Managing water in rainfed agriculture in the Greater Mekong Subregion

Abstract Background Mass drug administration (MDA) has received growing interest to accelerate the elimination of multi-drug resistant malaria in the Greater Mekong Subregion. Targeted MDA, sometimes referred to as focal MDA, is the practice of delivering MDA to high incidence subpopulations only, rather than the entire population. The potential effectiveness of delivering targeted MDA was demonstrated in a recent intervention in Kayin State, Myanmar. Policymakers and funders need to know what resources are required if MDA, targeted or otherwise, is to be included in elimination packages beyond existing malaria interventions. This study aims to estimate the programmatic cost and the unit cost of targeted MDA in Kayin State, Myanmar. Methods We used financial data from a malaria elimination initiative, conducted in Kayin State, to estimate the programmatic costs of the targeted MDA component using a micro-costing approach. Three activities (community engagement, identification of villages for targeted MDA, and conducting mass treatment in target villages) were evaluated. We then estimated the programmatic costs of implementing targeted MDA to support P. falciparum malaria elimination in Kayin State. A costing tool was developed to aid future analyses. Results The cost of delivering targeted MDA within an integrated malaria elimination initiative in eastern Kayin State was approximately US$ 910,000. The cost per person reached, distributed among those in targeted and non-targeted villages, for the MDA component was US$ 2.5. Conclusion This cost analysis can assist policymakers in determining the resources required to clear malaria parasite reservoirs. The analysis demonstrated the value of using financial data from research activities to predict programmatic implementation costs of targeting MDA to different numbers of target villages.

Download Full-text

The Greater Mekong Subregion programme: reflections for a renewed paradigm of regionalism

Asia Europe Journal ◽

10.1007/s10308-014-0389-3 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 383-399 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Danielle Tan

Keyword(s):

Greater Mekong Subregion

Download Full-text

Method of value chain mapping with international input–output data: application to the agricultural value chain in three Greater Mekong Subregion countries

Journal of Economic Structures ◽

10.1186/s40008-021-00235-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ikuo Kuroiwa

Keyword(s):

Value Chain ◽

Value Added ◽

Input Output ◽

Output Data ◽

Primary Input ◽

Goods And Services ◽

Unit Structure ◽

Data Application ◽

Final Output ◽

Greater Mekong Subregion

AbstractExtending the technique of unit structure analysis, which was originally developed by Ozaki (J Econ 73(5):720–748, 1980), this study introduces a method of value chain mapping that uses international input–output data and reveals both the upstream and downstream transactions of goods and services, as well as primary input (value added) and final output (final demand) transactions, which emerge along the entire value chain. This method is then applied to the agricultural value chain of three Greater Mekong Subregion countries: Thailand, Vietnam, and Cambodia. The results show that the agricultural value chain has been increasingly internationalized, although there is still room to benefit from participating in global value chains, especially in a country such as Cambodia. Although there are some constraints regarding the methodology and data, the method proves useful in tracing the entire value chain.

Download Full-text

Anopheles ecology, genetics and malaria transmission in northern Cambodia

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-85628-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Amélie Vantaux ◽

Michelle M. Riehle ◽

Eakpor Piv ◽

Elise J. Farley ◽

Sophy Chy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Malaria Transmission ◽

Mosquito Species ◽

Rubber Tree ◽

Amplicon Sequencing ◽

Forest Sites ◽

Baited Traps ◽

Residual Malaria Transmission ◽

Mosquito Ecology ◽

Forested Areas ◽

Greater Mekong Subregion

AbstractIn the Greater Mekong Subregion, malaria cases have significantly decreased but little is known about the vectors or mechanisms responsible for residual malaria transmission. We analysed a total of 3920 Anopheles mosquitoes collected during the rainy and dry seasons from four ecological settings in Cambodia (villages, forested areas near villages, rubber tree plantations and forest sites). Using odor-baited traps, 81% of the total samples across all sites were collected in cow baited traps, although 67% of the samples attracted by human baited traps were collected in forest sites. Overall, 20% of collected Anopheles were active during the day, with increased day biting during the dry season. 3131 samples were identified morphologically as 14 different species, and a subset was also identified by DNA amplicon sequencing allowing determination of 29 Anopheles species. The investigation of well characterized insecticide mutations (ace-1, kdr, and rdl genes) indicated that individuals carried mutations associated with response to all the different classes of insecticides. There also appeared to be a non-random association between mosquito species and insecticide resistance with Anopheles peditaeniatus exhibiting nearly fixed mutations. Molecular screening for Plasmodium sp. presence indicated that 3.6% of collected Anopheles were positive, most for P. vivax followed by P. falciparum. These results highlight some of the key mechanisms driving residual human malaria transmission in Cambodia, and illustrate the importance of diverse collection methods, sites and seasons to avoid bias and better characterize Anopheles mosquito ecology in Southeast Asia.

Download Full-text