nature Reserve, Yunnan, PRC, which consisted of evergreen conifers, oaks, and deciduous broadleaf trees. The aim of this study was to disentangle the effects of climate and phenology on patterns of altitudinal range use. Altitude used by the group ranged from a maximum of 3550 m in July 2007 to a minimum of 3060 m in April 2006. The proportional use of lichen, the monkeys’ staple fallback food, in the diet explained more variation in monthly use of altitudes than climatic factors and availability of flush and fruit. The abundance of lichens at high altitudes, the lack of alternative foods in winter, and the need to satisfy the monkey's basal energetic requirements explain the effect of lichenivory on use of altitudes.

Hominoid Adaptation to Dietary Ethanol

2019 ◽  
pp. 24-44
Author(s):  
Matthew Carrigan
Keyword(s):  
Blood Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Fermented Food ◽  
Ethanol Metabolism ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Fermented Foods ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Fallback Food ◽  
Biochemical Analyses ◽  
Special Case

Humans’ long association with alcohol raises questions about both our biological adaptations to handling ethanol and its origins. Fermented foods have less sugar, and require additional detoxification than unfermented versions of the same food, and are thus are generally inferior food choices. I summarize recent studies which indicate that our ability to exploit ethanol depends on several mutations in alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) enzymes that allow ethanol to be metabolized rapidly, thereby reducing the likelihood that the blood alcohol concentration reaches intoxicating levels. Genetic and biochemical analyses for a wide range of primate and non-primate species suggest that these mutations are shared primarily with the two African great apes (chimpanzees and gorillas). These mutations thus date back at least 10 million years, to a period when the tropical forests were contracting during a major episode of climate change. Mutations enabling rapid ethanol metabolism may have enabled ancestral apes to exploit otherwise toxic, ethanol-rich fermenting fruits on the forest floor that were metabolically inaccessible to their ecological competitors. These adaptations enabling exploitation of an inferior food suggest that modern proclivities towards ethanol consumption may derive from the utilization of fermented food as a particular type of fallback food. If so, the fermented fallback food hypothesis can be seen as a special case of the drunken monkey hypothesis.

scholarly journals Forest characteristics, population structure and growth trends of Pinus yunnanensis in Tianchi National Nature Reserve of Yunnan, southwestern China

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 7-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cindy Q. Tang ◽  
Li-Qin Shen ◽  
Peng-Bin Han ◽  
Diao-Shun Huang ◽  
Shuaifeng Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Forest Types ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
National Nature Reserve ◽  
Pinus Yunnanensis ◽  
Broad Leaved Forest ◽  
Leaved Forest

Aims: Pinus yunnanesis is commercially, culturally and economically important, but there is a lack of ecological data on its role in stand dynamics. Our aims are to clarify the structure, composition, regeneration and growth trends of primary mature P. yunnanensis forests. Study area: The Tianchi National Nature Reserve in the Xuepan Mountains, Yunlong County, northwestern Yunnan, China. Methods: We investigated forests containing P. yunnanensis, measured tree ages and analyzed the data. Results: Six forest types were identified: (1) coniferous forest: Pinus yunnanensis (Type 1); (2) mixed coniferous and evergreen broad-leaved forest: P. yunnanensis-Lithocarpus variolosus (Type 2); (3) mixed coniferous and deciduous broad-leaved forest: P. yunnanensis-Quercus griffithii (Type 3); (4) mixed evergreen broad-leaved and coniferous forest: Castanopsis orthacantha-P. yunnanensis-Schima argentea (Type 4); (5) mixed coniferous, evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest: Pinus yunnanensis-Schima argentea-Quercus griffithii (Type 5); (6) mixed coniferous and evergreen broad-leaved forest: Pinus armandii-Quercus rehderiana-Pinus yunnanensis (Type 6). The size- and age-structure and regeneration patterns of P. yunnanensis were highly variable within these six forest types. P. yunnanensis regeneration was well balanced in forest Type 1 as compared to the other five types. All six forest types were identified as rare and old-growth with P. yunnaensis trees reaching ages of more than 105 years (a maximum age of 165 years with a diameter 116 cm at breast height) except for the Type 4 forest (a 90-year-old stand). Growth rates of P. yunnanensis, based upon ring width measurements, were high for the first 10 years, then declined after the 10th year. In contrast, basal area increment (BAI) increased for the first 25 years, plateaued, and only declined as trees became older. Trees in the older age classes grew more quickly than younger trees at the same age, a consequence of either site quality or competitive differences. The BAI of P. yunnanensis in all age classes in the Tianchi National Nature Reserve was much higher than those of the secondary and degraded natural P. yunnanensis forests of other areas. Conclusions: The P. yunnanensis forests of the Tianchi area appear to be some of the last remnants of primeval and old-growth forests of this species. These forests are structurally diverse and contain a rich diversity of overstory, mid-story, and understory species. Taxonomic reference: Editorial Committee of Flora Republicae Popularis Sinicae (1959–2004) for vascular plants. Abbreviations: BA = basal area; BAI = basal area increment; DBH = diameter at breast height; H = height; RBA = relative basal area.

Spondyloarthritis in Taihangshan Macaques (Macaca mulatta tcheliensis)

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Ke-Li Pang ◽  
Qin-Qin Jin ◽  
Zan-An Yuan ◽  
Zhen-Jing Kuang ◽  
Ji-Qi Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ankylosing Spondylitis ◽  
Rhesus Macaque ◽  
Macaca Mulatta ◽  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Pubic Symphysis ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Captive Populations ◽  
Nonhuman Primate Species

The rhesus macaque (<i>Macaca mulatta</i>) is the most widely distributed nonhuman primate species, and captive populations play an important role in biomedical research due to close phylogenetic and physiological similarity to human beings. However, to our best knowledge, the spondyloarthritis (SpA) in rhesus macaques has been exclusively reported in captive or semicaptive populations rather than wild counterparts. In the present study, we report 2 cases of SpA observed in Taihangshan macaques (<i>Macaca mulatta tcheliensis</i>) inhabiting the Taihangshan Macaque National Nature Reserve, Henan Province, China. Among these 2 cases, one can be diagnosed as ankylosing spondylitis (AS) following accepted medical criteria, and another case showed evident fusion at the pubic symphysis which could be specific to rhesus macaque AS. We discuss the potential causes leading directly or indirectly to the development of SpA.

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