Chlorine dioxide production on-demand under ambient temperature and pH in water

2012 ◽  
pp. AESNP25
Author(s):  
Mahdi Abu-Omar ◽  
Scott Hicks ◽  
Curt Bougher
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
On Demand

Mechanistic study of a manganese porphyrin catalyst for on-demand production of chlorine dioxide in water

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (01-03) ◽  
pp. 492-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott D. Hicks ◽  
Silei Xiong ◽  
Curt J. Bougher ◽  
Grigori A. Medvedev ◽  
James Caruthers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Transfer ◽  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Transfer Reaction ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Reaction Pathways ◽  
Mechanistic Study ◽  
Manganese Porphyrin ◽  
Oxygen Atom Transfer ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Proton Coupled Electron Transfer

A water-soluble manganese porphyrin complex was examined for the catalytic formation of chlorine dioxide from chlorite under ambient temperature at pH 5.00 and 6.90. Quantitative kinetic modeling allowed for the deduction of a mechanism that accounts for all experimental observations. Catalysis is initiated via an OAT (Oxygen Atom Transfer) reaction resulting in formation of a putative manganese(V) oxo species, which undergoes ET (Electron Transfer) with chlorite to form chlorine dioxide. As chlorine dioxide accumulates in solution, chlorite consumption slows down and ClO 2 reaches a maximum as the system reaches equilibrium. In phosphate buffer at pH 6.90, manganese(IV) oxo accumulates and its reaction with ClO 2 gives ClO 3-. However, at pH 5.00 acetate buffer proton coupled electron transfer (PCET) from chlorite to manganese(IV) oxo is fast and irreversible leading to chlorate formation only via the putative manganese(V) oxo species. These differences underscore how PCET rates affect reaction pathways and mechanism. The ClO 2 product can be collected from the aqueous reaction mixture via purging with an inert gas, allowing for the preparation of chlorine dioxide on-demand.

scholarly journals Better Storage Through Chemistry

2002 ◽  
Vol 124 (02) ◽  
pp. 40-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Sharke
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Sodium Borohydride ◽  
Demand System ◽  
Fuel System ◽  
Hydrogen Fuel ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Catalyst Durability ◽  
Temperature And Pressure

This article focuses on production of a hydrogen fuel system for a DaimlerChrysler fuel cell minivan by Millennium Cell Inc., a developmental-stage company based in Eatontown. Millennium Cell’s hydrogen-on-demand system stores hydrogen in the form of sodium borohydride, a chemical whose chief use today is for bleaching paper. Mixed with water, the chemical makes a fuel that can be stored as a liquid in plastic vessels under ambient temperature and pressure. The mixture is neither flammable nor explosive. Millennium Cell continues its research. It is attempting to drive down catalyst costs. Improving catalyst durability is another constant challenge. The company continues making key changes in the packaging of its hydrogen-on-demand technology to reduce the space it occupies. As for Millennium Cell’s researchers, their desks filled with abundant technical challenges, they undoubtedly have plenty to do besides worrying about the future.

On-demand hydrogen production from formic acid by light-active dinuclear iridium catalysts

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (33) ◽  
pp. 4519-4522
Author(s):  
Yuki Sofue ◽  
Kotohiro Nomura ◽  
Akiko Inagaki
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Catalyst Activity ◽  
Iridium Complexes ◽  
Iridium Catalysts ◽  
On Demand

Light-active dinuclear iridium complexes catalyze the decomposition of formic acid to generate H2 under ambient temperature and base-free conditions. The catalyst activity is sensitive to light demonstrating the ON/OFF switching ability.

Interaction of Gaseous Chlorine Dioxide and Mild Heat on the Inactivation of Salmonella on Almonds

2019 ◽  
Vol 82 (10) ◽  
pp. 1729-1735 ◽  
Author(s):  
LIN WANG ◽  
JOSHUA B. GURTLER ◽  
WENLI WANG ◽  
XUETONG FAN
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Treatment Temperature ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Mild Heat ◽  
Attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Gaseous Chlorine Dioxide

