Modern evolutionism and the views of A. A. Lyubishchev on the problem of species

2021 ◽  
pp. 371-379
Author(s):  
Elena Artemieva
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Homologous Series ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Huge Number ◽  
Organic World ◽  
Active Adaptation ◽  
The Law ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Different Origins ◽  
Adaptive Approaches

With the advent of Darwinism, historical, functional, and adaptive approaches began to dominate in the theory of form. According to A. A. Lyubishchev: «Historical morphology devoured constructive». The tasks of morphology and taxonomy are closely related. Both disciplines should strive to identify the laws governing the diversity of the organic world. The nomogenetic component of evolution, the laws underlying the system, are reflected in morphology. And vice versa, the similarity of organs of different origins, facts of incomplete homology, pre-adaptation of forms, a huge number of parallelisms and many other morphological factors prove not only the existence of laws of form, but also the nomogenetic component of evolution. Despite the heterogeneity and exceptional complexity in the structure of organisms, there is a recurrence of similar forms that penetrates the entire systematics, suggesting that the forms of organisms are not epiphenomenons of a complex structure. An excellent example of regular variability is the Law of homologous series of hereditary variability by N. I. Vavilov: «knowing what mutational changes occur in individuals of any species, one can foresee that the same mutations in similar conditions will arise in related species and genera.» For A. A. Lyubishchev, the main components of evolution were: 1) tychogenetic (evolution based on random, unforeseen mutations); 2) nomogenetic (the presence of firm laws of development and limited form formation); 3) ectogenetic (factors external to organisms); and 4) telogenetic (active adaptation of organisms). At present, the study of architectonics and promorphology is coming to the fore, i.e. symmetry of organisms.

The Law of Homologous Series in Variation for Systematics

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (11) ◽  
pp. 1277-1287
Author(s):  
A. V. Rodionov ◽  
V. S. Shneyer ◽  
E. O. Punina ◽  
N. N. Nosov ◽  
A. A. Gnutikov
Keyword(s):  
Homologous Series ◽  
The Law

scholarly journals Variability of Phytochemicals by Breeding Year, Usage and Seed Size of Korean Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Varieties

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 100
Author(s):  
Tae-Young Hwang ◽  
Byoung-Deok Park ◽  
Jwakyung Sung ◽  
Hong-Sig Kim
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Group Iv ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Main Components ◽  
High Level ◽  
Different Origins ◽  
100 Seed Weight

The interest in phytochemicals from crops has grown in recent years, with soybean, as a functional crop, having great potential for providing a high level of nutrition. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate phytochemicals from Korean soybean varieties, and to provide the basic information necessary for targeted breeding of soybean. The seeds of 172 soybean varieties were collected from various domestic institutes, and their phytochemicals were analyzed and compared based on agronomic characteristics (color, size, usage, etc.) using cluster analysis. We found that the soybean varieties contained relatively higher levels of the following phytochemicals: lutein (3 var., >7.0 μg g−1 seed), tocopherols (26 var., >300 μg g−1 seed), and phytosterols (33 var., >1000 μg g−1 seed). Overall, phytochemical levels were higher in varieties released since 2000 and with small-sized seeds (<12 g, 100-seed weight). The distribution of phytochemicals varied according to the usage (cooking, sauce, sprouts, etc.), even though the highest levels of each phytochemical were mainly observed in sprouts. The cluster analysis using three main components classified the varieties into five groups. Of them, group III showed relatively higher tocopherols, group IV had relatively higher lutein, and group I had relatively higher phytosterols. Jonam and Manpoong (group I) were observed in varieties high in phytochemicals. Overall, some Korean soybean varieties were found to have relatively higher levels of phytochemicals compared to those reported in previous studies of other origins. In conclusion, our findings suggest that some varieties might provide suitable breeding material for target-centered improvement of soybean varieties, and a comparison between different origins is necessary for providing better knowledge for soybean breeding.

