scholarly journals Innate Immune Regulation by Toll-Like Receptors in the Brain

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carina Mallard
Keyword(s):  
Immune Regulation ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Toll Like Receptor ◽  
Toll Like Receptors ◽  
Receptor Ligands ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Cerebral Inflammation ◽  
The Brain

The innate immune system plays an important role in cerebral health and disease. In recent years the role of innate immune regulation by toll-like receptors in the brain has been highlighted. In this paper the expression of toll-like receptors and endogenous toll-like receptor ligands in the brain and their role in cerebral ischemia will be discussed. Further, the ability of systemic toll-like receptor ligands to induce cerebral inflammation will be reviewed. Finally, the capacity of toll-like receptors to both increase (sensitization) and decrease (preconditioning/tolerance) the vulnerability of the brain to damage will be disclosed. Studies investigating the role of toll-like receptors in the developing brain will be emphasized.

Role of Toll-like receptors in liver health and disease

2011 ◽  
Vol 121 (10) ◽  
pp. 415-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Broering ◽  
Mengji Lu ◽  
Joerg F. Schlaak
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Toll Like Receptors ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
Liver Health ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Molecular Patterns

TLRs (Toll-like receptors), as evolutionarily conserved germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors, have a crucial role in early host defence by recognizing so-called PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns) and may serve as an important link between innate and adaptive immunity. In the liver, TLRs play an important role in the wound healing and regeneration processes, but they are also involved in the pathogenesis and progression of various inflammatory liver diseases, including autoimmune liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, fibrogenesis, and chronic HBV (hepatitis B virus) and HCV (hepatitis C virus) infection. Hepatitis viruses have developed different evading strategies to subvert the innate immune system. Thus recent studies have suggested that TLR-based therapies may represent a promising approach in the treatment in viral hepatitis. The present review focuses on the role of the local innate immune system, and TLRs in particular, in the liver.

scholarly journals The role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in virus-related cancers: a mini review

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 225-227
Author(s):  
Anna Dworzanska ◽  
Małgorzata Polz-Dacewicz
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Toll Like Receptors ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Inflammatory Autoimmune Disease ◽  
Review Current

Abstract The modulation of the host innate immune system is a well-established carcinogenesis feature of several tumors, including human Epstein-Barr (EBV) and Papillomavirus-(HPV) related cancers. These viruses are able to interrupt the initial events of the immune response, including the expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), cytokines, and inflammation. The aim of the study is to review current data and summarize knowledge on the TLRs and their role in the development of cancer, especially viral-related cancers (EBV and HPV). Research work shows a correlation between the TLRs polymorphism and the development of oropharyngeal and gastric cancer (GC), especially related to viral infections. Many studies suggest the important role for TLRs in inflammatory, autoimmune disease and human cancers. However, further efforts are necessary to draw a precise conclusion.

The role of Natural killer (NK) cells as APCs, Cytotoxicity, Immuno-regulatory in Innate and Adaptive immune as Potential Therapeutic and Preventive Target in Infectious Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (04) ◽  
pp. 415-437
Author(s):  
Dr. Zelalem Kiros Bitsue
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Nk Cells ◽  
Natural Killer ◽  
Host Defense ◽  
Immune Regulation ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune

Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes of the innate immune system that are critical in host defense and immune regulation. They are activated or inhibited through the ligation of germline-encoded receptors and are involved in mediating cytotoxicity, in producing cytokines and in providing co-stimulation to cells of the adaptive immune system.

scholarly journals The Role of Toll-Like Receptors in Autoimmune Diseases through Failure of the Self-Recognition Mechanism

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Farrugia ◽  
Byron Baron
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
The Self ◽  
Sterile Inflammation ◽  
Molecular Signatures ◽  
Toll Like Receptors ◽  
Recognition Mechanism ◽  
Self Recognition

Toll-like receptors (TLRs), part of the innate immune system that recognises molecular signatures, are important in the recognition of pathogenic components. However, when specific cellular contexts develop in which TLRs are inappropriately activated by self-components, this may lead to sterile inflammation and result in the occurrence of autoimmunity. This review analyses the available data regarding TLR biochemistry, the specific mechanisms which are brought about by TLR activation, and the importance of these mechanisms in the light of any existing and potential therapies in the field of autoimmunity.

scholarly journals The Role of Cell Metabolism in Innate Immune Memory

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Anaisa Valido Ferreira ◽  
Jorge Domiguéz-Andrés ◽  
Mihai Gheorghe Netea
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ◽  
Cell Metabolism ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Immune Memory ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Trained Immunity ◽  
Health And Disease

Immunological memory is classically attributed to adaptive immune responses, but recent studies have shown that challenged innate immune cells can display long-term functional changes that increase nonspecific responsiveness to subsequent infections. This phenomenon, coined <i>trained immunity</i> or <i>innate immune memory</i>, is based on the epigenetic reprogramming and the rewiring of intracellular metabolic pathways. Here, we review the different metabolic pathways that are modulated in trained immunity. Glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, amino acid, and lipid metabolism are interplaying pathways that are crucial for the establishment of innate immune memory. Unraveling this metabolic wiring allows for a better understanding of innate immune contribution to health and disease. These insights may open avenues for the development of future therapies that aim to harness or dampen the power of the innate immune response.

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