scholarly journals Bilateral fetal origin posterior cerebral arteries with hypoplastic basilar artery

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry Knipe ◽  
Utkarsh Kabra
Keyword(s):  
Basilar Artery ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Fetal Origin

Macroscopic Anatomy and Brain Vascularization in the Greater Rhea (Rhea americana americana)

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Herson Da Silva Costa ◽  
Hélio Norberto De Araújo Júnior ◽  
Ferdinando Vinícius Fernandes Bezerra ◽  
Carlos Eduardo Vale Rebouças ◽  
Danilo José Ayres De Menezes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basilar Artery ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Cervical Region ◽  
Type I ◽  
Macroscopic Anatomy ◽  
Rhea Americana ◽  
Vascular Type ◽  
The Brain

 Background: The Rhea americana americana is a wild bird belonging to the group of Ratites, and is important from the scientific point of view given their adaptability to captivity. Considering that information about its morphology is important for the viability of domesticating the species, the aim of this study was to macroscopically identify the brain regions, as well as the cerebral arteries and the cerebral arterial circuit in order to establish the cerebral vascular pattern and systematization.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty one brains from young and adult Greater Rheas of both sexes were used from animals that had died due to natural causes and were then kept in a freezer. The specimens were thawed and incised in the cervical region to allow exposure of the left common carotid artery, which was cannulated. The vascular system was rinsed with 0.9% saline solution, then perfused with latex Neoprene 650 stained with red pigment. The animals were subsequently fixed in 3.7% aqueous formaldehyde solution for 72 h, and then they were dissected by removing the bones from the skull cap. The brains were analyzed, and the structures were identified, photographed, schematized and denominated. Morphometric measurements were performed on the basilar and cerebellar ventral caudal arteries, recording the values of length and width in millimeters with the aid of a digital caliper. The brain was divided into: telencephalon, diencephalon, brainstem and cerebellum; while externally, the observed structures are: olfactory bulbs, optical lobes, optic nerves, optic chiasm, pituitary and pineal glands. Vascularization was performed by the following arteries: ventral spinal artery, basilar artery, ventricular cerebellar arteries, medium ventricular cerebellar arteries, caudal branches of the carotid arteries of the brain, ventral mesencephalic artery, cerebral caudal arteries, rostral branches of the carotid arteries of the brain, middle cerebral arteries, cerebroethmoidal arteries, rostral intercerebral anastomosis, rostral cerebral arteries, ethmoidal arteries, internal ophthalmic arteries, inter-hemispheric artery, pituitary arteries, dorsal mesencephalic tectal arteries, dorsal cerebellar arteries, occipital, pineal and dorsal hemispherical branches. The cerebral arterial circuit was both caudally and rostrally closed in 100.0% of the samples, being composed of the arteries: basilar artery, caudal branches of the carotid brain, rostral branches of the brain carotid, cerebroethmoidal arteries and rostral intercerebral anastomosis.Discussion: Encephalon classification regarding the presence or absence of gyri is a characteristic associated to evolution­ary aspects among vertebrates, being respectively considered as lisencephalon or girencecephalus when it presents or does not present convolutions. In Greater Rheas, the telencephalon was quite developed, with a relatively rounded shape and the absence of sulci and convolutions in the cortex, which allowed it to be classified as a lisencephalon. Such findings resemble those described for the ostrich and in a comparative study involving kiwis, emus, owls and pigeons, although different sizes and forms of telencephalon development were observed in the latter. Regarding the cerebral arterial circuit, this structure in Rheas was complete and both caudally and rostrally closed in 100.0% of the specimens. Our findings differ from those ob­served for ostriches, in which a rostrally open behavior has been described, while it is caudally closed in 20.0% of cases and opened in 80.0%. Regarding the vascular type of the brain, in the Rhea it was observed that there was only contribution of the carotid system, similar to that found for birds such as ostriches and turkeys which confer a type I encephalic vascularization.Keywords: arteries, brain, arterial circuit, morphometry, ratites.

scholarly journals Mechanism of the Enhanced Vasoconstrictor Responses to Endothelin-1 in Canine Cerebral Arteries

1991 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiharu Tanoi ◽  
Yoshio Suzuki ◽  
Masato Shibuya ◽  
Kenichiro Sugita ◽  
Kaoru Masuzawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basilar Artery ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Mesenteric Artery ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Mesenteric Arteries ◽  
Free Solution ◽  
Contractile Responses ◽  
Endothelin 1 ◽  
Voltage Dependent ◽  
Small Contraction

