scholarly journals Algal Biofuels: A Credible Prospective?

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhavish Patel ◽  
Bojan Tamburic ◽  
Fessehaye W. Zemichael ◽  
Pongsathorn Dechatiwongse ◽  
Klaus Hellgardt
Keyword(s):  
Energy Use ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Algal Biofuels ◽  
Algae Cultivation ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Technological Integration ◽  
By Products

Global energy use has reached unprecedented levels and increasing human population, technological integration, and improving lifestyle will further fuel this demand. Fossil fuel based energy is our primary source of energy and it will remain to be in the near future. The effects from the use of this finite resource on the fate of our planet are only now being understood and recognised in the form of climate change. Renewable energy systems may offer a credible alternative to help maintain our lifestyle sustainably and there are a range of options that can be pursued. Biofuels, especially algae based, have gained significant publicity recently. The concept of making biofuels, biochemicals, and by-products works well theoretically and at small scale, but when considering scaleup, many solutions can be dismissed on either economical or ecological grounds. Even if an (cost-) effective method for algae cultivation is developed, other input parameters, namely, fixed nitrogen and fresh water, remain to be addressed. Furthermore, current processing routes for harvesting, drying, and extraction for conversion to subsequent products are economically unattractive. The strategies employed for various algae-based fuels are identified and it is suggested that ultimately only an integrated algal biorefinery concept may be the way forward.

scholarly journals Rapid Detection and Quantification of Patulin and Citrinin Contamination in Fruits

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (15) ◽  
pp. 4545
Author(s):  
Sudharsan Sadhasivam ◽  
Omer Barda ◽  
Varda Zakin ◽  
Ram Reifen ◽  
Edward Sionov
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Hplc Method ◽  
Pear Fruit ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
Fruit Samples ◽  
Pome Fruits ◽  
Reliable Methods ◽  
By Products ◽  
Detection And Quantification

Patulin (PAT) and citrinin (CTN) are the most common mycotoxins produced by Penicillium and Aspergillus species and are often associated with fruits and fruit by-products. Hence, simple and reliable methods for monitoring these toxins in foodstuffs are required for regular quality assessment. In this study, we aimed to establish a cost-effective method for detection and quantification of PAT and CTN in pome fruits, such as apples and pears, using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with spectroscopic detectors without the need for any clean-up steps. The method showed good performance in the analysis of these mycotoxins in apple and pear fruit samples with recovery ranges of 55–97% for PAT and 84–101% for CTN, respectively. The limits of detection (LOD) of PAT and CTN in fruits were 0.006 µg/g and 0.001 µg/g, while their limits of quantification (LOQ) were 0.018 µg/g and 0.003 µg/g, respectively. The present findings indicate that the newly developed HPLC method provides rapid and accurate detection of PAT and CTN in fruits.

scholarly journals The phenomenon of heterosis and experience in crossing different breeds of sheep in Serbia

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 311-321
Author(s):  
Milan Petrovic ◽  
Violeta Caro-Petrovic ◽  
Dragana Ruzic-Muslic ◽  
Nevena Maksimovic ◽  
Ivan Pavlovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Second World ◽  
F1 Generation

Crossbreeding serves as a predictable and cost-effective method to genetically increase lamb body weight by mating two or more breeds of sheep. The crossing over breed comes to a far greater number of combinations of genes and thus is more likely to express favorable allele carriers of economically important traits. The phenomenon of heterosis has used since the beginning of the last century. However, its genetic basis has remained unclear. From the very beginning of the knowledge of heterosis to the present day, there are several theories, but neither theory able to answer all questions that arise regarding the apparent strength of the F1 generation offspring. Not assert anything about the genetic or molecular phenomenon that causes heterosis. It has been increasingly experimentally confirmed that heterosis is the result of highly complex interactions within the genome as well as between the genome and the environment. In Serbia, some activity of domestic researchers regarding crossbreeding of sheep after the Second World War has been recorded up to date. It found out that crosses have a higher body weight than the maternal base in the F1 generation. In other words, they had better fattening capacity than purebreds. However, the results are not always in line with expectations due to the influence of various known and unknown factors. This review paper aims to draw attention to the phenomenon of heterosis through experience in its application in Serbia, in the hope that this biological phenomenon would clarify in the near future by applying modern scientific understandings and technologies.

