scholarly journals Feeding of Bait to Snail Lymnaea acuminata and Their Effect on Certain Enzyme in the Nervous Tissue

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pradeep Kumar ◽  
V. K. Singh ◽  
D. K. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Nervous Tissue ◽  
Ache Activity ◽  
Significant Inhibition ◽  
Control Activity ◽  
Maximum Inhibition ◽  
Clear Glass ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Amino Acid Methionine ◽  
Lymnaea Acuminata

Fascioliasis, a snail-borne parasitic zoonosis, has been recognized for a long time because of its major veterinary and human impact. Different Bait formulations were fed to the snail Lymnaea acuminata in clear glass aquaria having diameter of 30 cm. Snail attractant containing bait formulations was prepared from different binary combination (1 : 1 ratio) of carbohydrates (glucose, starch 10 mM) and amino acid (methionine, histidine 10 mM) in 100 ml of 2% agar solution + sublethal (20% and 60% of 24 h and 96 h LC50) doses of different molluscicides (eugenol, ferulic acid, umbelliferone, and limonene). Snails fed on bait containing sub-lethal concentration of different molluscicides and the snail attractant, causing a significant inhibition in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the nervous tissue of the vector snail L. acuminata. Maximum inhibition in ALP (20% of control) and AChE (49.49% of control) activity was observed in the nervous tissue of the L. acuminata exposed to 60% of 96 h LC50 of eugenol in the bait pellets containing starch + histidine, starch + methionine, respectively.

Residual Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in Milks Subjected to Various Time-Temperature Treatments

1997 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 525-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. PAINTER ◽  
R. L. BRADLEY
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Milk Product ◽  
Milk Products ◽  
Alp Activity ◽  
High Temperature Short Time ◽  
Thermally Processed ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Fluid Milk

Milk is routinely tested for proper pasteurization. The Scharer and Fluorophos methods, among others, test for residual alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity to assure proper pasteurization. Until recently there were no tests available to accurately detect residual ALP activity levels below the U.S. legal limit of 1 μg of phenol or 350 mU of ALP per liter of milk. The new Fluorophos method can detect accurately residual ALP activity levels as low as 10 mU/liter. The Fluorophos method was used to investigate residual ALP activity levels in several fluid milk products. The milk products were thermally processed under various time and temperature protocols below, at, and above current U.S. Food and Drug Administration-mandated heat treatments for fluid milk and milk products. The data established values for residual ALP activity in milks pasteurized under high-temperature short-time (HTST) and low-temperature long-time (LTLT) treatments. The mean ALP activities for whole, 2% lowfat, 1% lowfat, skim, half and half, and chocolate-flavored milks thermally processed at the legal minimum HTST pasteurization treatment are 169.7 ± 12.3, 145.2 ± 9.3, 98.6 ± 8.9, 72.5 ± 4.2, 38.4 ± 4.6 and 157.3 ± 6.5 mU/liter, respectively. The mean ALP activities generated at the legal minimum LTLT pasteurization treatment are 81.8 ± 4.8, 66.4 ± 5.9, 56.4 ± 2.1, 39.1 ± 3.9, 35.0 ± 1.2 and 91.3 ± 7.7 mU/liter, respectively. The values for all milks pasteurized at the legal minimum heat treatment were significantly below the current legal cutoff for residual ALP activity of 350 mU/liter of milk or milk product.

scholarly journals Type beta transforming growth factor is a potent inhibitor of murine megakaryocytopoiesis in vitro

Blood ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 1737-1741 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Ishibashi ◽  
SL Miller ◽  
SA Burstein
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Beta ◽  
Ache Activity ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Human Platelets ◽  
Significant Inhibition ◽  
Tgf Beta ◽  
Megakaryocytic Differentiation

Abstract To investigate the potential role of platelets in the inhibition of megakaryocytopoiesis, freeze-thawed extracts of human platelets were added to serumless liquid cultures of murine marrow. When acetylcholinesterase (AchE), a marker of megakaryocytic differentiation in mice, was assayed, a significant inhibition of enzymatic activity was noted in cultures containing the equivalent of greater than 5 X 10(6) solubilized platelets per milliliter. Freeze-thawed extracts of granulocytes had significantly less inhibitory effect than did platelets. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), a growth factor known to be inhibitory to some cell lineages and to be found at relatively high concentrations in platelets, was then added to liquid marrow cultures. A similar inhibition of AchE activity was detected when cultures were stimulated with mitogen-stimulated conditioned medium. The effect was potent with 50% inhibition of AchE activity observed at 4 pmol TGF-beta/L. To determine if TGF-beta inhibited specifically one aspect of megakaryocytic differentiation, the factor was added to isolated single megakaryocytes in serumless culture induced by interleukin 3 (IL3) to increase in size. The number of megakaryocytes increasing in size in response to IL 3 exposure was reduced from 68% to 20% when both factors were simultaneously added to cultures. Colony assays showed that megakaryocytic and granulocyte- macrophage colony detection was inhibited at picomolar concentrations of the factor. These data suggest that TGF-beta is a potent in vitro inhibitor of the murine megakaryocytic lineage, although its effects are not limited to this lineage.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Bioagents and Biopesticides against Colletotrichum lindemuthianum and its Integrated Management in Common Bean