Vasoconstrictor effects of endothelin-1 (ET) were investigated in endothelium-denuded strips of cerebral (basilar and posterior cerebral) and mesenteric arteries of the dog. ET produced a concentration-dependent contraction in these arteries. Contractile responses to lower concentrations (below 3 × 10−10 M) of ET were significantly greater in the cerebral arteries than in the mesenteric artery. Inhibition by nifedipine of the contractile responses to ET was greater in the basilar artery than in the mesenteric artery. After the inhibition by 10−7 M nifedipine, the remaining responses to ET were similar in the two arteries. Cerebral arteries, but not the mesenteric artery, relaxed significantly from the resting level when placed in a Ca2+ -free solution containing 0.1 m M EGTA (0-Ca solution). Readdition of Ca2+ to the cerebral arteries placed in the 0-Ca solution caused a biphasic contraction that was sensitive to nifedipine. When 10−9 M ET was introduced before the Ca2+-induced contraction, this peptide produced only a very small contraction, but enhanced the Ca2+-induced contraction. The extent of the enhancement induced by ET was much greater in the cerebral arteries than in the mesenteric artery. These results indicate that the enhanced responses to ET in the cerebral arteries were dependent to a large extent on Ca2+ influx through voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels (VDCs). It is likely that the VDCs in these arteries are more activated in the resting state than those in the mesenteric artery.

scholarly journals Cerebrovascular responses in mice deficient in the potassium channel, TREK-1

2010 ◽  
Vol 299 (2) ◽  
pp. R461-R469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khodadad Namiranian ◽  
Eric E. Lloyd ◽  
Randy F. Crossland ◽  
Sean P. Marrelli ◽  
George E. Taffet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arachidonic Acid ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Basilar Artery ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
K Channel ◽  
Whole Cell ◽  
Middle Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Basilar Arteries ◽  
Cerebrovascular Smooth Muscle Cells ◽  
Pore Domain

We tested the hypothesis that TREK-1, a two-pore domain K channel, is involved with dilations in arteries. Because there are no selective activators or inhibitors of TREK-1, we generated a mouse line deficient in TREK-1. Endothelium-mediated dilations were not different in arteries from wild-type (WT) and TREK-1 knockout (KO) mice. This includes dilations of the middle cerebral artery to ATP, dilations of the basilar artery to ACh, and relaxations of the aorta to carbachol, a cholinergic agonist. The nitric oxide (NO) and endothelium-dependent hyperpolarizing factor components of ATP dilations were identical in the middle cerebral arteries of WT and TREK-1 KO mice. Furthermore, the NO and cyclooxygenase-dependent components were identical in the basilar arteries of the different genotypes. Dilations of the basilar artery to α-linolenic acid, an activator of TREK-1, were not affected by the absence of TREK-1. Whole cell currents recorded using patch-clamp techniques were similar in cerebrovascular smooth muscle cells (CVSMCs) from WT and TREK-1 KO mice. α-linolenic acid or arachidonic acid increased whole cell currents in CVSMCs from both WT and TREK-1 KO mice. The selective blockers of large-conductance Ca-activated K channels, penitrem A and iberiotoxin, blocked the increased currents elicited by either α-linolenic or arachidonic acid. In summary, dilations were similar in arteries from WT and TREK-1 KO mice. There was no sign of TREK-1-like currents in CVSMCs from WT mice, and there were no major differences in currents between the genotypes. We conclude that regulation of arterial diameter is not altered in mice lacking TREK-1.

scholarly journals Assessment of the endoscopic endonasal approach to the basilar apex region for aneurysm clipping

2019 ◽  
Vol 130 (6) ◽  
pp. 1937-1948 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Tayebi Meybodi ◽  
Arnau Benet ◽  
Vera Vigo ◽  
Roberto Rodriguez Rubio ◽  
Sonia Yousef ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basilar Artery ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Endoscopic Endonasal Approach ◽  
Endonasal Approach ◽  
Endoscopic Endonasal ◽  
Aneurysm Clipping ◽  
Orbitozygomatic Approach ◽  
Surgical Simulations ◽  
And Control

