scholarly journals Factors Associated with Vitamin D Deficiency and Inadequacy among Women of Childbearing Age in the United States

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guixiang Zhao ◽  
Earl S. Ford ◽  
James Tsai ◽  
Chaoyang Li ◽  
Janet B. Croft
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
The United States ◽  
Women Of Childbearing Age ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Supplement Use ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
25 Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Dietary Supplement Use

Objective. To examine the prevalence and correlates of vitamin D deficiency and inadequacy among US women of childbearing age. Methods. Data from 1,814 female participants (20–44 y) in the 2003–2006 NHANES were analyzed to estimate the age-adjusted prevalence and prevalence ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for vitamin D deficiency (defined as serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] <12.0 ng/mL) and inadequacy (defined as 25(OH)D: 12.0–<20.0 ng/mL). Results. The age-adjusted prevalence was 11.1% (95% CI: 8.8–14.0%) for vitamin D deficiency and 25.7% (95% CI: 22.3–29.5%) for vitamin D inadequacy. Race/ethnicity other than non-Hispanic white and obesity were associated with increased risks, whereas dietary supplement use, milk consumption of ≥1 time/day, and potential sunlight exposure during May-October were associated with decreased risks for both vitamin D deficiency and inadequacy (). Current smoking and having histories of diabetes and cardiovascular disease were also associated with an increased risk for vitamin D deficiency (). Conclusions. Among women of childbearing age, periconceptional intervention programs may focus on multiple risk factors for vitamin D deficiency and inadequacy to ultimately improve their vitamin D nutrition.

scholarly journals Are Indian obese children and adolescents at increased risk for Vitamin D deficiency?

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Aashima Dabas ◽  
T. Aravind ◽  
Sangeeta Yadav ◽  
Mukta Mantan ◽  
Smita Kaushik
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Vitamin D Supplementation ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
Indian Children ◽  
Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
High Risk Factor ◽  
25 Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Obese Subjects

Objectives: Obesity has been mentioned as a high risk factor for Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) requiring supplementation in Indian children. Material and Methods: Forty obese and age-matched non-obese subjects (age 5–18 years) were assessed for lifestyle parameters, metabolic profile, and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD). VDD was defined as serum 25OHD < 12 ng/mL. Results: Mean 25OHD was comparable among obese and controls (15.0 ± 9.95 and 15.1 ± 4.79 ng/mL; P = 0.97) with VDD seen in 82% of cases and 85% of controls. Pubertal cases had lower 25OHD values than prepubertal obese cases (10.78 ± 4.69 and 17.2 ± 11 ng/mL; P = 0.06). Mean duration of physical activity (<2 h/week) and screen time (>2 h/day) was similar across prepubertal and pubertal groups and between obese and controls. Obesity was not associated with risk for VDD among cases and controls (odds ratio 0.83, 95% C.I. 0.25–2.7, P = 0.76). Conclusion: Obese pubertal subjects were more at risk for VDD than prepubertal subjects. Routine Vitamin D supplementation to obese Indian children may be considered during adolescence.

scholarly journals Vitamin D deficiency prevalence and risk factors among pregnant Chinese women

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 1746-1754 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunfeng Yun ◽  
Jing Chen ◽  
Yuna He ◽  
Deqian Mao ◽  
Rui Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Chinese Women ◽  
Sun Exposure ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Supplement Use ◽  
25 Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Supplement

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate vitamin D deficiency prevalence and risk factors among pregnant Chinese women.DesignA descriptive cross-sectional analysis.SettingChina National Nutrition and Health Survey (CNNHS) 2010–2013.SubjectsA total of 1985 healthy pregnant women participated. Possible predictors of vitamin D deficiency were evaluated via multiple logistic regression analyses.ResultsThe median serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level was 15·5 (interquartile range 11·9–20·0, range 3·0–51·5) ng/ml, with 74·9 (95 % CI 73·0, 76·7) % of participants being vitamin D deficient (25-hydroxyvitamin D <20 ng/ml). According to the multivariate logistic regression analyses, vitamin D deficiency was positively correlated with Hui ethnicity (P=0·016), lack of vitamin D supplement use (P=0·021) and low ambient UVB level (P<0·001). In the autumn months, vitamin D deficiency was related to Hui ethnicity (P=0·012) and low ambient UVB level (P<0·001). In the winter months, vitamin D deficiency was correlated with younger age (P=0·050), later gestational age (P=0·035), higher pre-pregnancy BMI (P=0·019), low ambient UVB level (P<0·001) and lack of vitamin D supplement use (P=0·007).ConclusionsVitamin D deficiency is prevalent among pregnant Chinese women. Residing in areas with low ambient UVB levels increases the risk of vitamin D deficiency, especially for women experiencing advanced stages of gestation, for younger pregnant women and for women of Hui ethnicity; therefore, vitamin D supplementation and sensible sun exposure should be encouraged, especially in the winter months. Further studies must determine optimal vitamin D intake and sun exposure levels for maintaining sufficient vitamin D levels in pregnant Chinese women.