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 72-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bilal Ahmad PADDER ◽  
Prem Nath SHARMA ◽  
Renu KAPIL ◽  
Anju PATHANIA ◽  
Om Prakash SHARMA
Keyword(s):  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Significant Inhibition ◽  
Colletotrichum Lindemuthianum ◽  
Maximum Inhibition ◽  
Gliocladium Virens ◽  
Foliar Treatment

Three bioagents (Trichoderma viride, T. harzianum and Gliocladium virens) and five biopesticides (Achook, Neemgold, Wannis, Spictaf and Neemazal) were evaluated under in vitro and in vivo conditions against Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. All the three antagonistic fungi caused significant inhibition of mycelial growth, maximum being with T. viride (69.21%) followed by T. harzianum (64.20%). Among the biopesticides tested at four concentrations, Wanis applied @ 1000 ?l/ml caused maximum inhibition of 82.12 per cent followed by Spictaf (52.85%). T. viride and Wanis @ 1000 ?l/ml were most effective in reducing the seed borne infection. Integration of bioagents with Bavistin showed that disease can be effectively managed with seed dressing either with Bavistin or biopesticide followed by foliar treatment with fungicide or biopesticide.

scholarly journals Cerebral localization of the mind and higher functions The beginnings

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliasz Engelhardt
Keyword(s):  
Nervous Tissue ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Mental Functions ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Cerebral Localization ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Higher Mental Functions ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Brain

Abstract The debates about the mind and its higher functions, and attempts to locate them in the body, have represented a subject of interest of innumerable sages since ancient times. The doubt concerning the part of the body that housed these functions, the heart (cardiocentric doctrine) or the brain (cephalocentric doctrine), drove the search. The Egyptians, millennia ago, held a cardiocentric view. A very long time later, ancient Greek scholars took up the theme anew, but remained undecided between the heart and the brain, a controversy that lasted for centuries. The cephalocentric view prevailed, and a new inquiry ensued about the location of these functions within the brain, the ventricles or the nervous tissue, which also continued for centuries. The latter localization, although initially inaccurate, gained traction. However, it represented only a beginning, as further studies in the centuries that followed revealed more precise definitions and localizations of the higher mental functions.

scholarly journals Acute toxicity of a deltamethrin based pesticide (DBP) to the Neotropical electric fish Microsternarchus cf. bilineatus (Gymnotiformes)

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 355-362
Author(s):  
Valesca de Souza CHAVES ◽  
Jaydione Luiz MARCON ◽  
Wallice Paxiúba DUNCAN ◽  
José Antônio ALVES-GOMES
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Aquatic Ecosystems ◽  
Nervous Tissue ◽  
Ache Activity ◽  
Electric Fish ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Biochemical Biomarkers ◽  
Amazonian Fish ◽  
Gst Activity

ABSTRACT Deltamethrin is a pyrethroid insecticide widely used in pest control in Brazilian agriculture. The intensive and disordered use of this pesticide in the Amazon region can drive it into aquatic ecosystems in several ways, but mainly by runoff and leaching. The present study was conceived to determine the acute toxicity (LC50) of a deltamethrin based pesticide (DBP) and to characterize its effects on two biochemical biomarkers, glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), in tissues of the electric fish Microsternarchus cf. bilineatus. Fishes were exposed to concentrations of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 μg L-1 of DBP for up to 96 hours. For each treatment, the absolute activity of the enzymes GST (muscle and liver) and AChE (muscle and nervous tissue) were analyzed. The LC50-96 h for Microsternarchus cf. bilineatus was 2.15 μg L-1, the lowest concentration registered for an Amazonian fish species so far. None of the concentrations tested of this insecticide affected AChE activity for the exposure period tested. A significant increase in muscle GST activity was detected only for concentrations of 2 and 3 μg L-1.

scholarly journals POTENSI JAMUR TIRAM PUTIH (Pleurotus ostreatus) TERHADAP PENGHAMBATAN Candida albicans DAN Propionibacterium acnes