scholarly journals Algorithm Analysis and Assessment of the Information Objects in Adaptive Systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 2096 (1) ◽  
pp. 012028
Author(s):  
A Obukhov ◽  
A Volkov
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Systems ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
The State ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Algorithm Analysis ◽  
Information Object ◽  
Urgent Task ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Information Objects

Abstract Analysis and assessment of the state of information objects is an urgent task in adaptive systems. Information about the current state of the system, its constituent components, the object of observation can be used in the decision-making process or in the implementation of control algorithms. However, an information object can have a complex structure or be characterized by many features, among which it is difficult to distinguish the main components. Therefore, an algorithm for analyzing and assessing the state of information objects is proposed, based on obtaining the compressed state of objects using neural networks. The resulting compressed state sufficiently characterizes the original object, but has a lower dimension. This can be used to speed up the analysis and assessment process and improve its accuracy in adaptive systems.

scholarly journals Notable homologous variation in chromosomal races of the common shrew

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-318
Author(s):  
Nina Bulatova
Keyword(s):  
Homologous Series ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Common Shrew ◽  
Sorex Araneus ◽  
Intraspecies Variation ◽  
Chromosomal Races ◽  
Rare Phenomenon ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Law ◽  
Monobrachial Homology

This paper is a review of the rare phenomenon of chromosome intraspecies variation manifested in monobrachial homology series in the comprehensively investigated karyotype of the common shrew Sorex araneus Linnaeus, 1758 (Eulipotyphla, Mammalia). The detailed dataset on the account of this mammalian species was drawn from the recently published monograph by Searle et al. (2019) “Shrews, Chromosomes and Speciation”. The parallels to the law of homologous series in variation by Nikolai Vavilov are discussed.

Kinetic aspects of structure─activity relations: the binding of sulphonamides by carbonic anhydrase

1976 ◽  
Vol 193 (1111) ◽  
pp. 107-125 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Carbonic Anhydrase ◽  
Rate Constant ◽  
Homologous Series ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Association Rate Constant ◽  
Association Rate ◽  
Fast Kinetics ◽  
Binding Process ◽  
Structure Activity ◽  
Structure Activity Relations

The fast kinetics of binding of sulphonamides to carbonic anhydrase have been examined. Six homologous series of sulphonamides have been studied. In all cases the increase in binding constant in a homologous series is due mainly to an increase in the association rate constant. Meta- and ortho-substituted sulphonamides have lower binding constants also mainly due to a lower association rate constant. The binding of sulphonamides to apocarbonic anhydrase has been measured by a specific affinity method. The effects of homologous series are largely reproduced on the apoenzyme but the effects of positional isomerization are not; the binding process is pH-insensitive. Evidence is presented that the binding process for sulphonamides and carbonic anhydrase involves an intermediate non-coordinate complex which is then converted into the final coordinate complex. Structure-activity relations in the binding of sulphonamides to carbonic anhydrase are examined on the basis of effects on ( a ) the stability of the intermediate complex; ( b ) the rate of isomerization into the coordinate complex; ( c ) the dissociation rate constant.

Development of a quantitative NMR spectroscopic method for direct and simultaneous determination of four flavonoids in Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi extracts

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng Su ◽  
Ji-Peng Chen ◽  
Pei-Xi Zhu ◽  
Yi-Fan Wang ◽  
Xian-Rui Liang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spectroscopic Method ◽  
Internal Standard ◽  
Scutellaria Baicalensis ◽  
Sample Tube ◽  
Relative Peak Area ◽  
Scutellaria Baicalensis Georgi ◽  
Quantitative Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Different Origins

