Mapping Magmatic and Hydrothermal Processes from Routine Exploration Geochemical Analyses

2020 ◽  
Vol 115 (3) ◽  
pp. 489-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Halley
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Ore Deposits ◽  
Mineral Deposits ◽  
Geochemical Data ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Hydrothermal Processes ◽  
Geochemical Analyses

Abstract Analytical methods used by commercial assay laboratories have improved enormously in recent years. Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry methods now report analyses for half of the periodic table with exceptional detection limits and precision. It is becoming commonplace for mining companies to use such methods routinely for the analysis of drill samples throughout mineral deposits. Improvements in software and computing power now allow rapid interrogation of upward of 100,000 assay samples. Geochemical analyses are quantitative, are independent of observer bias, and can form the basis for robust geologic and mineralogical models of mineral deposits, as well as shed light on scientific questions. In particular, consistently collected, high-quality geochemical analyses can significantly improve and systematize logging of lithological and hydrothermal alteration mineralogic changes within drill core. In addition, abundant, high-quality geochemical data provide insights into magmatic and hydrothermal processes that were previously difficult to recognize and that have obvious applications to mineral exploration and improved genetic models of ore deposits. This paper describes a workflow that mining industry geologists can apply to their multielement analysis data to extract more information about magma compositions and gangue mineralogy.

scholarly journals REE Geochemical Characteristic of Apatite: Implications for Ore Genesis of the Zhijin Phosphorite

Minerals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1012
Author(s):  
Liu Xiqiang ◽  
Zhang Hui ◽  
Tang Yong ◽  
Liu Yunlong
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Ore Deposits ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Ree Distribution ◽  
Phosphorite Deposit ◽  
Heavy Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Plasma Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Geochemical Analyses

Phosphorite-type rare earth deposits, which are one of the important types of rare earth elements (REE) ore deposits, have attracted increasing attention because of the extreme enrichments in heavy rare earth elements (HREE), including Yttrium (Y). In this study, in situ geochemical analyses of apatite grains from Zhijin phosphorites were conducted using electron probe microanalysis (EMPA) and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). Based on EPMA mapping analysis, we show that rare earth elements and Yttrium (REY) entering into the crystal lattice by isomorphism rather than by inclusions of REY-bearing accessory minerals. The post-Archean Australian Shales (PAAS)-normalized REY patterns of the apatite grains are characterized by hat-shaped MREE-enriched patterns. We interpret that this pattern may reflect the REE distribution of seawater at that time. We propose that in a local, reducing environment, dramatically increased the concentration of REY in seawater, and resulted in the MREE-enriched patterns in the ancient ocean. The main mechanism for the genesis of the Zhijin phosphorite deposit is the apatite crystallizes during the mixing process of REY- and P-rich fluid and oxidizing seawater.

scholarly journals Isotopic and geochemical features of the genesis of igneous complexes and ore-magmatic systems in the Chukotka sector of the Russian Arctic coast

LITOSFERA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 196-211
Author(s):  
V. G. Sakhno ◽  
L. S. Tsurikova
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Ore Deposits ◽  
Geochemical Data ◽  
Crustal Rock ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Intraplate Magmatism ◽  
Arctic Coast ◽  
Deep Sources ◽  
Far Eastern

