scholarly journals Effects of Heat Stress on the Well-Being, Fertility, and Hatchability of Chickens in the Northern Guinea Savannah Zone of Nigeria: A Review

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. O. Ayo ◽  
J. A. Obidi ◽  
P. I. Rekwot
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Physiological Parameters ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Savannah Zone ◽  
Specific Impact

The paper examines heat stress and its adverse effects as a hindrance to profitable poultry production in the tropics, with emphasis on the Northern Guinea Savannah zone of Nigeria. It elucidates the general negative effects of heat stress on physiological parameters of domestic chickens, and the specific impact of the stress on reproduction in the tropics. The deleterious effects are expressed in poor poultry well-being and reproductive performance. It is concluded that measures aimed at alleviating heat stress in domestic chickens must be adopted in order to enhance reproductive and, consequently, efficiency of modern poultry production in the tropics.

scholarly journals Radical Response: Effects of Heat Stress-Induced Oxidative Stress on Lipid Metabolism in the Avian Liver

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Nima K. Emami ◽  
Usuk Jung ◽  
Brynn Voy ◽  
Sami Dridi
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Enzymatic Reactions ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Hepatic Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Hepatic Lipid ◽  
The Impact

Lipid metabolism in avian species places unique demands on the liver in comparison to most mammals. The avian liver synthesizes the vast majority of fatty acids that provide energy and support cell membrane synthesis throughout the bird. Egg production intensifies demands to the liver as hepatic lipids are needed to create the yolk. The enzymatic reactions that underlie de novo lipogenesis are energetically demanding and require a precise balance of vitamins and cofactors to proceed efficiently. External stressors such as overnutrition or nutrient deficiency can disrupt this balance and compromise the liver’s ability to support metabolic needs. Heat stress is an increasingly prevalent environmental factor that impairs lipid metabolism in the avian liver. The effects of heat stress-induced oxidative stress on hepatic lipid metabolism are of particular concern in modern commercial chickens due to the threat to global poultry production. Chickens are highly vulnerable to heat stress because of their limited capacity to dissipate heat, high metabolic activity, high internal body temperature, and narrow zone of thermal tolerance. Modern lines of both broiler (meat-type) and layer (egg-type) chickens are especially sensitive to heat stress because of the high rates of mitochondrial metabolism. While this oxidative metabolism supports growth and egg production, it also yields oxidative stress that can damage mitochondria, cellular membranes and proteins, making the birds more vulnerable to other stressors in the environment. Studies to date indicate that oxidative and heat stress interact to disrupt hepatic lipid metabolism and compromise performance and well-being in both broilers and layers. The purpose of this review is to summarize the impact of heat stress-induced oxidative stress on lipid metabolism in the avian liver. Recent advances that shed light on molecular mechanisms and potential nutritional/managerial strategies to counteract the negative effects of heat stress-induced oxidative stress to the avian liver are also integrated.

scholarly journals Thermal Environment of Urban Schoolyards: Current and Future Design with Respect to Children’s Thermal Comfort

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1144
Author(s):  
Dimitrios Antoniadis ◽  
Nikolaos Katsoulas ◽  
Dimitris Κ. Papanastasiou
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Vegetation Cover ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
High Surface ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Human Thermal Comfort

Urban outdoor thermal conditions, and its impacts on the health and well-being for the city inhabitants have reached increased attention among biometeorological studies during the last two decades. Children are considered more sensitive and vulnerable to hot ambient conditions compared to adults, and are affected strongly by their thermal environment. One of the urban outdoor environments that children spend almost one third of their school time is the schoolyard. The aims of the present manuscript were to review studies conducted worldwide, in order to present the biophysical characteristics of the typical design of the urban schoolyard. This was done to assess, in terms of bioclimatology, the interactions between the thermal environment and the children’s body, to discuss the adverse effects of thermal environment on children, especially the case of heat stress, and to propose measures that could be applied to improve the thermal environment of schoolyards, focusing on vegetation. Human thermal comfort monitoring tools are mainly developed for adults, thus, further research is needed to adapt them to children. The schemes that are usually followed to design urban schoolyards create conditions that favour the exposure of children to excessive heat, inducing high health risks to them. The literature survey showed that typical urban schoolyard design (i.e., dense surface materials, absence of trees) triggered high surface temperatures (that may exceed 58 °C) and increased absorption of radiative heat load (that may exceed 64 °C in terms of Mean Radiant Temperature) during a clear day with intense solar radiation. Furthermore, vegetation cover has a positive impact on schoolyard’s microclimate, by improving thermal comfort and reducing heat stress perception of children. Design options for urban schoolyards and strategies that can mitigate the adverse effects of heat stress are proposed with focus on vegetation cover that affect positively their thermal environment and improve their aesthetic and functionality.