scholarly journals Association of Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Deficiency with Risk of Incidence of Disability in Basic Activities of Daily Living in Adults >50 Years of Age

2020 ◽  
Vol 150 (11) ◽  
pp. 2977-2984
Author(s):  
Mariane M Luiz ◽  
Roberta Máximo ◽  
Dayane C Oliveira ◽  
Paula C Ramírez ◽  
Aline F de Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Activities Of Daily Living ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Daily Living ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
25 Hydroxyvitamin D

ABSTRACT Background Vitamin D deficiency compromises muscle function and is related to the etiology of several clinical conditions that can contribute to the development of disability. However, there are few epidemiological studies investigating the association between vitamin D deficiency and the incidence of disability. Objectives We aimed to assess whether vitamin D deficiency is associated with the incidence of disability in basic activities of daily living (BADL) and to verify whether there are sex differences in this association. Methods A 4-y follow-up study was conducted involving individuals aged 50 y or older who participated in ELSA (English Longitudinal Study of Ageing). The sample consisted of 4814 participants free of disability at baseline according to the modified Katz Index. Vitamin D was assessed by serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations and the participants were classified as sufficient (&gt;50 nmol/L), insufficient (&gt;30 to ≤50 nmol/L), or deficient (≤30 nmol/L). Sociodemographic, behavioral, and clinical characteristics were also investigated. BADL were re-evaluated after 2 and 4 y of follow-up. The report of any difficulty to perform ≥1 BADL was considered as an incident case of disability. Poisson models stratified by sex and controlled for sociodemographic, behavioral, and clinical characteristics were carried out. Results After 4-y follow-up, deficient serum 25(OH)D was a risk factor for the incidence of BADL disability in both women (IRR: 1.53; 95% CI: 1.16, 2.03) and men (IRR: 1.44; 95% CI: 1.02, 2.02). However, insufficient serum 25(OH)D was not a risk factor for the incidence of BADL disability in either men or women. Conclusions Independently of sex, deficient serum 25(OH)D concentrations were associated with increased risk of incidence of BADL disability in adults &gt;50 y old and should be an additional target of clinical strategies to prevent disability in these populations.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic status and vitamin D deficiency among women of childbearing age: a population-based, case–control study in rural northern China

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. e042227
Author(s):  
Shiqi Lin ◽  
Lifang Jiang ◽  
Yuan Zhang ◽  
Jian Chai ◽  
Jiajia Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Vitamin D Insufficiency ◽  
Women Of Childbearing Age ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Severe Deficiency ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Control Study