Research subject. The isotopic composition (Pb-Pb, Sm-Nd, Rb-Sr, Os/Os, Hf/Hf, 3 He/4 He, etc.) of magmatic complexes and ore-magmatic systems (OMS) of two ore clusters (Kupolsky and Ilirneysky) located in the subpolar Western Chukotka was studied. These ore clusters differ from each other both in their structural position and the age of their magmatic complexes, within which the largest deposits of Au-Ag type are known. Materials and methods. The Pb-Pb, Rb-Sr, SmNd, Re-Os, Lu-Hf, 3 He/4 He, 40Ar/36Ar and sulphur isotopic systems were studied at the VSEGEI centre for isotopic studies (St. Petersburg), as well as at the Institute of Geology, Geochemistry and Ore Deposits (IGEM, Moscow) and the Laboratory of Stable Isotopes of the Far Eastern Geological Institute (FEGI, Vladivostok). Re and Os were measured using an ELEMENT-2 inductively coupled plasma single-collector mass spectrometer. Sulphur isotopic ratios were measured using a Finnigan MAT 253 isotope mass spectrometer. Results and conclusions. On the basis of the isotope-geochemical data obtained, an assumption was made that various deep sources participated in the magma generation, and the differentiated composition of late melts may reflect the melting processes of the crust upper horizons. When comparing the data on the magmatism of the Ilirneysky and Kupolsky ore clusters, a different degree of crustal rock influence on melt generation was revealed. The Kupolsky ore cluster is characterised by a large influence of mantle sources in intraplate magmatism associated with ore formation processes. This is likely to have determined a greater amount of mineralisation in the Kupolsky cluster compared to the Ilirneysky ore cluster.

scholarly journals Antimony and Nickel Impurities in Blue and Green Copper Pigments

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1236
Author(s):  
Sylwia Svorová Pawełkowicz ◽  
Barbara Wagner ◽  
Jakub Kotowski ◽  
Grażyna Zofia Żukowska ◽  
Bożena Gołębiowska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Ore Deposits ◽  
Copper Ore ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Parish Church ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
Plasma Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Quantitative Analyses ◽  
First Time

Impurities in paint layers executed with green and blue copper pigments, although relatively common, have been studied only little to date. Yet, their proper identification is a powerful tool for classification of paintings, and, potentially, for future provenance studies. In this paper, we present analyses of copper pigments layers from wall paintings situated in the vicinity of copper ore deposits (the palace in Kielce, the palace in Ciechanowice, and the parish church in Chotków) located within the contemporary borders of Poland. We compare the results with the analyses of copper minerals from three deposits, two local, and one historically important for the supply of copper in Europe, i.e., Miedzianka in the Holy Cross Mountains, Miedzianka in the Sudetes, and, as a reference, Špania Dolina in the Slovakian Low Tatra. Optical (OM) and electron microscopy (SEM-EDS), Raman spectroscopy, and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) have been used for a detailed investigation of the minute grains. Special attention has been devoted to antimony and nickel phases, as more unusual than the commonly described iron oxides. Analyses of minerals from the deposits helped to interpret the results obtained from the paint samples. For the first time, quantitative analyses of copper pigments’ impurities have been described.

The Giant Chalukou Porphyry Mo Deposit, Northeast China: The Product of a Short-Lived, High Flux Mineralizing Event

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingqing Zhao ◽  
Degao Zhai ◽  
Ryan Mathur ◽  
Jiajun Liu ◽  
David Selby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Precision ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Hydrothermal Activity ◽  
Ore Deposits ◽  
Ionization Mass ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Porphyry Cu ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
Porphyry Mo Deposit

Abstract Whether giant porphyry ore deposits are the products of single, short-lived magmatic-hydrothermal events or multiple events over a prolonged interval is a topic of considerable debate. Previous studies, however, have all been devoted to porphyry Cu and Cu-Mo deposits. In this paper, we report high-precision isotope dilution-negative-thermal ionization mass spectrometric (ID-N-TIMS) molybdenite Re-Os ages for the newly discovered, world-class Chalukou porphyry Mo deposit (reserves of 2.46 Mt @ 0.087 wt % Mo) in NE China. Samples were selected based on a careful evaluation of the relative timing of the different vein types (i.e., A, B, and D veins), thereby ensuring that the suite of samples analyzed could be used to reliably determine the age and duration of mineralization. The molybdenite Re-Os geochronology reveals that hydrothermal activity at Chalukou involved two magmatic-hydrothermal events spanning an interval of 6.92 ± 0.16 m.y. The first event (153.96 ± 0.08/0.63/0.79 Ma, molybdenite ID-N-TIMS Re-Os age) was associated with the emplacement of a granite porphyry dated at 152.1 ± 2.2 Ma (zircon laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-microscopic [LA-ICP-MS] U-Pb ages), and led to only minor Mo mineralization, accounting for <10% of the overall Mo budget. The bulk of the Mo (>90%) was deposited in less than 650 kyr, between 147.67 ± 0.10/0.60/0.76 and 147.04 ± 0.12/0.72/0.86 Ma (molybdenite ID-N-TIMS Re-Os ages), coincident with the emplacement of a fine-grained porphyry at 148.1 ± 2.6 Ma (zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb ages). The high-precision Re-Os age determinations presented here show, contrary to the finding of a number of studies of porphyry Cu and Cu-Mo systems, that the giant Chalukou porphyry Mo deposit primarily formed in a single, short-lived (<650 kyr) hydrothermal event, suggesting that this may also have been the case for other giant porphyry Mo deposits.

