scholarly journals Cashew Nut Shell Waste: Availability in Small-Scale Cashew Processing Industries and Its Fuel Properties for Gasification

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atul Mohod ◽  
Sudhir Jain ◽  
Ashok Powar
Keyword(s):  
Thermogravimetric Analysis ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Steam Cooking ◽  
Shell Waste ◽  
Average Energy Consumption ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell

The energy and mass flow of the steam cooking operation of three readily defined small-scale cashew processing industries was studied to estimate the availability of cashew nut shell. The proximate analysis of cashew shell waste was carried out using ASTMD 73–75 method. The calorific value of the cashew shell was carried out using bomb calorimeter (ASTME 711). The thermogravimetric analysis of the cashew shell was carried out using TG-FTIR with 10∘C/minute heating rate. The study revealed that, the small-scale cashew processing industries followed steam-cooking process with average energy consumption accounted to be 2969.7 MJ per 1000 kg of raw cashew seed. The cashew shell waste generated in small-scale cashew processing industries was found to be 67.5% of total weight of cashew seed, which can be utilized as fuel for thermal energy supply. The average higher calorific value of the cashew nut shell was found to be 4890 kcal/kg. The thermogravimetric analysis revealed that 85% weight of cashew nut shell has been degraded at 500∘C and in 13 minutes. The availability and fuel analysis of the cashew shell as a fuel revealed its suitability as a supplementary fuel for thermal application through pyrolysis in the industry.

scholarly journals Mechanical property analysis of biochar derived from cashew nut shell waste reinforced polymer matrix

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 125349 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Sundarakannan ◽  
V Arumugaprabu ◽  
V Manikandan ◽  
S Vigneshwaran
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Property ◽  
Polymer Matrix ◽  
Property Analysis ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Reinforced Polymer ◽  
Shell Waste ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell

scholarly journals PYROLYSIS OF ALANG – ALANG (IMPERATA CILINDRICA) AS BIOENERGY SOURCE IN BANTEN PROVINCE INDONESIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-78
Author(s):  
Fitriyah Fitriyah ◽  
Syarif Hidayat ◽  
Muhammad S. Abu Bakar ◽  
Neeranuch Phusunti
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Thermogravimetric Analysis ◽  
Elemental Analysis ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Compositional Analysis ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Bio Oil

