scholarly journals A DISTRIBUIÇÃO DIAMÉTRICA PARA BRACATINGAIS EM DIFERENTES IDADES, SÍTIOS E DENSIDADES NA REGIÃO METROPOLITANA DE CURITIBA

FLORESTA ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Consuelo De Plácido e Silva Bartoszeck ◽  
Sebastião Do Amaral Machado ◽  
Afonso Figueiredo Filho ◽  
Edilson Batista Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Probability Density ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Initial Density ◽  
Probability Density Functions ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Diameter Distribution ◽  
Density Functions ◽  
Site Class ◽  
Different Ages ◽  
Kolmogorov Smirnov

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo estudar o comportamento de funções de densidade probabilística no ajuste de distribuições diamétricas para diferentes idades, sítios e densidades para povoamentos de bracatinga (Mimosa scabrella Benth) localizados nos municípios da Região Metropolitana de Curitiba, PR. Os dados utilizados são provenientes de um experimento delineado em blocos ao acaso, constituído de 5 blocos e 4 tratamentos, perfazendo um total de 20 parcelas, as quais foram remedidas 4 vezes às idades aproximadas de 4, 5, 6 e 7,5 anos de idade. A densidade inicial foi reduzida para 2000, 4000, 8000 árvores por hectare, sendo que as testemunhas não sofreram nenhum tratamento. Desses cinco blocos, um estava localizado na classe de sítio I, dois na classe II e dois na classe III. Paralelamente, foram instaladas e medidas 124 parcelas temporárias, distribuídas nos vários municípios da Região Metropolitana, representando os povoamentos de bracatinga sob o regime tradicional de cultivo e manejo, abrangendo as idades de 3 a 18 anos e as 3 classes de sítio. As seguintes funções de densidade probabilística foram ajustadas para cada combinação de idade, sítio e densidade: Normal, Lognormal, Gama, Beta, Weibull 2 parâmetros, Weibull 3 parâmetros e a SB de Johnson. Através do teste “D” de Kolmogorov-Smirnov detectou-se que a função SB de Johnson foi a de melhor desempenho para a maioria das combinações de dados, sendo, portanto, a primeira no ranking. Os índices de simetria e curtose indicaram que as curvas de distribuições diamétricas em bracatingais são unimodais, tornando-se cada vez mais assimétricas positivas e mais achatadas com o avanço da idade. DIAMETER DISTRIBUTION FOR STANDS OF Mimosa scabrella FOR DIFFERENT AGES, SITES AND DENSITIES Abstract The objective of this research work was to study the behavior of several probability density functions in fitting the diameter distribution for different ages, sites and densities for stands of bracatinga (Mimosa scabrella Benth) located in the Curitiba metropolitan region. The utilized data came from an initial density trial, designed in random blocks, formed by 5 blocks and 4 treatments, in a total of 20 permanent sample plots with an area of 325 m2, which were remeasured 4 times at approximate ages of 4, 5, 6 and 7,5 years. The initial density was reduced for 2000, 4000, 8000 trees per hectare, remaining the control plots without any reduction of trees. From these five blocks, one was located on site class I, two on site class II and two blocks on site class III. Simultaneously they were also implanted and measured diameters and heights of every tree in 124 temporary sample plots (325 m2) scattered by several counties of the Curitiba metropolitan region, on stands that represent the traditional way of cultivation and management of bracatinga. These plots covered ages from 3 to 18 years and the 3 sites classes. Seven probability density functions were tested to fit the diameter distribution: Normal, Lognormal, Gama, Beta, Weibull 2 parameters, Weibull 3 parameters and the SB from Johnson. The combination of sites, densities and ages for the permanent and the temporary sample plots with these seven functions made it possible to accomplish 434 analysis. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was applied for every analysis for the choice of the best function. The Jonhson’s SB function was the one that presented the best performance, being so, used for the construction of the diameter distribution curves. The asymmetry and Kurtosis indexes indicated that the curves of diameter distributions in bracatinga stands are unimodal, as hypothesized, becoming more and more asymmetric positively and more flattened as the stands become older.

scholarly journals DESEMPENHO DE FUNÇÕES DE DENSIDADE PROBABILÍSTICAS PARA DESCREVER A DISTRIBUIÇÃO DIAMÉTRICA DE Pinus taeda, NA REGIÃO DE CAÇADOR, SC