A geochemical record of late Holocene palaeoenvironmental changes at King George Island (maritime Antarctica)

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Monien ◽  
Bernhard Schnetger ◽  
Hans-Jürgen Brumsack ◽  
H. Christian Hass ◽  
Gerhard Kuhn
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Chemical Weathering ◽  
Radiometric Dating ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Geochemical Data ◽  
King George Island ◽  
Overlying Water ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Bulk Parameters ◽  
Maxwell Bay

AbstractDuring RV Polarstern cruise ANT-XXIII/4 in 2006, a gravity core (PS 69/335-2) and a giant box core (PS 69/335-1) were retrieved from Maxwell Bay off King George Island (KGI). Comprehensive geochemical (bulk parameters, quantitative XRF, Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry) and radiometric dating analyses (14C, 210Pb) were performed on both cores. A comparison with geochemical data from local bedrock demonstrates a mostly detrital origin for the sediments, but also points to an overprint from changing bioproductivity in the overlying water column in addition to early diagenetic processes. Furthermore, ten tephra layers that were most probably derived from volcanic activity on Deception Island were identified. Variations in the vertical distribution of selected elements in Maxwell Bay sediments further indicate a shift in source rock provenance as a result of changing glacier extents during the past c. 1750 years that may be linked to the Little Ice Age and the Medieval Warm Period. Whereas no evidence for a significant increase in chemical weathering rates was found, 210Pb data revealed that mass accumulation rates in Maxwell Bay have almost tripled since the 1940s (0.66 g cm-2 yr-1 in ad 2006), which is probably linked to rapid glacier retreat in this region due to recent warming.

scholarly journals Rare Earth Elements Assessment in the Granitoids of Part of Southwestern Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria B. Omotunde ◽  
Akinade S. Olatunji ◽  
Maryam O. Abdus-Salam
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Granite Gneiss ◽  
Biotite Granite ◽  
Geochemical Data ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
Lithological Mapping ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Gneiss Granite

The Rare Earth Elements (REE) composition of granitoids in and around Ila-Orangun area Southwestern Nigeria was assessed in order to ascertain their potential for possible exploitation. Detailed lithological mapping of the area was undertaken followed by whole rock geochemical analysis of representative samples of the granitoids using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) technique. Petrographic study of the samples was carried out as well as the interpretation of the geochemical data using diverse geochemical discrimination plots. The rock units mapped were biotite granite gneiss, granite gneiss and hornblende biotite granite. Biotite hornblende gneiss, quartzite, talc-chlorite-tremolite-schist, mica schist and pegmatites were the surrounding country rocks. The REE concentrations (in ppm) revealed higher concentrations of the light REEs compared to the heavy REEs. The fractionation ratio, (La/Yb)N ranged from 4.35-15.04 (granite gneiss) and 13.78-18.48 (hornblende biotite granite) indicating enrichment in LREEs over the HREEs. The spider plot for the REEs also showed that the granitoids are LREE-enriched and HREE-depleted suggesting fractional crystallisation and a distinct negative Eu anomaly indicating plagioclase fractionation. Enrichment plot also revealed that the REEs in the granitoids are significantly enriched. Comparison with other areas showed that the granitoids of the study area especially the hornblende biotite granite has higher concentrations of REEs and may be a possible pointer of REE mineralisation.