Bahan bakar fosil sumber energi memiliki keterbatasan dan tidak terbarukan, penggunaan bahan bakar fosil secara terus menerus mengakibatkan krisis energy dan lingkungan. Rumput liar pada saat ini memiliki potensi untuk dikembangkan sebagai generasi kedua biomasa. Hal ini memiliki keuntungan seperti tumbuh dengan cepat, mudah tumbuh, perawatan yang minimal, dapat tumbuh pada lahan kritis dan tersedia dalam jumlah yang banyak. Dalam upaya mengembangkan generasi kedua biomasa, penelitian ini secara sistematis memberikan perspektif ekologi dan teknologi proses dalam mengembangkan bioenergi dari alang – alang di Provinsi Banten. Pada penelitian ini karakterisasi alang – alang dilakukan untuk menentukan sifat – sifat dan potensi bioenergy. Sedangkan fixed bed pirolisis dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi potensi produksi bio-oil dari proses pirolisis. Sementara analisis karakterisasi bio-oil dilakukan untuk melihat potensi chemical building block sebagai sumber energi. Analisis sifat kimia dan fisika alang – alang dilakukan melalui thermogravimetric analysis, proximate analysis, elemental analysis, compositional analysis, calorific value. Sedangkan analisis potensi bio-oil di lakukan melalui Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Dari hasil karakterisasi mengindikasikan bahwa alang – alang memiliki nilai kalori 18,05 MJ/kg, dengan ash konten yang rendah, dan tinggi kandungan volatile. Analisis dengan GC/MS menunjukan komponen utama dalam bio-oil dikelompokan ke dalam furan, ketone, phenol dan anhydrosugar yang merupakan platform yang dapat dikonversi menjadi sumber energi. Fixed bed pyrolysis atau fixed bed pirolisis alang – alang menunjukan, bahwa yield bio-oil meningkat sebagaimana peningkatan temperatur dan puncaknya pada suhu 500 0C dengan persentase 37,91%. Kata Kunci: Alang - alang, Pirolisis, GC/MS, Thermogravimetric analysis, Bioenergi   ABSTRACT Fossil fuel as a source of energy have limitation and are non-renewable. Continuous utilisation of fossil fuels as energy source can lead to energy crisis and environmental impact. Perennials grasses (alang – alang) are currently being developed as a suitable second-generation biofuel feedstock. It has advantages such as rapid growth rate, easy to grow, minimal maintenance and utilise marginal land without competing with food supply. Taking into account of the various challenges attributed to the transformation of second-generation biomass for energy production, this work systematically looks at the ecological perspective and the availability for bioenergy production from alang – alang in Banten Province. Biomass characterisation is carried out to determine the properties and bioenergy potential. Fixed bed pyrolysis study was conducted to predict the potential production of bio-oil from the pyrolysis process. GC/MS study is conducted to identify the potential building blocks of value-added chemicals from alang – alang. The physicochemical properties of feedstock was thoroughly evaluated using thermogravimetric analysis, proximate analysis, elemental analysis, compositional analysis, calorific value. The analysis of the potential of bio-oil was carried out through GC / MS. Characterisation results indicate that alang - alang has a calorific value of 18.39 MJ/kg, with low ash content and high percentage of volatile matter. Analysis from Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) showed that majority of the chemical groups in the bio-oil contained furan, ketone, phenol and anhydro-sugars. Phenolic and furanic were found as major compounds in bio oil. Phenolic, furanic, ketonic and anhydrosugars are promising renewable platform compounds derived from pyrolysis of alang – alang. The compounds can be further converted to chemicals or fuels. The fixed-bed pyrolysis of alang - alang showed that the yield of bio-oil increases as the temperature increases and peaks at 500°C with 38.79%. Keywords: Alang - alang, Pyrolysis, GC/MS, Thermogravimetric analysis, Bioenergy

scholarly journals SOSIALISASI DAN PELATIHAN TEKNOLOGI TEPAT GUNA PEMBUATAN EKSTRAK KULIT KACANG METE UNTUK ANTIVIRAL NABATI PADA TANAMAN KEDELAI

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Wuye Ria Andayanie ◽  
Netty Ermawati
Keyword(s):  
Community Service ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Mottle Virus ◽  
Training Methods ◽  
Service Program ◽  
Service Programs ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Shell Waste ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell

<p><strong><em>Abstract.</em></strong> <em>Cashew plants is one of the plantation commodities in Indonesia that has high economic value. Cashew nut shell waste can be used as a botanical antiviral for Cowpea mild mottle virus. This activity aims for soybean farmers to be able to provide their own insecticidal at low prices and easily obtained. The method used viz. : 1) an interview and observation, 2) the method of socialization with lectures and discussions or questions and answers; 3) training methods with lecture, demonstrations and direct practice with demoplot. Based on the analysis of community service programs, the following conclusions are obtained: 1) in terms of achievements based on the objectives, substance and efforts of this community service program, it is considered to be very effective in building community independence based on local potential, namely waste originating from cashew nut shells and soybean planting in forest shade area; 2) in terms of the results, benefits and impacts resulting from this community service program are numerous, namely: increasing public awareness to utilize waste originating from cashew nut shell waste for antiviral, increasing community knowledge and skills in the field of processing waste cashew  nut shell for botanical antiviral.</em><em></em></p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstrak.</strong> Tanaman jambu mete merupakan salah satu komoditas perkebunan di Indonesia yang memiliki nilai ekonomi tinggi. Limbah kulit kacang mete dapat digunakan sebagai antiviral nabati untuk <em>Cowpea mild mottle virus</em><em>.</em> Kegiatan ini bertujuan agar petani kedelai dapat menyediakan  antiviral sendiri dengan harga murah dan mudah didapat. Metode yang digunakan : 1) wawancara dan observasi, 2) metode sosialisasi dengan ceramah dan diskusi atau tanya jawab; 3) metode pelatihan dengan ceramah dan demonstrasi serta praktek langsung dengan demoplot. Berdasarkan analisis program pengabdian kepada masyarakat, diperoleh kesimpulan sebagai berikut: 1) dari segi capaian sesuai tujuan, substansi dan upaya program pengabdian masyarakat ini dinilai sangat efektif dalam membangun kemandirian masyarakat berbasis potensi lokal, yaitu limbah yang berasal dari kulit kacang mete dan penanaman kedelai di kawasan hutan lindung; 2) Dari segi hasil, manfaat dan dampak yang dihasilkan dari program pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini sangat banyak, yaitu: meningkatkan kesadaran masyarakat untuk memanfaatkan limbah yang berasal dari limbah kulit kacang mete sebagai antiviral, meningkatkan pengetahuan dan keterampilan masyarakat di bidang pengolahan limbah kacang mete untuk antiviral nabati.</p>

scholarly journals TECHNO ECONOMIC STUDY OF LIQUID SMOKE FROM CASHEW NUT SHELL WASTE

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-37
Author(s):  
La Ifa
Keyword(s):  
Production Capacity ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Liquid Smoke ◽  
Smoke Production ◽  
Batch Type ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Shell Waste ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell

Liquid smoke has a very large use, it is a result of condensation or condensation of pyrolysis vapor, directly or indirectly from wood materials such as cashew nut shells. Cashew nut shell is an abundant biomass of cashew nut processing industry but its utilization is not optimal. The purpose of this study was to make liquid smoke from cashew nut shell waste (technological aspect) and conduct economic analysis (economic aspect) to determine economic feasibility. Liquid smoke is made by pyrolysis at a temperature of 150-450oC in a simple batch type reactor. The results obtained were analyzed for its chemical components using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MC) spectrophotometer analysis. The largest liquid smoke production was obtained at a temperature of 450oC and a time of 2.5 hours with a yield of 19.46%. The main chemical components contained in liquid smoke are phenol (36.310%), acid (12.947%) and carbonyl (16.715%) respectively. With a liquid smoke production capacity of 200 tons per year, liquid smoke products can be sold at a price of IDR 3,620,137,785/years. Total Production cost 2,572,976,800/years. Annual net profit 733,012,689. Investigation of the economic feasibility of liquid smoke production, seen from the Rate of Rate on Investment, is 15.65%, Pay Out Time is 2.99 years and Break Event Point is 49.05%

scholarly journals COMPARATIVE ANALYSES OF COMBUSTION EFFICIENCIES OF COALS FROM NIGERIA FOR POWER GENERATION

2019 ◽  
pp. 49-59
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Thermogravimetric Analysis ◽  
Coal Sample ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Research Center ◽  
Energy Research ◽  
Comparative Analyses ◽  
Fuel Ratio