ObjectiveTo explore the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency of women of childbearing age in rural northern China.DesignA population-based, case–control study was conducted.SettingFour counties of Henan Province, China from 2009 to 2010.Participants1151 non-pregnant healthy women between 18 and 40 years old.Primary and secondary outcome measuresSerum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Vitamin D insufficiency was defined as serum 25(OH)D ≥20 ng/mL and <30 ng/mL, deficiency as ≥10 ng/mL and <20 ng/mL, and severe deficiency as <10 ng/mL. SES was measured separately by women’s and their husbands’ education level and occupation, household income and expenditure, as well as aggregately by SES index constructed with principal component analysis.ResultsThe median serum 25(OH)D level was 20.90 (13.60–34.60) ng/mL, and the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency, deficiency and severe deficiency was 20.16%, 31.80% and 15.99%, respectively. After adjustment, household annual income <¥10 000 was associated with increased risk of vitamin D insufficiency (adjusted OR (aOR): 2.10, 95% CI 1.41 to 3.14), deficiency (aOR: 1.58, 95% CI 1.09 to 2.29) and severe deficiency (aOR: 2.79, 95% CI 1.78 to 4.38); inadequate household income for expenditure was associated with elevated risk of vitamin D insufficiency (aOR: 1.66, 95% CI 1.08 to 2.54) and deficiency (aOR: 1.81, 95% CI 1.26 to 2.62); low SES index was associated with elevated risk of vitamin D insufficiency (aOR: 2.40, 95% CI 1.52 to 3.80) and deficiency (aOR: 1.64, 95% CI 1.08 to 2.50); and both middle and low SES index were associated with increased risk of vitamin D severe deficiency (aOR: 1.70, 95% CI 1.02 to 2.84; aOR: 2.45, 95% CI 1.45 to 4.14).ConclusionsLower SES was associated with higher risk of vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency in women of childbearing age in rural northern China. More should be done to explore potential mechanisms and to narrow down SES inequalities in vitamin D status.

The Association Between Active Transportation and Serum Total 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels Among US Childbearing-Aged Women

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Jia-Pei Hong ◽  
I-Min Lee ◽  
Sarinnapha M. Vasunilashorn ◽  
Heather J. Baer ◽  
Prangthip Charoenpong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Insufficiency ◽  
Active Transportation ◽  
Women Of Childbearing Age ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
Metabolic Equivalents ◽  
25 Hydroxyvitamin D

Background: Serum total 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) and physical activity (PA) both play important roles in maternal–fetal health. However, a high prevalence of vitamin D and PA insufficiency has been observed in women of childbearing age. Active transportation may increase overall PA levels and potentially boost serum 25(OH)D levels. Methods: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 2007 and 2014 were used. A total of 5601 women aged 18–49 years were included. Transportation PA (TPA) was quantified as metabolic equivalents of task and serum 25(OH)D levels was measured. Multivariable logistic regression models adjusted for potential confounders were conducted. Results: The corresponding adjusted odds ratios associated with vitamin D insufficiency (<50 nmol/L) were 1.09 (95% confidence interval, 0.87–1.37) for 1 to 499 MET minutes per week of TPA, 0.69 (0.52–0.91) for 500 to 1000 MET minutes per week of TPA, and 0.95 (0.72–1.26) for >1000 MET minutes per week of TPA, respectively, compared with no TPA. Using vitamin D deficiency (<30 nmol/L) as the outcome led to similar results. The association between TPA and serum 25(OH)D levels was more robust in high sedentary time. Conclusions: A moderate level of TPA is related to lower odds of suboptimal vitamin D status among women of childbearing age.

Population vitamin D stores are increasing in Tasmania and this is associated with less BMD loss over 10 years

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Thompson ◽  
Dawn Aitken ◽  
Saliu Balogun ◽  
Flavia Cicuttini ◽  
Graeme Jones
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Lumbar Spine ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Cohort Analysis ◽  
Sun Exposure ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Longitudinal Change ◽  
Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Supplement Use ◽  
25 Hydroxyvitamin D

Abstract Introduction Vitamin D deficiency is a common, modifiable determinant of musculoskeletal health. There are limited data that examine the longitudinal change in population 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and none that evaluate the long-term skeletal outcomes of longitudinal vitamin D status. Methods Prospective cohort analysis of community-dwelling adults aged 50-80 years who had 25(OH)D assessed by radioimmunoassay and BMD by DXA at baseline (n=1096), 2.5 (n=870) and 10 (n=565) years. Sun exposure was quantified by questionnaire and supplement use at clinic review. 25(OH)D &lt;50nmol/L was considered deficient. Participants were provided with their 25(OH)D results. Results Over 10 years 25(OH)D increased (52.2 ± 17.0 to 63.5 ± 23.6 nmol/L, p&lt;0.001). Participants with baseline deficiency had larger 25(OH)D increases than baseline sufficient participants (19.2 ± 25.3 vs 1.6 ± 23.3 nmol/L, p&lt;0.001). Longitudinal change in 25(OH)D was associated with baseline summer (β=1.46, p&lt;0.001) and winter (β=1.29, p=0.003) sun exposure, change in summer (β=1.27, p=0.002) and winter (β=1.47, p&lt;0.001) sun exposure and vitamin D supplement use (β=25.0 – 33.0, p&lt;0.001). Persistent vitamin D sufficiency was associated with less BMD loss at the femoral neck (β=0.020, p=0.027), lumbar spine (β=0.033, p=0.003) and total hip (β=0.023, p=0.021) compared to persistent vitamin D deficiency. Achieving vitamin D sufficiency was associated with less BMD loss at the lumbar spine (β=0.045, p&lt;0.001) compared to persistent vitamin D deficiency. Conclusions Population 25(OH)D concentration increased due to a combination of increased sun exposure and supplement use. Maintaining or achieving vitamin D sufficiency was associated with less BMD loss over 10 years.