scholarly journals Metal ions leachables from fake orthodontic braces incubated in simulated body fluid

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Riyam Haleem ◽  
Noor Ayuni Ahmad Shafiai ◽  
Siti Noor Fazliah Mohd Noor
Keyword(s):  
Simulated Body Fluid ◽  
Metal Ions ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Metal Ion ◽  
Body Fluid ◽  
Atomic Emission ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Significant Release ◽  
Control Samples

Abstract Background The demand for fake braces usage in Southeast Asia are increasing but lack of certification and information on fake braces as medical devices from regulated bodies raised a concern towards its safety. The aim of this study was to determine the types of metal ion leachable from removable fake braces based on heavy metal ions present in metallic materials, immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF) and analysed using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. Methods Three sets of fake braces and one control were dissembled to only their brackets and archwires and immersed separately in SBF. They were placed in an incubator shaker at a temperature of 37 °C at 50 rpm. A 3.0 ml measurement of SBF was taken out from the sample containers at days 7, 14 and 28 and kept at − 20 °C for further analysis. Data were analysed using SPSS version 26.0 (IBM, Armonk, USA) (P < 0.05). Descriptive and one-way ANOVA analyses with Bonferroni post hoc tests were used to assess the significant differences between the metal ions released in SBF from the control samples and fake braces. Results All 23 elements under investigation except Si ions were detected from the control samples and fake braces. There were significant increased K ions and reduced levels of Mg ions from the fake archwires and brackets. Most ions released were less than 10 mg/L (Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, Cd, Pb, Al) or 1 mg/L (Li, Ba) into the SBF medium. Conclusion There were significant release of Ca and K ions from the fake samples. Elements such as Li, Ba, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, Cd and Sb had increased in concentration at day 7 and the concentration plateaued until day 28.

scholarly journals THERAPEUTIC MUD OCCURRENCES IN GREECE: MINERALOGICAL AND GEOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE SAGIADA MUD (THESPROTIA PREFECTURE)

2017 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 616
Author(s):  
C. Athanassoulis ◽  
S. Zaimis ◽  
A. Chatziapostolou ◽  
S. Agalaniotou
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Trace Element Content ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Geochemical Composition ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Plasma Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Geochemical Analyses ◽  
Floodplain Sediments

The current study presents the preliminary results of the mineralogical and geochemical characterization of the Sagiada mud (Prefecture of Thesprotia), which is considered as one of the most representative therapeutic mud occurrences in Greece. This work is part of a bigger project, conducted by IGME (Athens, Greece), for the characterization of the Greek therapeutic mud deposits. The mineralogical composition was determined using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA), optical microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The main mineral phases of the Sagiada mud are quartz, feldspars, clay minerals such as illite, kaolinite, chlorite and vermiculite, and calcite accompanied by minor phases such as halite and pyrite. Traces of muscovite and gypsum were also identified. Geochemical analyses were performed using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) for the determination of major and trace element content, respectively. Compared to Spanish peloids and European floodplain sediments, the Sagiada mud reveals an analogue chemical composition.

Petrogenesis of early Permian granitic dykes in the Wulanhuduge area, central Inner Mongolia, North China: constraints from geochronology, geochemistry, and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopes

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 747-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang-xin Zhang ◽  
Yong-feng Gao ◽  
Shi-he Lei
Keyword(s):  
Inner Mongolia ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
North China ◽  
Granite Porphyry ◽  
Pb Isotopes ◽  
Geochemical Data ◽  
Early Permian ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Slab Breakoff ◽  
End Stage

