Introducing the Historical Index of Ethnic Fractionalization (HIEF) Dataset: Accounting for Longitudinal Changes in Ethnic Diversity

AbstractWe argue that the reason why it has proved hard to determine whether negative effects on economic performance and conflict are more strongly associated with polarized rather than fractionalized societies is because the distinction between polarization and fractionalization is only relevant for societies with ethnic diversity above a certain threshold. In addition, high levels of ethnic fractionalization at a country level are generally associated with regional concentration of minorities, and as a result, many regions may have a very different ethnic composition from the national average, and in particular, they may have much higher levels of ethnic polarization than the national level. Because of the very different ethnic composition of different regions in this situation, conflict is more likely to be confined to a limited geographical area.

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Ethnic Segregation and Public Goods: Evidence from Indonesia

American Political Science Review ◽

10.1017/s0003055418000138 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 112 (3) ◽

pp. 637-653 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

YUHKI TAJIMA ◽

KRISLERT SAMPHANTHARAK ◽

KAI OSTWALD

Keyword(s):

Public Goods ◽

Ethnic Groups ◽

Ethnic Diversity ◽

Strong Support ◽

Ethnic Segregation ◽

Public Goods Provision ◽

Ethnic Fractionalization ◽

Disaggregated Data ◽

Local Segregation

This article contributes to the study of ethnic diversity and public goods provision by assessing the role of the spatial distribution of ethnic groups. Through a new theory that we callspatial interdependence, we argue that the segregation of ethnic groups can reduce or even neutralize the “diversity penalty” in public goods provision that results from ethnic fractionalization. This is because local segregation allows communities to use disparities in the level of public goods compared with other communities as leverage when advocating for more public goods for themselves, thereby ratcheting up the level of public goods across communities. We test this prediction on highly disaggregated data from Indonesia and find strong support that, controlling for ethnic fractionalization, segregated communities have higher levels of public goods. This has an important and underexplored implication: decentralization disadvantages integrated communities vis-à-vis their more segregated counterparts.

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The impact of ethnic diversity on tourism revenue and tourist arrivals

Tourism Economics ◽

10.1177/1354816618771696 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 24 (6) ◽

pp. 753-761

Author(s):

Sefa Awaworyi Churchill ◽

Ahmed Salim Nuhu

Keyword(s):

Gross Domestic Product ◽

Ethnic Diversity ◽

Domestic Product ◽

Ethnic Fractionalization ◽

Country Differences ◽

Cross Country ◽

Using Data ◽

The Impact ◽

Tourism Revenue

We address the question “can cross-country differences in ethnic diversity explain cross-country differences in tourism revenues and tourist arrivals?” Thus, using data from 141 countries, we examine the effects of ethnic diversity on tourism revenues and tourist arrivals. We measure ethnic diversity using indices of ethnic fractionalization and measure tourism revenue using total, direct and indirect tourism contributions to gross domestic product. We find detrimental effects of ethnic diversity. Our results are robust to alternative estimation approaches as well as alternative ways to measure ethnic diversity.

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Wrestling with ethnic diversity: toward empowering health educators

Medical Education ◽

10.1046/j.1365-2923.2001.00880.x ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 35 (3) ◽

pp. 262-271 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Joe Kai ◽

John Spencer ◽

Nicola Woodward

Keyword(s):

Ethnic Diversity ◽

Health Educators

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Longitudinal Changes in Individual BrainAGE in Healthy Aging, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Alzheimer’s Disease

GeroPsych ◽

10.1024/1662-9647/a000074 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 25 (4) ◽

pp. 235-245 ◽

Cited By ~ 64

Author(s):

Katja Franke ◽

Christian Gaser

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Healthy Aging ◽

Brain Aging ◽

Elderly Subjects ◽

Additional Increase ◽

Longitudinal Changes ◽

Novel Method ◽

The Brain

We recently proposed a novel method that aggregates the multidimensional aging pattern across the brain to a single value. This method proved to provide stable and reliable estimates of brain aging – even across different scanners. While investigating longitudinal changes in BrainAGE in about 400 elderly subjects, we discovered that patients with Alzheimer’s disease and subjects who had converted to AD within 3 years showed accelerated brain atrophy by +6 years at baseline. An additional increase in BrainAGE accumulated to a score of about +9 years during follow-up. Accelerated brain aging was related to prospective cognitive decline and disease severity. In conclusion, the BrainAGE framework indicates discrepancies in brain aging and could thus serve as an indicator for cognitive functioning in the future.

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