scholarly journals Deficiency in 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and 30-Day Mortality in Patients With Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. e72-e79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan A. Rech ◽  
Todd Hunsaker ◽  
Jennifer Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Septic Shock ◽  
Severe Sepsis ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Academic Medical Center ◽  
Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
25 Hydroxyvitamin D

Background Vitamin D has immunomodulating properties. Objective To determine if vitamin D deficiency within 30 days of admission to the intensive care unit in patients with sepsis might be associated with increased all-cause 30-day mortality. Methods In a retrospective cohort study at a large, tertiary, urban, academic medical center, records of patients who had 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels measured within 30 days of admission for severe sepsis or septic shock from June 2006 to April 2011 were examined. Patients were considered deficient in vitamin D if its serum concentration was 15 ng/mL or less. The primary outcome of interest was 30-day mortality. Results Among the 121 patients in the sample, 65 (54%) were vitamin D deficient. Baseline demographics were similar between vitamin D deficient and nondeficient groups, except that the vitamin D deficient group had more African Americans (P = .01). All-cause 30-day mortality was significantly higher in patients deficient in vitamin D (37% vs 20%; P = .04) and remained higher at 90 days (51% vs 25%, P = .005). In multivariate analysis, age (odds ratio, 1.04; 95% CI 1.01–1.07; P = .01) and vitamin D deficiency (odds ratio, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.39–18.8; P = .02) were independently associated with increased 30-day mortality. Conclusion Patients deficient in vitamin D within 30 days of hospital admission for severe sepsis or septic shock may be at increased risk for all-cause 30-day mortality.

scholarly journals Gestational vitamin D deficiency and autism spectrum disorder

BJPsych Open ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna A. E. Vinkhuyzen ◽  
Darryl W. Eyles ◽  
Thomas H. J. Burne ◽  
Laura M. E. Blanken ◽  
Claudia J. Kruithof ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Vitamin D Status ◽  
Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
25 Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Clinical Records

BackgroundThere is growing interest in linking vitamin D deficiency with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). The association between vitamin D deficiency during gestation, a critical period in neurodevelopment, and ASD is not well understood.AimsTo determine the association between gestational vitamin D status and ASD.MethodBased on a birth cohort (n=4334), we examined the association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), assessed from both maternal mid-gestation sera and neonatal sera, and ASD (defined by clinical records; n=68 cases).ResultsIndividuals in the 25OHD-deficient group at mid-gestation had more than twofold increased risk of ASD (odds ratio (OR)=2.42, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.09 to 5.07, P=0.03) compared with the sufficient group. The findings persisted in analyses including children of European ethnicity only.ConclusionsMid-gestational vitamin D deficiency was associated with an increased risk of ASD. Because gestational vitamin D deficiency is readily preventable with safe, inexpensive and readily available supplementation, this risk factor warrants closer scrutiny.

High Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency in Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients.

Blood ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 112 (11) ◽  
pp. 2138-2138
Author(s):  
Richard W Joseph ◽  
Krishna V. Komanduri ◽  
R. M Saliba ◽  
Amin Alousi ◽  
S. Giralt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Stem Cell Transplant ◽  
Sun Exposure ◽  
Cell Transplant ◽  
Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplant ◽  
Allogeneic Transplant ◽  
Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
25 Hydroxyvitamin D