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saat Egra ◽  
Irawan Wijaya Kusuma ◽  
Enos Tangke Arung
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Pleurotus Ostreatus ◽  
Propionibacterium Acnes ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Significant Inhibition ◽  
Oyster Mushroom ◽  
Chemistry Laboratory ◽  
Natural Medicine ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Oyster Mushrooms

Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) is not a new food for the community. Long time ago oyster mushrooms is food but not so well known. Now oyster mushrooms have been accepted by the community as a healthy food. This is the background of this research to produce mushrooms not only as nutritious food but also natural medicine. The purpose of this study was to examine the antimicrobial potential of oyster mushrooms by determination of clear zone against Candida albicans and Propionibacterium acnes bacterias. This research was conducted at Forest Products Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Forestry, Mulawarman University. The resources of oyster mushroom we used in this study comes from the cultivation of the entrepreanure forestry student group in Mulawarman University. This study used successful extraction with hexane solvent, ethyl acetate, ethanol, water, and crude ethanol. The results obtained that the highest antimicrobial inhibition against Candida albicans bacteria with 47.60% with a concentration of 100 ppm but, on the antimicrobial against Propionibacterium acnes bacteria did not show any significant inhibition.

Inhibition by concanavalin A as the basis for a specific assay of serum 5'-nucleotidase activity.

1977 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 2311-2323 ◽  
Author(s):  
E R Zygowicz ◽  
F W Sunderman ◽  
E Horak ◽  
J F Dooley
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Phosphatase Activity ◽  
Alkaline Phosphatase Activity ◽  
Concanavalin A ◽  
Significant Inhibition ◽  
Nucleotidase Activity ◽  
Hepatocellular Injury ◽  
Duct Ligation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Abstract Concanavalin A inhibits serum 5'-nucleotidase activity, without causing significant inhibition of alkaline phosphatase activity. This observation serves as the basis for a new method for assaying the 5'-nucleotidase activity in serum, which depends upon the difference between the enzymic hydrolysis of adenosine-5'-monophosphate in the presence and absence of concanavalin A. A denosine released by the 5'-nucleotidase reaction is deaminated by a coupled reaction with adenosine deaminase to liberate inosine and ammonia, and ammonia is measured colorimetrically by the Berthelot reaction. In sera from 40 healthy adult persons, 5'-nucleotidase activity averaged 6.4 U/liter (SD, +/-2.0; range, 3-12). In sera from 100 patients, measurements of 5'-nucleotidase activity by the new assay averaged 8% lower than by a generally accepted method in which phenyl phosphate is used to suppress hydrolysis of adenosine-5'-monophosphate by alkaline phosphatase activity. The clinical validy of the new assay was tested by measuring serum 5'-nucleotidase activities in rats with bile duct ligation and in rats treated with thioacetamide to induce hepatocellular injury.

scholarly journals Determination of the In vitro Effect of Trichoderma harzianum on Phytopathogenic Strains of Fusarium oxysporum

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 494-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hacer Handan ALTINOK ◽  
Oktay ERDOGAN
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Trichoderma Harzianum ◽  
Antagonistic Effect ◽  
Significant Inhibition ◽  
Maximum Inhibition ◽  
Repressive Effect ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Colonizing Ability

Fusarium oxysporum is a well-known soil-borne fungi and it is difficult to control their pathogenic strains by conventional strategies. The cultures of two strains of Trichoderma harzianum (T16 and T23) were examined in laboratory conditions and with pot experiments for the control of pathogenic strains of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melongenae (Fomg), Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol), Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (Fon) and F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis (Fom). The T16 and T23 strains showed significant inhibition of mycelial growth in the pathogenic strains of F. oxysporum and the maximum inhibition were recorded when the T. harzianum strain T16 was used (72.69%). Both T. harzianum strains produced volatile and non-volatile metabolites that inhibited growth of F. oxysporum strains on PDA medium. In vitro colonization study demonstrated the root-colonizing ability of these antagonists. The interaction between T. harzianum isolates (T16 and T23) and pathogenic F. oxysporum hyphae showed no overgrowth, hyphal coiling, cell wall degradation or any hyphal penetration around any of the tested F. oxysporum hyphae. Pre-treatment of soil with T16 significantly reduced the severity of Fusarium wilt disease. The disease severity in control plants reached to 90-95% whereas those of the T16-Fomg and T16-Fol treated seedlings of eggplants were 37.74% and 47.12%, respectively, on the 21st day. In this study, while both T. harzianum isolates had a considerable antagonistic effect on the tested pathogens, T16 was found to be more successful than T23. The strong repressive effect of T. harzianum (T16) towards pathogenic Fusarium oxsporum can be applied in biological control of these pathogens.

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