Early Permian granitic dykes are well developed in the Wulanhuduge area, central Inner Mongolia, North China. In this study, we investigated the petrography, geochronology, and whole-rock geochemistry of the granite porphyry dykes in the Wulanhuduge area. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry zircon U–Pb dating yielded 206Pb/238U ages of 289–288 Ma for these granite porphyry dykes, indicating they were emplaced in the early Permian. These granitic dykes are high in silica and alkali contents, and low in total Fe2O3, MgO, CaO, and P2O5 contents. They show enrichment in large-ion lithophile elements such as Rb, Ba, Th, U and K, and depletion in high field strength elements such as Nb, Ta, and Ti, typical of arc-like magma. Their Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic compositions indicate low initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.70306–0.70564), positive εNd(t) values (+3.3 to +3.9), and radiogenic Pb isotopes with (206Pb/204Pb)i of 18.080–18.616, (207Pb/204Pb)i of 15.497–15.555, and (208Pb/204Pb)i of 37.713–38.175. These geochemical data, along with petrological characteristics, suggest that they belong to high K calc-alkaline I-type granites and were generated by the partial melting of the mafic rocks from the pre-existing juvenile arc crust in a post-subduction extensional setting caused by slab breakoff. Therefore, the emplacement of these granite porphyry dykes in the Wulanhuduge area may represent the end stage of the subduction–accretion process in central Inner Mongolia.

scholarly journals Petrographical and Geochemical Characteristics of Magmatic Rocks in the Northwestern Siberian Traps Province, Kulyumber River Valley. Part II: Rocks of the Kulyumber Site

Minerals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 415
Author(s):  
Nadezhda Krivolutskaya ◽  
Boris Belyatsky ◽  
Bronislav Gongalsky ◽  
Alexander Dolgal ◽  
Andrey Lapkovsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Element Distribution ◽  
River Valley ◽  
Geochemical Data ◽  
Trace Element Distribution ◽  
Mafic Rocks ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Magmatic Rocks ◽  
Magma Sources ◽  
Siberian Trap

The origin of the Siberian trap province is under discussion even though numerous models of its formation have been created over the last three decades. This situation is mainly due to lack of modern geochemical data on magmatic rocks around the province. These data are a very important tool to reconstruct of magmatic evolution within the province in time and space and to understand a mechanism of province formation. Geochemical study has only been carried out so far for the Norilsk and Meimecha–Kotuy areas. For the first time, we have studied the geochemical and mineralogical characteristics of magmatic rocks at the Kulyumber river valley located 150 km to south from the Norilsk ore district, in the junction of the Tunguska syneclise and Norilsk–Igarka zone. It comprises three sites, i.e., Khalil, Kaya, and Kulyumber. The geochemical data on the magmatic rocks of the Khalil and Kaya sites were published earlier (Part I). This article (Part II) regards geochemical and mineralogical data on igneous rocks at the Kulyumber site. Seventeen intrusive bodies (41 samples) and six samples of sedimentary rocks were studied by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Isotopes analyses (Sr, Nd, Pb) were conducted for 12 samples. These data were compared with data for intrusions of the Norilsk area, the Dzhaltulsky massif, Kureyka river, and intrusions in Angara river valley published earlier. The whole list of analyses includes 102 items. Three groups of intrusive rocks were recognized: (1) Mafic rocks with elevated K2O without negative Ta-Nb and Pb-positive anomalies, with (Gd/Yb)n = 2.0 and εNd = −1.0; attributed to a new Kulyumbinsky complex; (2) subalkaline rocks with elevated SiO2,TiO2, P2O5, and K2O with small negative Ta-Nb and positive Pb anomalies and (Gd/Yb)n = 1.8, εNd = −3.8; Ergalakhsky complex; and (3) mafic rocks with strong Ta-Nb and Pb anomalies and (Gd/Yb)n = 1.2–1.4, εNd = +0.4–+2.2. The third group is rather nonhomogeneous and includes intrusions of the Norilsk, Kuryesky, Katangsky, Ogonersky, and Daldykansky complexes differing in MgO content and trace element distribution (values of Ta-Nb, Pb, and Sr anomalies). Three groups of intrusive bodies had different magma sources and different condition of crystallization reflecting their origin in rift and platform regimes.

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