scholarly journals Heat and Mass Transfer in Reduction Zone of Sponge Iron Reactor

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bayu Alamsari ◽  
Shuichi Torii ◽  
Azis Trianto ◽  
Yazid Bindar
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Equations ◽  
Sponge Iron ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Reduction Zone ◽  
Shift Reaction ◽  
Energy Balances ◽  
Counter Current ◽  
Water Gas ◽  
Mass And Energy Balances

Numerical prediction is performed on reduction zone of iron ore reactor which is a part of counter current gas-solid reactor for producing sponge iron. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of reduction gas composition and temperature on quality and capacity of sponge iron products through mathematical modeling arrangement and simulation. Simultaneous mass and energy balances along the reactor lead to a set of ordinary differential equation which includes kinetic equations. Kinetic equations of reduction of hematite to iron metal, methane reforming, and water gas shift reaction are taken into account in the model. Hydrogen and carbon monoxide are used as reduction gas. The equations were solved by finite element method. Prediction shows an increase in H2 composition while an attenuation of CO produces higher metallization degree. Metallization degree is also increased with an increase in gas inlet temperature. It is found that reduction gas temperature over 973°C (1246 K) is not recommended because the formation of sticky iron will be initiated.

Testing and Preliminary Modelling of a 2.5 kW Micro-CHP SOFC Unit

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Mastropasqua ◽  
Stefano Campanari ◽  
Gianluca Valenti ◽  
Anna Guariniello ◽  
Stefano Modena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Power ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Department Of Energy ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Total Efficiency ◽  
Heating Section ◽  
Energy Balances ◽  
Experimental Characterisation ◽  
Mass And Energy Balances

The experimental activities, carried out at the Laboratory of Micro-Cogeneration (LMC) of the Department of Energy at Politecnico di Milano are hereby outlined in relation to the testing of four 2.5 kWel AC SOFC-based micro-CHP units developed by SOLIDpower S.p.a. The novelty of the work consists in carrying out a complete thermodynamic and environmental performance characterisation of the studied commercial system in a third-party laboratory. The main objectives of the experimental campaign have been the investigation and assessment of the electric and heat recovery performances in different cogeneration thermal power demand loads. The generator has been tested in five different thermal loads, whilst operated at full electric load, in order to simulate the coupling with thermal appliances of diverse nature. The cogeneration water inlet temperature has been varied from 20°C (as in more complex cogeneration systems which may envisage a thermal storage and additional pre-heating section) to 50°C (as for district heating purposes or heating of sanitary water). Each measurement has been acquired with a redundant approach for statistical purposes aiming to the reduction of uncertainty and to guarantee procedure robustness. Moreover, the design point experimental characterisation has been supported by an overall process calibration and simulation performed by means of an in-house software (GS), developed at the Department of Energy. Each component has been modelled using a 0D approach, such that the required mass and energy balances of the plant can be compared with those obtained from the experimental activity. In conclusion, the overall performances have met the expectations, being characterised by a net electric efficiency of approximately 39% and a total efficiency which may overcome 95%.

Differential Mass and Energy Balances in the Flame Zone From a Practical Fuel Injector in a Technology Combustor

1997 ◽  
Vol 119 (2) ◽  
pp. 352-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Warren ◽  
P. O. Hedman
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Air Force ◽  
Flame Temperature ◽  
Fuel Injector ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Flame Zone ◽  
Brigham Young University ◽  
Air Force Base ◽  
Energy Balances ◽  
Mass And Energy Balances

This paper presents further analysis of experimental results from an Air Force program conducted by researchers at Brigham Young University (BYU), Wright-Patterson Air Force Base (WPAFB), and Pratt and Whitney Aircraft Co. (P&W) (Hedman et al., 1994a, 1995). These earlier investigations of the combustion of propane in a practical burner installed in a technology combustor used: (1) digitized images from video and still film photographs to document observed flame behavior as fuel equivalence ratio was varied, (2) sets of LDA data to quantify the velocity flow fields existing in the burner, (3) CARS measurements of gas temperature to determine the temperature field in the combustion zone, and to evaluate the magnitude of peak temperature, and (4) two-dimensional PLIF images of OH radical concentrations to document the instantaneous location of the flame reaction zones. This study has used the in situ velocity and temperature measurements from the earlier study, suitably interpolated, to determine local mass and energy balances on differential volume elements throughout the flame zone. The differential mass balance was generally within about ±10 percent with some notable exceptions near regions of very high shear and mixing. The local differential energy balance has qualitatively identified the regions of the flame where the major heat release is occurring, and has provided quantitative values on the rate of energy release (up to −400 kJ/m3s). The velocity field data have also been used to determine Lagrangian pathlines through the flame zone. The local velocity and temperature along selected pathlines have allowed temperature timelines to be determined. The temperature generally achieves its peak value, often near the adiabatic flame temperature, within about 10 ms. These temperature timelines, along with the quantitative heat release data, may provide a basis for evaluating kinetic combustion models.

scholarly journals Differential Mass and Energy Balances in the Flame Zone From a Practical Fuel Injector in a Technology Combustor

