The representation of gender in junior secondary ELT textbooks in Hong Kong

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheuk-yu Yeung
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Junior Secondary

Perceptions of Effectiveness of Rewards and Punishments: A Comparison of High- and Low-Achievers in Secondary School

1992 ◽  
Vol 15 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 56-70
Author(s):  
Sam Winter ◽  
Leung Yuk-Wah ◽  
Ma Kwai-Heung
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Secondary School ◽  
Low Achievers ◽  
High Achievers ◽  
Junior Secondary School ◽  
Initial Analysis ◽  
Junior Secondary ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
High Level ◽  
High Degree

Two Hong Kong studies are described which investigate the perceptions of junior secondary school pupils (high- and low-achieving) concerning the effectiveness of rewards and punishments. Both studies employ versions of Caffyn’s questionnaire. Initial analysis reveals that (a) there is a relationship between disaffection and achievement, and (b) pupils of both achievement levels have more favourable perceptions regarding the effectiveness of rewards than they do of punishments. A focus on the relationships between achievement and perceptions reveals that (c) high-achievers perceive a large number of rewards as more effective than do low-achievers, (d) low-achievers perceive very few other rewards as being more effective than do high-achievers, and (e) the situation is a little more balanced for punishments. The paper includes a discussion regarding particular reward and punishment items perceptions about which differentiate low-and high-achievers. Finally, it is noted that there is a high level of consistency between findings in the two studies reported in this paper. Where it is possible to make comparisons with other research findings from Hong Kong and elsewhere, a high degree of agreement between such findings is found.

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