Cannabis against chronic muskuloskeletal pain: A scoping review on users and their perceptions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Furrer ◽  
Edeltraut Kröger ◽  
Martine Marcotte ◽  
Nathalie Jauvin ◽  
Richard Bélanger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Cancer Pain ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Therapeutic Option ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Medical Cannabis ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Views And Perceptions

Abstract Background Chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP) may lead to reduced physical function and is the most common cause of chronic non cancer pain. Currently, the pharmacotherapeutic options against CMP are limited and mainly consist of pain management with gabapentinoids or opioids, which carry major adverse effects. Although the effectiveness of medical cannabis (MC) for CMP still lacks solid evidence, several patients suffering from it are exploring this therapeutic option.Objectives Little is known about MC users suffering from CMP. We aimed to increase this knowledge, useful for health care professionals and policy makers considering this treatment, as well as for researchers planning rigorous randomized clinical trials on the effectiveness of MC.Methods We conducted a scoping literature review, according to the methods developed by Arksey and O’Malley, to describe the views and perceptions of patients who had consumed MC to relieve chronic CMP and other non-cancer pain, as well as their demographic characteristics, patterns of MC use, and perceived positive and negative effects.Conclusion Our review shows that MC users are frequently young or middle-aged men, and that the preferred form of use was smoking. Participants of the included studies reported that MC use was helpful in reducing CMP and other chronic non-cancer pain with only minor adverse effects; in addition, they reported improved psychological well-being. Discussion The information from the included studies has several methodological limitations and is exploratory. MC use might, from the perspective of persistent users suffering from CMP and other chronic non-cancer pain, produce more benefits than harms. However, specific results for CMP are very scarce.

scholarly journals Methionine supplementation improves reproductive performance, antioxidant status, immunity and maternal antibody transmission in breeder Japanese quail under heat stress conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 275-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omid Kalvandi ◽  
Amirali Sadeghi ◽  
Ahmad Karimi
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Antioxidant Status ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Maternal Serum ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Serum Igg

Abstract. This study was conducted to determine the effects of methionine (Met) supplementation on productive and reproductive performance, immune response and antioxidant status in breeder quails reared under heat stress (HS). A total of 125 breeder quails were divided into five groups. One group was kept in an environmentally controlled room at 22 ∘C and considered as thermoneutral, and four groups were kept at 34 ∘C and fed a basal diet (heat stressed) or a basal diet with Met concentrations 1.15, 1.30 and 1.45 times the quail requirements per NRC (1994) recommendations. HS decreased egg production in birds fed the basal diet (P < 0.05). Higher feed intake (P < 0.05), egg production (P < 0.05), improved feed efficiency (P < 0.05) and Haugh unit and hatchability variables (P < 0.05) occurred in Met supplemented groups. Birds receiving Met under HS had higher maternal serum IgG, egg yolk IgY and offspring serum IgG (mg mL−1). Quails receiving the Met supplementation diets exhibited higher (P < 0.05) plasma levels and liver activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase as well as lower (P < 0.05) plasma and liver levels of malondialdehyde compared to the HS group fed the basal diet. All breeder quails receiving the Met supplement had lower (P < 0.05) heterophil and H∕L ratios as well as higher (P < 0.05) lymphocytes than quails fed the basal diet under the same stress conditions. Our results suggest that dietary supplementation with Met could improve the performance, immunity and antioxidant status of quails by reducing the negative effects of HS.

Dietary supplementation of acetylsalicylic acid improved growth, livability and egg production performance in two breeds of commercial layers

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-160
Author(s):  
S. O. Aro ◽  
O. B. Faluyi ◽  
O. O. Awoneye ◽  
G. E. Onibi
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Acetylsalicylic Acid ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Highest Weight ◽  
Ameliorative Effect ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
The Tropics

Heat stress is a silent threat to the well-being of chickens with negative impacts on their health, performance and productivity in the tropics. This has therefore, necessitated its control among the flocks of poultry. Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) is commonly used to improve the performance and well-being of birds under heat stress but its effects on the production performance of Isa brown (IB) and Harco black (HB) breeds are yet to be examined. Thisstudy was therefore, conducted to unravel the effect of ASA on these birds' performance. One hundred and ninety-two birds comprising 96 IB and 96 HB layers were randomly allotted to four treatment diets supplemented with 0, 0.025, 0.050 and 0.075% of ASA at 48 birds/treatment in four replicates of 12 birds each. Feed intake, weight change, mortality, hen-day egg production (HDEP) and hen-housed egg production (HHEP) were determined. Results showed that IB recorded a higher weight change (806.83±33.45g) than the HB (722.8±35.91g) breed. Dietary ASA supplementation at 0.075% produced the highest weight change (808.52±242.73g) relative to the control (672.92±65.04g). The ASA level at 0.050% produced the lowest mortality (2.46±0.01%). Conclusively, the use of ASA in the diets improved weight change in the birds. The IB breed had a better livability (95.70%) than the HB breed (91.80%). The ASA at 0.050% conferred the best livability (97.54%) on the birds. Also, the use of ASA significantly improved total egg production. The ASA supplementationhad a better ameliorative effect on HB than the IB breed.