OBJECTIVEThe expanded endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) has shown promising results in treatment of midline skull base lesions. Several case reports exist on the utilization of the EEA for treatment of aneurysms. However, a comparison of this approach with the classic transcranial orbitozygomatic approach to the basilar apex (BAX) region is missing.The present study summarizes the results of a series of cadaveric surgical simulations for assessment of the EEA to the BAX region for aneurysm clipping and its comparison with the transcranial orbitozygomatic approach as one of the most common approaches used to treat BAX aneurysms.METHODSFifteen cadaveric specimens underwent bilateral orbitozygomatic craniotomies as well as an EEA (first without a pituitary transposition [PT] and then with a PT) to expose the BAX. The following variables were measured, recorded, and compared between the orbitozygomatic approach and the EEA: 1) number of perforating arteries counted on bilateral posterior cerebral arteries (PCAs); 2) exposure and clipping lengths of the PCAs, superior cerebellar arteries (SCAs), and proximal basilar artery; and 3) surgical area of exposure in the BAX region.RESULTSExcept for the proximal basilar artery exposure and clipping, the orbitozygomatic approach provided statistically significantly greater values for vascular exposure and control in the BAX region (i.e., exposure and clipping of ipsilateral and contralateral SCAs and PCAs). The EEA with PT was significantly better in exposing and clipping bilateral PCAs compared to EEA without a PT, but not in terms of other measured variables. The surgical area of exposure and PCA perforator counts were not significantly different between the 3 approaches. The EEA provided better exposure and control if the BAX was located ≥ 4 mm inferior to the dorsum sellae.CONCLUSIONSFor BAX aneurysms located in the retrosellar area, PT is usually required to obtain improved exposure and control for the bilateral PCAs. However, the transcranial approach is generally superior to both endoscopic approaches for accessing the BAX region. Considering the superior exposure of the proximal basilar artery obtained with the EEA, it could be a viable option when surgical treatment is considered for a low-lying BAX or mid–basilar trunk aneurysms (≥ 4 mm inferior to dorsum sellae).

scholarly journals The arteries of the brain base in the degu (Octodon degus Molina 1782)

2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (No. 7) ◽  
pp. 343-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Brudnicki ◽  
B. Skoczylas ◽  
R. Jablonski ◽  
W. Nowicki ◽  
A. Brudnicki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Internal Carotid Artery ◽  
Basilar Artery ◽  
Internal Carotid ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Left Vertebral Artery ◽  
Brain Arteries ◽  
Middle Cerebral Arteries ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Synthetic Latex

The brain arteries derived from 50 adult degu individuals of both sexes were injected with synthetic latex introduced with a syringe into the left ventricle of the heart under constant pressure. After fixation in 5% formalin and brain preparation, it was found that the sources of the brain’s supply of blood are vertebral arteries and the basilar artery formed as a result of their anastomosis. The basilar artery gave rise to caudal cerebellar arteries and then divided into two branches which formed the arterial circle of the brain. The internal carotid arteries in degus, except for one case, were heavily reduced and did not play an important role in the blood supply to the brain. The arterial circle of the brain in 48% of the cases was open from the rostral side. Variation was identified in the anatomy and the pattern of the arteries of the base of the brain in the degu which involved an asymmetry of the descent of caudal cerebellar arteries (6.0%), rostral cerebellar arteries (8%) as well as middle cerebral arteries (12%). In 6% of the individuals double middle cerebral arteries were found. In one out of 50 cases there was observed a reduction in the left vertebral artery and the appearance of the internal carotid artery on the same side. In that case the left part of the arterial circle of the brain was supplied with blood by an internal carotid artery, which was present only in that animal.

scholarly journals Transcranial Doppler Enhanced Thrombolysis for Embolic Occlusion of Major Cerebral Arteries

2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 129-132
Author(s):  
T. Yamanome ◽  
M. Sasoh ◽  
Y. Kubo ◽  
Y. Nishikawa ◽  
H. Endoh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Cerebral Artery ◽  
Cerebral Artery ◽  
Basilar Artery ◽  
Transcranial Doppler ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Ultrasound Irradiation ◽  
Haemorrhagic Transformation ◽  
Good Outcome

For the treatment of 11 patients with hyperacute embolic occlusion of major cerebral arteries (ten with occlusion of middle cerebral artery and one with occlusion of basilar artery), TCD-enhanced thrombolysis (TCDET) was performed in combination with ultrasound irradiation, using diagnostic transcranial Doppler (TCD) (TC2-64B: 2MHz, 100mW/cm2, pulsed wave) (TCDET group), and the effectiveness of this procedure was compared with that of local intra-arterial fibrinolysis (LIF) in 45 patients with embolic occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (LIF group). Regarding dose of TPA, the LIF group used 1046.7 ± 607.8 units and the TCDET group 700.0 ± 431.3 units (p < 0.05). Regarding time technically required to attain recanalization, the LIF group required 68.2 minutes, and the TCDET group 28.6 minutes. A good outcome was noted in 60.8% of the LIF group and 64% of the TCDET group. Haemorrhagic transformation was observed in 7.8% of the LIF group and in 0% of the TCDET group. No complications due to TCD irradiation were observed in the TCDET group. These findings suggest that TCDET can be an effective method of achieving recanalization.