Abstract Vitamin D deficiency has long been understood to place patients at increased risk for reduced bone density and the development of pathological fractures. In addition to these classical manifestations, a wide body of emerging evidence suggests that Vitamin D deficiency may also increase the risk of illnesses associated with inflammation, including cardiovascular disease, infectious disease, autoimmune disease, and many common cancers. Our own in vitro data has confirmed that Vitamin D receptors are sharply upregulated on activated T cells and that physiologic calcitriol concentrations appear to have direct immunomodulatory functions (Joseph and Komanduri, unpublished). Vitamin D sufficiency is estimated by measuring 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH D or calcidiol), and although there is no consensus on the optimal levels, many clinicians define sufficiency as &gt;30 ng/ml, insufficiency as 20–30 ng/ml, and deficiency as &lt;20 ng/ml. As one of the main sources of Vitamin D is through exposure to sunlight, allogeneic stem cell transplant (SCT) patients are at especially high risk of developing Vitamin D deficiency secondary to prolonged hospitalizations and standard recommendations to avoid sun exposure due to their increased risk of photosensitivity. To our knowledge, there are no large studies describing the incidence of Vitamin D deficiency in allogeneic SCT patients. We initially conducted a pilot study to assess Vitamin D levels in a group of allogeneic SCT recipients approximately assessed at approximately post-SCT day +100 (n=71) and found that only 18% of patients were sufficient, while the incidence of deficiency and insufficiency were to be 62%, and 20% respectively. To further elucidate if the deficiency was present pre-transplant or occurred post-transplant because of hospitalization and avoidance of sun exposure, we then assessed pre-transplant 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in a larger group of allogeneic SCT recipients (n=108), and found that only 8% had normal baseline levels, while the vast majority were deficient (71%) or demonstrated insufficiency (21%). The baseline characteristics of this population are shown in the table below. Although this pilot study was not designed to assess the clinical significance of Vitamin D deficiency in the allogeneic transplant population, we believe that the unexpectedly high incidence of Vitamin D deficiency in SCT recipients deserves further study. Given the increasing epidemiologic and laboratory data implicating the Vitamin D axis in inflammation, we plan to assess traditional clinical outcomes associated with deficiency (including bone density and fracture rates) as well as immunological endpoints (GVHD and infection incidence) in future longitudinal studies. In conclusion, the incidence of Vitamin D deficiency in the allogeneic transplant setting is very high and additional studies are warranted to determine the clinical consequences associated with deficiency, and the potential therapeutic benefits of Vitamin D repletion in SCT recipients.

scholarly journals Association Between Ready-to-Eat Cereal Consumption and Serum Level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in US Children and Adults, NHANES 2013–2014

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1514-1514
Author(s):  
Yong Zhu ◽  
Neha Jain ◽  
Vipra Vanage ◽  
Norton Holschuh ◽  
Jessica Smith
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Serum Level ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Family Income ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vitamin D Status ◽  
Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
25 Hydroxyvitamin D

Abstract Objectives Previous studies have shown that consumption of ready-to-eat (RTE) cereal is associated with higher dietary intake of vitamin D; however, little is known about the association between RTE cereal consumption and vitamin D status measured by the serum biomarker, 25-hydroxyvitamin D. The study was conducted to examine association between consumption of RTE cereal and serum level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, the clinical biomarker for vitamin D status in children and adults in the United States. Methods Children aged 1–18 years old (N = 2553) and adults aged 19 years or older (N = 4901) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013–2014 were included in the study. Day 1 dietary data were used to classify participants by RTE cereal consumption status. Vitamin D deficiency and inadequacy were assessed by serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitaminD using cut-off values recommended by the National Academy of Medicine. Adjusted odds ratio (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using survey logistic regression for associations between RTEC consumption and vitamin D status in children and adults. Results Both children and adults who reported RTE cereal consumption had a significantly higher level of serum 25-hydroxyitamin D than children and adults who did not consume RTE cereal (P &lt; 0.05). Adjusting for age, gender, race/ethnicity, family income to poverty ratio, season of data collection, and use of vitamin D containing supplements, children who consumed RTE cereal were less likely to have vitamin D inadequacy than non-eaters (aOR = 0.48, 95% CI = [0.34, 0.68]). In adults, RTEC eaters were less likely to have vitamin D deficiency than non-eaters (aOR = 0.52, 95% CI = [0.28, 0.97]). Conclusions Consumption of RTE cereal is associated with better vitamin D status in both children and adults in the United States. Funding Sources The study was funded by the Bell Institute of Health and Nutrition, General Mills, Inc.

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