scholarly journals Cannabis against chronic musculoskeletal pain: a scoping review on users and their perceptions

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Furrer ◽  
Edeltraut Kröger ◽  
Martine Marcotte ◽  
Nathalie Jauvin ◽  
Richard Bélanger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Cancer Pain ◽  
Musculoskeletal Pain ◽  
Therapeutic Option ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Adult Patients ◽  
Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain ◽  
Medical Cannabis ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Study Characteristics

Abstract Background Chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP) may lead to reduced physical function and is the most common cause of chronic non-cancer pain. Currently, the pharmacotherapeutic options against CMP are limited and frequently consist of pain management with non-steroidal anti-inflammatories, gabapentinoids, or opioids, which carry major adverse effects. Although the effectiveness of medical cannabis (MC) for CMP still lacks solid evidence, several patients suffering from it are exploring this therapeutic option with their physicians. Objectives Little is known about patients’ perceptions of their MC treatment for CMP. We aimed to increase this knowledge, useful for healthcare professionals and patients considering this treatment, by conducting a scoping literature review, following guidance by Arksey and O’Malley, to describe the views and perceptions of adult patients who had consumed MC to relieve chronic CMP. Methods Databases (PUBMED, EMBASE, Web of Science) and websites were searched using combinations of controlled and free vocabulary. All studies and study designs reporting on patients’ perceptions regarding MC against CMP were considered. Studies had to include adult patients reporting qualitatively or quantitatively, i.e., through questionnaires, on MC use to treat CMP or other non-cancer pain, since studies reporting exclusively on perceptions regarding CMP were very rare. Study characteristics were extracted and limitations of the study quality were assessed. The review includes patients’ demographic characteristics, patterns of MC use, perceived positive and negative effects, use of alcohol or other drugs, reported barriers to CM use, and funding sources of the studies. Results Participants of the 49 included studies reported that MC use helped them to reduce CMP and other chronic non-cancer pain, with only minor adverse effects, and some reported improved psychological well-being. In the included studies, men represent between 18 and 88% of the subjects. The mean age of participants in these studies (42/49) varied between 28.4 and 62.8 years old. The most common route of administration is inhalation. Conclusion MC users suffering from CMP or other chronic non-cancer pain perceived more benefits than harms. However, the information from these studies has several methodological limitations and results are exploratory. These user-reported experiences must thus be examined by well-designed and methodologically sound clinical or observational studies, particularly regarding CMP, where reports are very scarce.

scholarly journals Application of betaine as feed additives in poultry nutrition – a review

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 266-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mervat M.N. Ahmed ◽  
Zienhom S.H. Ismail ◽  
Ahmed A.A. Abdel-Wareth
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Stress Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Lower Weight ◽  
The Right ◽  
Severe Shortage

Heat stress is exposing birds to degrees of temperature higher than the optimal, which results in numerous health problems i.e. respiratory deficits decrease feed intake and thus lower weight at marketing age. Heat stress represents one of the most important factor that has negative effects on poultry production. Heat stress also leads to negative effects on the carcass properties and thus lower meat quality, consequently leads to severe shortage in the market. Most important solutions are using feed additives that have positive effects for resisting thermal stress. Betaine that has several other beneficial effects of mild heat stress. Most of the trials were reported slight positive effects; however, systematic results were rare. Since there are almost unlimited possibilities concerning dosage and products of betaine there is still more research required. Nevertheless, there is still further research under more standardized conditions needed to evaluate the right dosage and combination as well as the exact mechanism of actions of anti-stress effects of betaine.

Heat stress: impact on livestock well-being and productivity and mitigation strategies to alleviate the negative effects

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (8) ◽  
pp. 1404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay S. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Livestock Productivity

Heat stress (HS) is a multi-factorial problem that negatively affects livestock health and productivity and is closely linked with animal welfare. While HS may not be harmful when animals are able to adapt, the physiological changes that occur to ensure survival may impede the efficient conversion of feed energy into animal products. This adaptive response can be variable and is often based on previous HS exposure, genetics, species and production stage. When the heat load becomes too great for adaptive responses to compensate, the subsequent strain response causes reduced productivity and well-being and, in severe cases, mortality. The effects of HS on livestock productivity are well documented and range from decreased feed intake and body weight gain, to reduced reproductive efficiency and altered carcass composition and meat quality. In addition, researchers are beginning to elucidate the effects of prenatal HS on postnatal livestock performance and welfare. As knowledge of the negative impacts of HS on livestock performance and welfare increases, so will the development of effective mitigation strategies to support maintenance of productivity during times of high thermal heat loads and preserve appropriate animal welfare standards.

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