FLORESTA ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saulo Jorge Téo ◽  
Júlio César Bianchi ◽  
Adriano Peloso ◽  
Paulo Roberto Nava ◽  
Alan Marcon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Probability Density ◽  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Diameter Distribution ◽  
Maximum Diameter ◽  
Density Functions ◽  
Horizontal Structure ◽  
Kolmogorov Smirnov ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Site Classes ◽  
Smirnov Test

ResumoO objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar as funções de densidade probabilísticas (FDP) Normal, Ln-Normal, Sb de Johnson, Weibull 3P, Gamma, Beta e Weber, para descrever as mudanças na estrutura diamétrica de povoamentos de Pinus taeda L., na região de Caçador (SC), em diferentes idades e classes de sítio. O processamento dos dados foi realizado por meio da ferramenta Solver, do software MS Excel 2010, a qual utiliza o algoritmo linear de gradiente reduzido generalizado (GRG) na interação dos parâmetros. Verificou-se que a FDP Sb de Johnson e Weibull 3 P apresentaram os melhores desempenhos. Para a avaliação da aderência das FDP, é recomendada a utilização das estatísticas R2, R2aj, syx e syx%, além do teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, em todos os casos, especialmente quando houver número de observações superior a 5.000. Geralmente, houve um aumento da amplitude dos valores dos diâmetros e um achatamento da distribuição diamétrica com o avanço da idade e com a melhora da produtividade do sítio. Com o progresso da idade, há um aumento dos valores do diâmetro máximo e do diâmetro modal das distribuições, para as classes de sítio de maior produtividade, porém o mesmo não ocorre para o sítio menos produtivo. AbstractPerformance of probability density functions in order to describe diameter distribution of Pinus taeda, in the region of Caçador, SC. This research aims to analyze probability of density functions (pdf) Normal, Ln-Normal, Johnson Sb, 3 P Weibull, Gamma, Beta and Weber in order to describe  diameter changes in Pinus taeda L. plantations structure, in the region of Caçador - SC, Brazil, at different age and site classes. The data processing was carried out by Solver tool of the software MSExcel2010, using the linear algorithm of generalized reduced gradient (GRG) for interaction of parameters. As result, Johnson Sb and 3PWeibull presented the best performances. For the pdf adherence evaluation, it was recommended the employment of R2, R2aj, syx e syx% statistics, besides the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, in any situation, specially, when there is more than 5,000 observations. Generally, there was an increasing in the range of diameter values and a flatness of diameter distribution at advancing age and improvement of the site productivity. At age advancing, there was an increasing of maximum diameter and modal diameter values of distributions, for the higher productivity site classes, on the other hand, the same did not occur for the low productivity site class.Keywords: Horizontal structure; Kolmogorov-Smirnov test; probability density function; forestry site.

scholarly journals Modeling Diameter Distributions with Six Probability Density Functions in Pinus halepensis Mill. Plantations Using Low-Density Airborne Laser Scanning Data in Aragón (Northeast Spain)

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2307
Author(s):  
J. Javier Gorgoso-Varela ◽  
Rafael Alonso Ponce ◽  
Francisco Rodríguez-Puerta
Keyword(s):  
Probability Density ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Pinus Halepensis ◽  
Beta Function ◽  
Probability Density Functions ◽  
Lidar Data ◽  
Density Functions ◽  
Minimum Diameter ◽  
Location Parameters ◽  
Diameter Distributions

The diameter distributions of trees in 50 temporary sample plots (TSPs) established in Pinus halepensis Mill. stands were recovered from LiDAR metrics by using six probability density functions (PDFs): the Weibull (2P and 3P), Johnson’s SB, beta, generalized beta and gamma-2P functions. The parameters were recovered from the first and the second moments of the distributions (mean and variance, respectively) by using parameter recovery models (PRM). Linear models were used to predict both moments from LiDAR data. In recovering the functions, the location parameters of the distributions were predetermined as the minimum diameter inventoried, and scale parameters were established as the maximum diameters predicted from LiDAR metrics. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov (KS) statistic (Dn), number of acceptances by the KS test, the Cramér von Misses (W2) statistic, bias and mean square error (MSE) were used to evaluate the goodness of fits. The fits for the six recovered functions were compared with the fits to all measured data from 58 TSPs (LiDAR metrics could only be extracted from 50 of the plots). In the fitting phase, the location parameters were fixed at a suitable value determined according to the forestry literature (0.75·dmin). The linear models used to recover the two moments of the distributions and the maximum diameters determined from LiDAR data were accurate, with R2 values of 0.750, 0.724 and 0.873 for dg, dmed and dmax. Reasonable results were obtained with all six recovered functions. The goodness-of-fit statistics indicated that the beta function was the most accurate, followed by the generalized beta function. The Weibull-3P function provided the poorest fits and the Weibull-2P and Johnson’s SB also yielded poor fits to the data.