ABSTRACT The interactive effects of mild heat and gaseous chlorine dioxide (ClO2) on populations of Salmonella on almonds were studied. Almonds, dip inoculated with a two-strain cocktail of attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium, were treated with three concentrations of ClO2 at ambient temperature (ca. 22°C), and at 45, 50, 55, and 60°C for 4 h and with more than 90% relative humidity. Concentrations of ClO2 during treatments were measured, and populations of Salmonella were determined following treatments. Results demonstrated that ClO2 at concentrations of more than 4 mg/L and ambient temperature only reduced populations of Salmonella by 1.46 log CFU/g. With increasing treatment temperature, the efficacy of gaseous ClO2 increased. At 55 and 60°C, >1 mg/L ClO2, and a 4-h treatment time, >4 log CFU/g Salmonella was inactivated. Reductions greater than 4 log of the bacterium by gaseous ClO2 at 55°C were confirmed using a three-strain cocktail of pathogenic Salmonella. Overall, results demonstrated that mild heating is necessary for gaseous ClO2 to achieve more than 4 log CFU/g inactivation of Salmonella on almonds.

Non-Heme Manganese Catalysts for On-Demand Production of Chlorine Dioxide in Water and Under Mild Conditions

2014 ◽  
Vol 136 (9) ◽  
pp. 3680-3686 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott D. Hicks ◽  
Doyeon Kim ◽  
Silei Xiong ◽  
Grigori A. Medvedev ◽  
James Caruthers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Mild Conditions ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Manganese Catalysts

scholarly journals On-demand Hydrogen Production from Organosilanes at Ambient Temperature Using Heterogeneous Gold Catalysts

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Takato Mitsudome ◽  
Teppei Urayama ◽  
Taizo Kiyohiro ◽  
Zen Maeno ◽  
Tomoo Mizugaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Gold Catalysts ◽  
On Demand

Lignin-Derived Non-Heme Iron and Manganese Complexes: Catalysts for the On-Demand Production of Chlorine Dioxide in Water under Mild Conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 2905-2913
Author(s):  
Tayyebeh B. Champ ◽  
Jun H. Jang ◽  
Justin L. Lee ◽  
Guang Wu ◽  
Michael A. Reynolds ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Heme Iron ◽  
Manganese Complexes ◽  
Mild Conditions ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Non Heme Iron ◽  
Iron And Manganese

SEM of non-coated hepatocellular cytoskeleton of perfused livers

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 306-307
Author(s):  
S.W. French ◽  
N.C. Benson ◽  
C. Davis-Scibienski
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Critical Point ◽  
Protease Inhibitors ◽  
Metal Deposition ◽  
Heat Damage ◽  
Detergent Extraction ◽  
Cytoskeletal Elements ◽  
Triton X ◽  
Excised Tissue

Previous SEM studies of liver cytoskeletal elements have encountered technical difficulties such as variable metal coating and heat damage which occurs during metal deposition. The majority of studies involving evaluation of the cell cytoskeleton have been limited to cells which could be isolated, maintained in culture as a monolayer and thus easily extracted. Detergent extraction of excised tissue by immersion has often been unsatisfactory beyond the depth of several cells. These disadvantages have been avoided in the present study. Whole C3H mouse livers were perfused in situ with 0.5% Triton X-100 in a modified Jahn's buffer including protease inhibitors. Perfusion was continued for 1 to 2 hours at ambient temperature. The liver was then perfused with a 2% buffered gluteraldehyde solution. Liver samples including spontaneous tumors were then maintained in buffered gluteraldehyde for 2 hours. Samples were processed for SEM and TEM using the modified thicarbohydrazide procedure of Malich and Wilson, cryofractured, and critical point dried (CPD). Some samples were mechanically fractured after CPD.

Formation of Dislocation Channels in Neutron Irradiated Molybdenum

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 672-673
Author(s):  
S. Mahajan
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Channel Formation ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Polycrystalline Molybdenum

The evolution of dislocation channels in irradiated metals during deformation can be envisaged to occur in three stages: (i) formation of embryonic cluster free regions, (ii) growth of these regions into microscopically observable channels and (iii) termination of their growth due to the accumulation of dislocation damage. The first two stages are particularly intriguing, and we have attempted to follow the early stages of channel formation in polycrystalline molybdenum, irradiated to 5×1019 n. cm−2 (E > 1 Mev) at the reactor ambient temperature (∼ 60°C), using transmission electron microscopy. The irradiated samples were strained, at room temperature, up to the macroscopic yield point.Figure 1 illustrates the early stages of channel formation. The observations suggest that the cluster free regions, such as A, B and C, form in isolated packets, which could subsequently link-up to evolve a channel.

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