Three coal samples from Onyeama (Enugu State), Owukpa (Benue State) and Odagbo (Kogi State) in Nigeria were collected and tested. These were characterized to determine the proximate and the ultimate analyses, calorific value and the thermogravimetric analysis, and their combustion efficiencies for power generation comparatively analyzed. The proximate analysis and the calorific value tests were done at the Energy Research Center, University of Nigeria – Nsukka, while the ultimate analysis test was conducted at the National Geosciences Research Laboratory, Kaduna. Also, the thermogravimetric analysis was carried out at the Energy Research Center, Usman Danfodio University, Sokoto. From the test results, the moisture contents ranged from 10.60 to 16.80%. The Owukpa coal sample had the highest moisture content of 16.80%, followed by Odagbo with 15.95% and Onyeama bearing 10.60%. The volatile matter contents of the samples indicated that Owukpa had the highest value of 19.95%, followed by Onyeama with 18.65% and Odagbo having the least value of 18.58% respectively. Similarly, the Owukpa coal sample had the highest fixed carbon of 55.22% followed by Onyeama with 53.36% and Odagbo with the lowest value of 50.38%, while the ash contents showed Onyeama to possess the highest value of 17.39%, and closely followed by Odagbo with 15.06% and Owukpa having the lowest content of 8.03%. Moreso, Onyeama coal sample with the highest fuel ratio of 2.86 would give the best ease of ignition and fuel burnout followed by Owukpa (2.77), and Odagbo (2.71). The percentages of the elemental carbon of Onyeama, Owukpa and Odagbo coal samples were 52.2170, 53.8178 and 50.8754% respectively, while the hydrogen contents indicated Onyeama (4.7236%), Owukpa (4.0141%) and Odagbo (3.8163%). The nitrogen, sulphur and oxygen contents obtained revealed Onyeama (1.3756, 0.10 and 13.6938%), Owukpa (1.4350, 0.10 and 15.9031%) and Odagbo (1.4260, 0.92 and 12.8423%) respectively. Consequently, the Onyeama coal sample had the highest heating value of 32.916MJ/kg, followed by Odagbo (32.037MJ/kg) and Owukpa (30.062MJ/kg). Based on the comparative analyses, the Onyeama coal indicated the overall best fuel sample followed by Owukpa and then Odagbo in that order in-view of their fuel ratio, combustion efficiencies, quality of the fuel, ease of ignition and fuel burnout.

scholarly journals Waste to Energy: An Assessment of Application of the Selective Fuel for Applications in Industries using a Mixture of "A" Grade Coal and Municipal Solid Waste

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nripendra Bajracharya ◽  
Bhakta Bahadur Ale ◽  
Ramesh Man Singh ◽  
Tri Ratna Bajracharya
Keyword(s):  
Flue Gas ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Waste To Energy ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Index Test ◽  
Gas Emission ◽  
So2 Emission ◽  
Refuse Derived Fuel

This paper is about how the garbage that is considered as nuisance can actually be a source of energy that is vital for us. The fuel prepared by blending combustible fraction of waste is called refuse derived fuel (RDF). When the waste is mixed with coal known as selective fuel, they can be the replacement for coal in industries. The vertical shaft brick kiln (VSBK) has been taken as a representative of industrial sector. This is the theme of this research. The coal sample used is from Assam, India which is the A grade coal normally used in VSBKs of Nepal. The selective fuel was undergone proximate analysis, smoke index test, flue gas emission test and was also tested for its calorific value. The moisture content and ash content is found to be 8.69% and 11.21% respectively which is the acceptable range for VSBK. The fixed carbon content of the fuel is 28.03%. The sulphur content of the coal is 6.4% which can be captured using Ca(OH2. Addition of lime and presence of excess air help to control smoke during combustion. Flue gas emission test shows CO emission of 56.66 ppm, CO2 emission of 2% and no SO2 emission. The economic analysis shows that installation of small scale briquetting plant is feasible. Besides this, mathematical calculation has also been done to deduce some results.Journal of the Institute of Engineering, 2016, 12(1): 129-142

scholarly journals Exhaustive valorization of cashew nut shell waste as a potential bioresource material

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
James Nyirenda ◽  
Kadango Zombe ◽  
George Kalaba ◽  
Chipo Siabbamba ◽  
Inyambo Mukela
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Freundlich Isotherm ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell Liquid ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Spontaneous Interaction ◽  
Shell Waste ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell

AbstractIn this paper, we report extraction of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) from cashew nut shell waste (CNSW) and further use of residues for generation of activated carbon for removal of heavy metals and methylene blue (MB). Solvent extraction yielded 24.6 ± 0.4%, 38.2 ± 0.4% and 40.1 ± 0.9% for petroleum ether, hexane and ethanol respectively. Phytochemical screening showed presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, amino acids, terpenoids, proteins, steroids, glycosides and carboxylic acids. The CNSL had a pH of 3.2, viscosity (104.6 ± 1.8 mPa s), moisture (6.5%), ash (1.6 ± 0.1%), refractive index (1.52 ± 0.001), specific density (0.9561 ± 0.0002 g/cm3), acid value (118.7 ± 9.2 mg KOH/g), free fatty acid value (60.1 ± 4.7%), saponification number (138.1 ± 3.2 mg KOH/g) and iodine value (188.1 ± 2.3 mgI 2/100 g). The average percentage removal of Cu (II), Pb (II), Cd (II) and Zn (II) was 99.4 ± 0.5, 95.4 ± 1.5, 99.5 ± 0.1, 98.4 ± 0.1%, and removal efficiency of MB at 50, 150, 250 and 350 mg/L was 99.63, 97.66, 96.48 and 94.81%, respectively. Equilibrium data were best described by the Freundlich isotherm model. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity was 12.1 mg/g. The adsorption kinetics conformed to pseudo-second-order model. ∆G° was negative and a ∆H° of + 22.76 kJ/mol indicated that adsorption was endothermic. The ΔS° (+ 0.086 kJ/mol/K) showed that there was spontaneous interaction of the solution and adsorbate. These results show that CNSW is a potential bioresource for CNSL production for use in the paints, varnishes, surface coatings, agrochemicals and ethnomedicine industries. Residual shells can be exploited as fuels or converted to activated carbon for use as low-cost filters in water purification.

scholarly journals Influence of soaking temperature time on the ability prepared liquefaction of wood from cashew nut shell waste

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 713-720
Author(s):  
Do Quang Minh ◽  
Huynh Ngoc Minh ◽  
Nguyen Vu Uyen Nhi ◽  
Kien Do Trung Kieu
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Average Molecular Weight ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Liquefied Wood ◽  
Shell Waste ◽  
Wood Liquefaction ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell ◽  
Temperature Time

Liquefied wood is one of the phenolic resin. However, unlike commercial phenolic resins that are normally synthesized by the chemical reaction between phenol and formaldehyde, liquefied wood is usually produced by reacting phenol with wood-derived materials, and catalyst at 120-180◦C. Depending on whether the catalyst is a base or a acid, the formed resin is a thermoset or a thermoplastic. In this study, wood liquefaction was prepared from a cashew nut shell waste (CNSW), phenol, and sulfuric acid catalyst. The cashew nut shell waste is taken from Binh Phuoc province - Vietnam and crushed to a size of less than 500 mm. Phenol and sulfuric acid catalyst are chemical experiments. The powder of cashew nut shell waste, phenol, and sulfuric acid were mixed and reacted at 150oC for different soaking times. An optimal soaking temperature time was determined through a cashew nut shell waste residue content in wood liquefaction products. The wood liquefaction products also were determined by a number average molecular weight (Mn) and a weight average molecular weight (Mw) by Gel permeation chromatography method (GPC); the function groups by Fourier Transform Infrared method (FT-IR). The results showed that the formed resin is thermoplastic and the optimal soaking time to prepared liquefied wood is 180 minutes. This sample has a residual cashew nut shell waste ratio of 9.44%, a number average molecular weight of 7552, and a weight average molecular weight of 10640. The liquefied wood from cashew nut shell waste can be used as a binder in the manufacture of the medium density fiberboard (MDF) or as a material to promote the sintered process in the production of woodceramic materials. In addition, the liquefied wood can also be pyrolyzed to form carbon fiber. Carbon fiber can be applied as reinforcing materials for ceramic products.

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