scholarly journals A synergy of the velocity gradients technique and the probability density functions for identifying gravitational collapse in self-absorbing media

2021 ◽  
Vol 502 (2) ◽  
pp. 1768-1784
Author(s):  
Yue Hu ◽  
A Lazarian
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Probability Density ◽  
Column Density ◽  
Mass Density ◽  
Probability Density Functions ◽  
Emission Lines ◽  
Density Functions ◽  
Star Forming ◽  
Velocity Gradients ◽  
Self Gravity

ABSTRACT The velocity gradients technique (VGT) and the probability density functions (PDFs) of mass density are tools to study turbulence, magnetic fields, and self-gravity in molecular clouds. However, self-absorption can significantly make the observed intensity different from the column density structures. In this work, we study the effects of self-absorption on the VGT and the intensity PDFs utilizing three synthetic emission lines of CO isotopologues 12CO (1–0), 13CO (1–0), and C18O (1–0). We confirm that the performance of VGT is insensitive to the radiative transfer effect. We numerically show the possibility of constructing 3D magnetic fields tomography through VGT. We find that the intensity PDFs change their shape from the pure lognormal to a distribution that exhibits a power-law tail depending on the optical depth for supersonic turbulence. We conclude the change of CO isotopologues’ intensity PDFs can be independent of self-gravity, which makes the intensity PDFs less reliable in identifying gravitational collapsing regions. We compute the intensity PDFs for a star-forming region NGC 1333 and find the change of intensity PDFs in observation agrees with our numerical results. The synergy of VGT and the column density PDFs confirms that the self-gravitating gas occupies a large volume in NGC 1333.

scholarly journals Interactive design of probability density functions for shape grammars

2015 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minh Dang ◽  
Stefan Lienhard ◽  
Duygu Ceylan ◽  
Boris Neubert ◽  
Peter Wonka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Probability Density ◽  
Probability Density Functions ◽  
Interactive Design ◽  
Density Functions ◽  
Shape Grammars

scholarly journals The Impact of Probability Density Functions Assessment on Model Performance for Slope Stability Analysis

Geosciences ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 322
Author(s):  
Evelina Volpe ◽  
Luca Ciabatta ◽  
Diana Salciarini ◽  
Stefania Camici ◽  
Elisabetta Cattoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Probability Density ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Probability Density Functions ◽  
Slope Instability ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Density Functions ◽  
Umbria Region ◽  
Input Variables ◽  
The Impact

The development of forecasting models for the evaluation of potential slope instability after rainfall events represents an important issue for the scientific community. This topic has received considerable impetus due to the climate change effect on territories, as several studies demonstrate that an increase in global warming can significantly influence the landslide activity and stability conditions of natural and artificial slopes. A consolidated approach in evaluating rainfall-induced landslide hazard is based on the integration of rainfall forecasts and physically based (PB) predictive models through deterministic laws. However, considering the complex nature of the processes and the high variability of the random quantities involved, probabilistic approaches are recommended in order to obtain reliable predictions. A crucial aspect of the stochastic approach is represented by the definition of appropriate probability density functions (pdfs) to model the uncertainty of the input variables as this may have an important effect on the evaluation of the probability of failure (PoF). The role of the pdf definition on reliability analysis is discussed through a comparison of PoF maps generated using Monte Carlo (MC) simulations performed over a study area located in the Umbria region of central Italy. The study revealed that the use of uniform pdfs for the random input variables, often considered when a detailed geotechnical characterization for the soil is not available, could be inappropriate.

BASIC ELEMENTS OF BIOLOGICAL COMPUTATIONAL SYSTEMS

1994 ◽  
Vol 05 (02) ◽  
pp. 313-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHARLES H. ANDERSON
Keyword(s):  
Probability Density ◽  
Probability Density Functions ◽  
Density Functions ◽  
Cortical Circuits ◽  
Computational Environment ◽  
Computational Systems

This paper explores some basic representational and implementation issues arising from the premise that cortical circuits operate on probability density functions to reason about analog quantities. Some insight is provided into why neurobiological systems can appear messy, while at the same time provide a rich and robust computational environment.

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