scholarly journals  Pesticide use in vegetable production: A survey of Vietnamese farmers’ knowledge

2018 ◽  
Vol 54 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 203-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nguyen Thanh Mai ◽  
Le Nga Thi Thanh ◽  
Havukainen Jouni ◽  
Hannaway David B
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Training And Education ◽  
Attitudes And Practices ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Cost Effective Method

Concerns about inappropriate storage, application rates, and disposal practices of pesticides prompted this case study of Vietnamese farmers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices. 128 small-scale vegetable growers in Lam Dong Province were included in field surveys, questionnaires, and interviews. Farmers reported inappropriate mixing of pesticides and disposal methods. Many also reported ill-timed applications posing potential hazards to the human health and environment. Improved training and monitoring of pesticide residues on foodstuffs and in agricultural soils and community water supplies are needed to ensure safe farmer practices. Community-based training and education, jointly funded by local, national, and international agricultural production and food safety groups, would be a cost-effective method of minimising pesticide applications and improving food safety.

Methods for accurate measurements of small fixed wing UAV inertial properties

2016 ◽  
Vol 120 (1233) ◽  
pp. 1785-1811 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Lehmkühler ◽  
K.C. Wong ◽  
D. Verstraete
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Wind Tunnel Test ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Mass Effect ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Pendulum Motion ◽  
Single Degree Of Freedom ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
Aerial Vehicle

ABSTRACTTwo methods have been compared for the determination of the inertial properties of a small, fixed-wing un-manned aerial vehicle. The first method uses the standard single degree of freedom pendulum method and the second method implements a novel, potentially easier, 3 degrees of freedom pendulum method, which yields the entire inertia tensor from a single swing test. Both methods are using system identification of the pendulum motion to estimate the inertial properties. Substantial corrections (up to 25%) have to be applied to the experimental results. These corrections are caused by the acceleration of the pendulum being immersed in the surrounding air, also called the added mass effect. It has been found that the methods presented in literature to determine the corrections for full-scale aircraft do not give the correct results for the small-scale un-manned aerial vehicle under consideration. The only feasible, cost-effective method to generate these corrections utilise swing tests with a geometrically similar object of known inertial properties. It has also been found that the corrections are unique with respect to the experimental methods. Several benchmarking methods, including the innovative use of static and dynamic wind-tunnel test data, give high confidence in the results.

scholarly journals Some explorations of the life history ratios to describe length composition, spawning-per-recruit, and the spawning potential ratio

2014 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 204-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Hordyk ◽  
Kotaro Ono ◽  
Keith Sainsbury ◽  
Neil Loneragan ◽  
Jeremy Prince
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Analytical Models ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Natural Mortality ◽  
Von Bertalanffy ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
Spawning Potential Ratio

Abstract Evaluating the status of data-poor fish stocks is often limited by incomplete knowledge of the basic life history parameters: the natural mortality rate (M), the von Bertalanffy growth parameters (L∞ and k), and the length at maturity (Lm). A common approach to estimate these individual parameters has been to use the Beverton–Holt life history invariants, the ratios M/k and Lm/L∞, especially for estimating M. In this study, we assumed no knowledge of the individual parameters, and explored how the information on life history strategy contained in these ratios can be applied to assessing data-poor stocks. We developed analytical models to develop a relationship between M/k and the von Bertalanffy growth curve, and demonstrate the link between the life history ratios and yield- and spawning-per-recruit. We further developed the previously recognized relationship between M/k and yield- and spawning-per-recruit by using information on Lm/L∞, knife-edge selectivity (Lc/L∞), and the ratio of fishing to natural mortality (F/M), to demonstrate the link between an exploited stock's expected length composition, and its spawning potential ratio (SPR), an internationally recognized measurement of stock status. Variation in length-at-age and logistic selectivity patterns were incorporated in the model to demonstrate how SPR can be calculated from the observed size composition of the catch; an advance which has potential as a cost-effective method for assessing data-poor stocks. A companion paper investigates the effects of deviations in the main assumptions of the model on the application of the analytical models developed in this study as a cost-effective method for stock assessment [Hordyk, A. R., Ono, K., Valencia, S., Loneragan, N. R., and Prince, J. D. 2015. A novel length based empirical estimation method of spawning potential ratio (SPR), and tests of its performance, for small-scale, data-poor fisheries. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 72: 217–231].