1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Warren ◽  
Paul O. Hedman
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Air Force ◽  
Flame Temperature ◽  
Fuel Injector ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Flame Zone ◽  
Brigham Young University ◽  
Air Force Base ◽  
Energy Balances ◽  
Mass And Energy Balances

This paper presents further analysis of experimental results from an Air Force program conducted by researchers at Brigham Young University (BYU) Wright-Patterson Air Force Base (WPAFB), and Pratt and Whitney Aircraft Co. (P&W) (Hedman, et al., 1994a and 1994b). These earlier investigations of the combustion of propane in a practical burner installed in a technology combustor used: 1) digitized images from video and still film photographs to document observed flame behavior as fuel equivalence ratio was varied, 2) sets of LDA data to quantify the velocity flow fields existing in the burner, 3) CARS measurements of gas temperature to determine the temperature field in the combustion zone, and to evaluate the magnitude of peak temperature, and 4) two-dimensional PLIF images of OH radical concentrations to document the instantaneous location of the flame reaction zones. This study has used the in situ velocity and temperature measurements from the earlier study, suitably interpolated, to determine local mass and energy balances on differential volume elements throughout the flame zone. The differential mass balance was generally within about ± 10% with some notable exceptions near regions of very high shear and mixing. The local differential energy balance has qualitatively identified the regions of the flame where the major heat release is occurring, and has provided quantitative values on the rate of energy release (up to −400 kJ/m3s). The velocity field data have also been used to determine Lagrangian pathlines through the flame zone. The local velocity and temperature along selected pathlines have allowed temperature timelines to be determined. The temperature generally achieves its peak value, often near the adiabatic flame temperature, within about 10 ms. These temperature timelines, along with the quantitative heat release data may provide a basis for evaluating kinetic combustion models.

Water Gas May Not Shift in Deep Earth

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nore Stolte ◽  
Junting Yu ◽  
Zixin Chen ◽  
Dimitri A. Sverjensky ◽  
Ding Pan
Keyword(s):  
Formic Acid ◽  
Upper Mantle ◽  
Free Energy Calculations ◽  
Water Gas Shift ◽  
Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics ◽  
Water Gas Shift Reaction ◽  
Carbon Carrier ◽  
Deep Earth ◽  
Shift Reaction ◽  
Water Gas

The water-gas shift reaction is a key reaction in Fischer-Tropsch-type synthesis, which is widely believed to generate hydrocarbons in the deep carbon cycle, but is little known at extreme pressure-temperature conditions found in Earth’s upper mantle. Here, we performed extensive ab initio molecular dynamics simulations and free energy calculations to study the water-gas shift reaction. We found the direct formation of formic acid out of CO and supercritical water at 10∼13 GPa and 1400 K without any catalyst. Contrary to the common assumption that formic acid or formate is an intermediate product, we found that HCOOH is thermodynamically more stable than the products of the water-gas shift reaction above 3 GPa and at 1000∼1400 K. Our study suggests that the water-gas shift reaction may not happen in Earth’s upper mantle, and formic acid or formate may be an important carbon carrier, participating in many geochemical processes in deep Earth.<br>

Innovative energy and mass balance of a continuous evaporating crystallizer

2019 ◽  
pp. 646-654
Author(s):  
Jan Iciek ◽  
Kornel Hulak ◽  
Radosław Gruska
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Mass Balance ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Crystallization Process ◽  
Heat Losses ◽  
Inert Gas ◽  
Gas Removal ◽  
Energy Balances ◽  
Heat Released ◽  
Mass And Energy Balances

The article presents the mass and energy balances of the sucrose crystallization process in a continuous evaporating crystallizer. The developed algorithm allows to assess the working conditions of the continuous evaporating crystallizers and the technological and energy parameters. The energy balance algorithm takes into account the heat released during the crystallization of sucrose, which was analyzed in this study, heat losses to the environment and heat losses due the vapor used for inert gas removal.

Li2ZrO3 Nanoparticles as Absorbent for in-Situ Removal of CO2 in Water-Gas Shift Reaction to Enhance H2 Production

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (9) ◽  
pp. 1572-1577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanzhuo ZHANG ◽  
Ziying YU ◽  
Fumin ZHANG ◽  
Qiang XIAO ◽  
Yijun ZHONG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Gas Shift ◽  
Water Gas Shift Reaction ◽  
Shift Reaction ◽  
Water Gas

Catalytic Mo2C coatings for the water gas shift reaction: Electrosynthesis in molten salts

2008 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 594-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Dubrovskii ◽  
S. A. Kuznetsov ◽  
E. V. Rebrov ◽  
J. C. Schouten
Keyword(s):  
Molten Salts ◽  
Water Gas Shift ◽  
Water Gas Shift Reaction ◽  
Shift Reaction ◽  
Water Gas

scholarly journals Water–Gas Shift Reaction Produces Formate at Extreme Pressures and Temperatures in Deep Earth Fluids

2021 ◽  
pp. 4292-4298
Author(s):  
Nore Stolte ◽  
Junting Yu ◽  
Zixin Chen ◽  
Dimitri A. Sverjensky ◽  
Ding Pan
Keyword(s):  
Water Gas Shift ◽  
Water Gas Shift Reaction ◽  
Deep Earth ◽  
Shift Reaction ◽  
Water Gas
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