: Scutellaria Baicalensis Georgi (SBG), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) used for the treatment of antiviral therapy, contains many flavonoids. A simple, fast and accurate 1H quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-qNMR) method was established for simultaneously determination of four flavonoids (Baicalin, Baicalein, Wogonin and Wogonoside) in SBG extract by using 3,4,5-trichloropyridine as an internal standard (IS). All the NMR determination work was performed at 308 K on an NMR sample tube inserted with a co-axial tube. The NMR sample tube was added with the sample (SBG extract and IS), the co-axial insert tube was added with D2O. Quantification of four flavonoids was carried out by calculating the relative peak area ratio of the selected proton signals from the target compounds and the IS. The validated 1H-qNMR method was successfully used to determine the four flavonoids in 9 batches of SBG from different origins and the results were in good accordance with those obtained from HPLC. The established 1H-qNMR method could be used as a powerful tool for the quality control of SBG from different sources and had potential in the quantification of main components from other TCMs.

Establishment of Raman Fingerprints and Localization of Main Components of Radix Angelicas sinensis from Different Origins

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-49
Author(s):  
Yuli Yan ◽  
Minghua Duan ◽  
Lei Liu ◽  
Yin Wu
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectrum ◽  
Nicotinic Acid ◽  
Ferulic Acid ◽  
Single Component ◽  
Active Components ◽  
Green Color ◽  
Spectrum Range ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Different Origins ◽  
Angelicae Sinensis

In this paper, confocal micro-Raman spectrum (CMR) was used to investigate the distribution of main components (ferulic acid and nicotinic acid) in Radix Angelicae sinensis (RAS). The ferulic acid and nicotinic acid were scanned to obtain their Raman spectra of single component; the RAS from different origins were scanned to obtain the Raman spectrum of RAS, and the Raman spectrum was compared with single component. The Raman spectrum of a single component was introduced into the map review to localize ferulic acid and nicotinic acid in RAS. In the results, the RAS from different origins showed strong similarity, with obvious characteristic peaks at 120 cm–1 140 cm–1210 cm–1,480 cm–1 and 1050 cm–1. The characteristic peaks of ferulic acid are mainly concentrated in the spectrum range of 100-1100 cm1 with obvious characteristic peaks around 160 cm150 cm–1 and 1800 cm–1 while the peaks of nicotinic acid mainly concentrated in the spectrum range of 100-1100 cm–1, with obvious characteristic peaks around 120 cm–1, 140 cm–1,810 cm–1and 1050 cm–1 The red and the green color represent the locations of ferulic acid and nicotinic acid, respectively. In conclusion, CMR can be used to establish the Raman fingerprint library of RAS for a quick and accurate identify, and locate the known active components.

scholarly journals Male–only care and classical polyandry in birds: phylogeny, ecology and sex differences in remating opportunities

2002 ◽  
Vol 357 (1419) ◽  
pp. 283-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. P. F. Owens
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Egg Size ◽  
Breeding Systems ◽  
Female Size ◽  
Huge Number ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Low Rate ◽  
Ecological Differences

It has been argued recently that the combination of male–only parental care and classical polyandry in birds is the most interesting and yet the least understood of all avian breeding systems. Despite a huge number of hypotheses, careful comparative analyses have repeatedly failed to identify consistent ecological differences between species showing male–only care and closely related species showing other patterns of care. This has led to the suggestion that such analyses fail because the crucial differences are between ancient lineages rather than between closely related species. Here, therefore, I use comparisons between families to test three well–known hypotheses: that male–only care is associated with: (i) a low rate of fecundity; (ii) large egg size relative to female size; or (iii) female–biased opportunities for remating. Families showing male–only care do not differ from families showing female–only care with respect to rate of fecundity or relative egg size. There is, however, a significant difference between these two groups of families with respect to an index of remating opportunities, nesting density. Families showing female–only care nest at high density, while those showing male–only care nest at very low density. This is one of the first times a consistent ecological correlate has been identified for male–only care in birds. It suggests that female–only care arises (or persists) in families where remating opportunities are abundant for both sexes, whereas male–only care arises (or persists) in families where remating opportunities are rare for both sexes and particularly scarce for males. This in turn suggests that sex differences in remating opportunities are the key ecological factor in determining male–only care and classical polyandry in birds.

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