Neurogenically evoked cerebral artery constriction is mediated by neuropeptide Y

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (9) ◽  
pp. 1086-1088 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ismail Laher ◽  
Peter Germann ◽  
John A. Bevan
Keyword(s):  
Neuropeptide Y ◽  
Cerebral Artery ◽  
Basilar Artery ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Nerve Endings ◽  
Transmural Stimulation ◽  
Basilar Arteries ◽  
Neurogenic Vasoconstriction ◽  
Stimulation Of

We examined the proposal that neuropeptide Y (NPY) released from nerve endings constricts cerebral arteries. Neurogenic vasoconstriction of rabbit basilar arteries is of adrenergic origin but is resistant to blockade by classical α-adrenoceptor antagonists. Tetrodotoxin-sensitive contractions of the rabbit basilar artery were elicited by transmural stimulation of nerves. The contractions were inhibited by incubation of tissues with an antiserum to NPY (0.32 μL undiluted immune serum/mL); addition of prazosin (0.1 μM) did not further attenuate the nerve-mediated contraction. The antiserum to NPY also antagonized vasoconstriction due to exogenously administered NPY and was without effect on responses due to histamine or angiotensin. Our results indicate that neurogenic vasoconstriction of the rabbit basilar artery is largely due to the release of NPY and that it is unlikely that other vasoconstrictors contribute significantly to the increased tone.Key words: cerebral artery, nerves, neuropeptide Y, norepinephrine.

“Double-Barrel” Stent Reconstruction of a Symptomatic Fusiform Basilar Artery Aneurysm: Case Report

Neurosurgery ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (5) ◽  
pp. E1491-E1496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Bain ◽  
Muhammad Shazam Hussain ◽  
Alejandro Spiotta ◽  
Vivekananda Gonugunta ◽  
Shaye Moskowitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basilar Artery ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Artery Aneurysm ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Neurologic Recovery ◽  
Aneurysmal Dilation ◽  
Basilar Artery Aneurysm ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Aneurysm Thrombosis ◽  
Near Occlusion

Abstract BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE: Giant fusiform aneurysms of the basilar artery are associated with a high rate of morbidity and mortality. Treatment of these lesions can be difficult, especially when there are poor anatomic collaterals such as posterior communicating arteries. These lesions often have no acceptable treatment. The authors present a case of a patient with a symptomatic, fusiform basilar artery aneurysm successfully treated with a side-by-side (double-barrel), telescoping stent construct. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: A 56-year-old man presented with chief concerns of dysarthria and left-sided hemiparesis. MRI and conventional catheter-based angiography revealed a dolichoectatic basilar artery with 3 large fusiform aneurysms throughout its length. Flow through the patient's aneurysm was successfully reduced with a side-by-side stent construct and coiling of the proximal aneurysm dilation. The patient experienced stabilization of his ischemic events and neurologic recovery. A total of 6 Neurform-2 4.5 × 30-mm stents were navigated and positioned from the proximal posterior cerebral arteries to the distal vertebral arteries in a side-by-side (double-barrel), telescoping manner. These were deployed simultaneously by 2 operators to oppose the stent struts as well as the arterial wall. Next, the proximal aneurysmal dilation was coiled to near occlusion. Successful flow redirection and aneurysm thrombosis was observed. CONCLUSION: A novel, endovascular stenting technique for successfully treating symptomatic, giant basilar artery aneurysms is presented. This patient at 4 months was living independently with no further neurologic events or decline.

Adrenergic innervation of the cerebral blood vessels in the rabbit

1971 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. John Peerless ◽  
M. Gazi Yasargil
Keyword(s):  
Basilar Artery ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Adrenergic Innervation ◽  
Cerebral Blood Vessels ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Middle Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Transmitter Substance ◽  
Subarachnoid Blood ◽  
Adrenergic Fibers ◽  
Adrenergic Terminals

✓ The Hillarp technique of fluorescent staining of monoamines was used to examine the adrenergic fibers in the cerebral vessels of rabbit brains. These fibers were found to lie wholly within the deeper layers of the adventitia and not within muscle layers. Varicosities were interpreted as representing neural transmitter substance. The basilar artery had a sparse innervation; the anterior cerebral, carotid, and middle cerebral arteries were more richly supplied by adrenergic terminals, with the most dense innervation in the superficial vessels between 100 and 300 µ in diameter. Mild trauma to the basilar artery, as well as subarachnoid blood without trauma, caused the catecholamine reaction to disappear. A marked depletion of adrenergic fibers was also noted after administration of alpha methyl tyrosine and subjection of the animals to extremes of blood pressure.

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