scholarly journals An ultra high-density Arabidopsis thaliana crossover map that refines the influences of structural variation and epigenetic features

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beth A. Rowan ◽  
Darren Heavens ◽  
Tatiana R. Feuerborn ◽  
Andrew J. Tock ◽  
Ian R. Henderson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
High Density ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Disease Resistance Gene ◽  
Narrow Region ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
Flanking Regions

AbstractMany environmental, genetic, and epigenetic factors are known to affect the frequency and positioning of meiotic crossovers (COs). Suppression of COs by large, cytologically visible inversions and translocations has long been recognized, but relatively little is known about how smaller structural variants (SVs) affect COs. To examine fine-scale determinants of the CO landscape, including SVs, we used a rapid, cost-effective method for high-throughput sequencing to generate a precise map of over 17,000 COs between the Col-0 and Ler accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana. COs were generally suppressed in regions with SVs, but this effect did not depend on the size of the variant region, and was only marginally affected by the variant type. CO suppression did not extend far beyond the SV borders, and CO rates were slightly elevated in the flanking regions. Disease resistance gene clusters, which often exist as SVs, exhibited high CO rates at some loci, but there was a tendency toward depressed CO rates at loci where large structural differences exist between the two parents. Our high-density map also revealed in fine detail how CO positioning relates to genetic (DNA motifs) and epigenetic (chromatin structure) features of the genome. We conclude that suppression of COs occurs over a narrow region spanning large and small-scale SVs, representing influence on the CO landscape in addition to sequence and epigenetic variation along chromosomes.

scholarly journals Nitrogen removal from the saline sludge liquor by electrochemical denitrification

2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (8) ◽  
pp. 171-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z.M. Xie ◽  
X.Y. Li ◽  
K.Y. Chan
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Removal ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Wastewater Sludge ◽  
Sludge Dewatering ◽  
Ammonia Content ◽  
Major Mechanism ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
High Ammonia ◽  
By Products

Sludge liquor from the sludge dewatering process has a high ammonia content. In the present study, a lab-scale electrochemical (EC) system with a pair of Ti electrode plates was used for treating the sludge centrate liquor of digested wastewater sludge with a NH+4−N content of around 500 mg/L. The sludge liquor had a high salinity due to seawater being used for toilet flushing in Hong Kong. The results show that the EC process is highly effective for denitrification of the saline sludge liquor. Complete nitrogen removal could be achieved within 1 hr or so. The rate of EC denitrification increased with the current intensity applied. The best current efficiency for nitrogen removal was obtained for a gap distance between the electrodes at 8 mm. Electro-chlorination was considered to be the major mechanism of EC denitrification. The formation of chlorination by-products (CBPs) appeared to be minimal with the total trihalomethanes (THM) detected at a level of 300 μg/L or lower. The power consumption for EC denitrification was around 23 kWh/kg N. Additional electro-flocculation with a pair of iron needle electrodes could enhance the flocculation and subsequent sedimentation of colloidal organics in the sludge liquor, increasing the organic removal from less than 30% to more than 70%. Therefore, the EC process including both electro-denitrification and electro-flocculation can be developed as the most cost-effective method for treatment of the saline sludge liquor.

Prediction of Liner Wrinkling During High Strain Bending of Mechanically Lined Pipe

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurélien Pépin ◽  
Tomasz Tkaczyk ◽  
Michael Martinez ◽  
Noel O’Dowd ◽  
Kamran Nikbin
Keyword(s):  
High Strain ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Elevated Pressure ◽  
Numerical Approach ◽  
Mechanical Tests ◽  
Tensile Behaviour ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
Metal Pipes ◽  
Corrosion Resistant Alloy

Abstract A high demand for transport of corrosive fluids subsea has generated interest in solid corrosion resistant alloy (CRA) and bi-metal pipes. Bi-metal pipes, including hot-roll bonded (HRB) clad and mechanically lined pipes (MLP), are made of a carbon steel (CS) pipe lined with a CRA layer. Mechanically lined pipes, where the CRA liner is held inside the host pipe by means of an interference fit, offer shorter lead times and are considerably more economical than equivalent solid CRA and HRB clad pipes with a metallurgical bond between CS and CRA layers. Reel-lay is a cost-effective method for installing subsea pipelines up to 18” (457.2 mm) in diameter. However, plastic straining associated with reeling may trigger wrinkling of the CRA liner. Two approaches for safe installation of reeled MLPs have therefore been proposed: pressurised and non-pressurised reeling. This paper focuses on reel-lay installation at atmospheric pressure. Nevertheless, the numerical analysis framework presented is also applicable to MLPs installed at elevated pressure in a scenario where they are subjected to bending after being depressurised. Small-scale mechanical tests were carried out to assess the effect of manufacturing and cyclic plastic bending on the tensile behaviour of the CRA liner. After full-scale bending trials had been undertaken, they were simulated numerically to demonstrate the suitability of the proposed numerical approach for predicting liner separation from the host pipe and subsequent wrinkling during high strain bending. To improve ovality prediction, which governs liner separation and wrinkling, the authors developed an advanced metal plasticity model.

Selective Removal of selenium by phytoremediation from post mining coal wastes: practicality and implications

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nthati Monei ◽  
Sanoop Kumar Puthiya Veetil ◽  
Michael Hitch ◽  
Jeffrey Gao
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Juncea ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Initial Step ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Minimal Amount ◽  
Coal Washery ◽  
Mining Coal ◽  
Soil Mix ◽  
By Products

<p><span>Selenium (Se), a metalloid typically natural in origin, is also present in coal washery by-products such as fly-ash stockpiles. The removal of Se in coal washery by-products can be achieved through various bio-physico-chemical processes. In the attempt to find more environmentally friendly and cost effective methods phytoremediation has been selected as a remediation option. This study was a small scale, screening test that investigated the phytoremediation of Se from post coal process wastes using <em>Brassica juncea </em>species. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the concentration of Se, and target elements (As, Cd, Cu, Pb). The selected plant species was grown in coal process wastes enriched with a growth soil mix. The concentrations of the elements were determined by ICP-MS. 48% Se extraction was achieved. Low percentages of As, Cd, Cu, Pb were accumulated in the biomass, (in the order Cd>Cu>As>Pb). The results overall indicate that a minimal amount of Se can be accumulated within the plant biomass of <em>Brassica juncea</em>. Therefore, this study provides only as an initial step towards continued studies on phytoremediation of the coal washery by-products.</span></p><p><span>Keywords: phytoremediation; phytoextraction; selenium; <em>Brassica juncea</em></span></p><p><span> </span></p>

Local Policy for a Protected Environmental Area Management: The Case of Limiting Motorized Vehicles in Park of Canigou in Pyrenées Orientales

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Air Traffic ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Individual Action ◽  
Local Policy ◽  
Motorized Vehicles ◽  
Local Levels

“We regard the recent science –based consensual reports that climate change is, to a large extend, caused by human activities that emit green houses as tenable, Such activities range from air traffic, with a global reach over industrial belts and urban conglomerations to local small, scale energy use for heating homes and mowing lawns. This means that effective climate strategies inevitably also require action all the way from global to local levels. Since the majority of those activities originate at the local level and involve individual action, however, climate strategies must literally begin at home to hit home.”

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